Cholera: The Killer

2. OVERVIEW
• Define cholera
• Hystory
• Vibrio cholerea
• Physiology
• Symptoms
• Transmission
• Vaccine
• Treatment
• Conclusion

3. Vibrio
Cholerae
What is cholera?
• Cholera is an
acute intestinal
infection that
occurs when a
certain bacteria is
ingested.
• This disease is
hard to diagnose.

4. HISTORY
• Filippo Pacini
discovered cholera in
1854.
• He discovered and
studied the bacteria
with a microscope.

5. • Origins from India, cases reported in 1563
• About 8 pandemics are indicated in world:
• 1817- 1823 : First Pandemic
• 1829- 1850 : Second Pandemic
• 1852- 1860 : Third Pandemic * Pacini
• 1863- 1879 : Fourth Pandemic
• 1881- 1896 : Fifth Pandemic *conclusively by
Koch
• 1899- 1923 : Sixth Pandemic
• 1961 : Seventh Pandemic
• 1992 : Eighth Pandemic
• According to the WHO, 56,958 cases of cholera
were reported in 2007.

6. Vibrio Cholerae
Taxonomy
• Reign: Bacteria
• Phylum: Proteobacterea
• Class: Gama
Proteobacterea
• Order: Vibreonales
• Family: Vibrionacea
• Genus: Vibreo
• Species: Vibrio Cholerae

7. PHYSIOLOGY
• Curved rods
• Motile via polar flagellum
• Facultative anaerobic
• Toxigenic (AB)
• No capsulated, no sporing
• Growth stimulated by NaCl
• pH (6 – 10)
• Temperature (18 – 37)ºC

8. symptoms
• Dehydration
• Irritability
• Drowsiness
• Dry/shriveled skin
• vascular collapse
• An irregular heart beat
The symptoms of cholera
include :

9. profuse, watery
diarrhea
stomach
pains
leg cramps Mild fever
Vomiting Sunken eyes
and cheeks
Having a dry
mouth
with extreme
thirst
Decreased urinary
output
symptoms

10. THE DEATH
symptoms

11. Transmissions
• Cholera is not a
contagious disease: we
can’t “catch” cholera.
• Vibrio Cholerae is transmitted by:
 Drinking contaminated water
 Eating raw or undercooked foods
ex: shellfish

12. Where is cholera
most common?
• Cholera is most
common in low-
income areas
and in 3rd world
countries.
• Cholera is more
prevalent in
areas where a
natural disaster
has occurred.

13. What is the mortality
incidence of cholera?
• Untreated cases: Average- 50%
Epidemics- 90%
• Treated cases: Less than 1%

14. Vaccine for cholera
• There is a
vaccine for
cholera, but it
only gives you
25% to 50%
immunity from
the disease.

15. Oral rehydration salts
• Up to 80% of cases can be treated through
this.
Intravenous fluids (Ringer lactate)
• For severe cases.
Antimicrobial Therapy
• can diminish duration of diarrhea, reduce
volume of rehydration fluids needed, and
shorten duration of V. cholerae excretion.
TREATMENT

16. PREVENTION
• Basic health education and hygiene
• Chemoprophylaxis
• Provision of safe water and sanitation
• The bacterium doesn’t like acid environment
“block with acidic water and acid food…
CONCLUSION