1. Endocrine GlandsEndocrine Glands

2. Endocrine GlandsEndocrine Glands
The endocrine system includes all of the glands
of the body and the hormones produced by those
glands.
The glands are controlled directly by stimulation
from the nervous system as well as by chemical
receptors in the blood and hormones produced by
other glands.

3. Endocrine GlandsEndocrine Glands
 Pituitary GlandPituitary Gland
 Adrenal GlandAdrenal Gland
 Thyroid GlandThyroid Gland
 Parathyroid GlandParathyroid Gland
 Pineal GlandPineal Gland
 PancreasPancreas
 Adrenal GlandAdrenal Gland
 Gonads GlandGonads Gland
 Thymus GlandThymus Gland

4. HypothalamusHypothalamus
 LocationLocation:-:-
The hypothalamus iThe hypothalamus i
s a part ofs a part of
the brain locatedthe brain located
anterior to theanterior to the
brain stem andbrain stem and
inferior toinferior to
the thalamus.the thalamus.

5. HypothalamusHypothalamus
 Secretions & FunctionsSecretions & Functions:-:-
 1)Hypothalamus produces ADH and1)Hypothalamus produces ADH and
Oxytocin that are transported to theOxytocin that are transported to the
posterior pituitary for release.posterior pituitary for release.
 2)Controls the pituitary gland via a variety2)Controls the pituitary gland via a variety
of releasing and inhibiting factors.of releasing and inhibiting factors.
– TRH thyrotrophic releasing hormoneTRH thyrotrophic releasing hormone
– GHRH growth releasing & inhibiting hormoneGHRH growth releasing & inhibiting hormone
– CRH Corticotropin releasing hormoneCRH Corticotropin releasing hormone

6. Pituitary GlandPituitary Gland
 LocationLocation:-Pituitary gland is located beneath:-Pituitary gland is located beneath
hypothalamus.hypothalamus.

7. Posterior PituitaryPosterior Pituitary
 Secretions & FunctionsSecretions & Functions:-:-
Stores & releases 2Stores & releases 2
hormones produced inhormones produced in
hypothalamus:hypothalamus:
– Antidiuretic hormoneAntidiuretic hormone
((ADH/vasopressinADH/vasopressin))
which promotes Hwhich promotes H2200
conservation by kidneysconservation by kidneys
– OxytocinOxytocin whichwhich
stimulates contractionsstimulates contractions
of uterus duringof uterus during
parturition &parturition &
contractions ofcontractions of
mammary gland alveolimammary gland alveoli
Hypothalamus
cells of the
hypothalamus
Axon
Anterior
pituitary
Posterior
pituitary
HORMONE ADH Oxytocin
TARGET Kidney tubules Mammary glands,
uterine muscles

8. Anterior PituitaryAnterior Pituitary
 Secretions And Functions:-Secretions And Functions:-
 Growth hormoneGrowth hormone ((GHGH) promotes growth, protein) promotes growth, protein
synthesis, & movement of amino acids into cellssynthesis, & movement of amino acids into cells
 Thyroid stimulating hormoneThyroid stimulating hormone ((TSHTSH) stimulates) stimulates
thyroid to produce & secrete Tthyroid to produce & secrete T44 & T& T33
 Adrenocorticotrophic hormoneAdrenocorticotrophic hormone ((ACTHACTH) stimulates) stimulates

9. Anterior PituitaryAnterior Pituitary
 Follicle stimulating hormoneFollicle stimulating hormone ((FSHFSH) stimulates) stimulates
growth of ovarian follicles & sperm productiongrowth of ovarian follicles & sperm production
 LuteinizingLuteinizing hormonehormone ((LHLH) causes ovulation &) causes ovulation &
secretion of testosterone in testessecretion of testosterone in testes
 ProlactinProlactin ((PRLPRL) stimulates milk production by) stimulates milk production by
mammary glandsmammary glands

10. Adrenal GlandsAdrenal Glands
 LocationLocation:-:-
The adrenalThe adrenal
glands are a pair ofglands are a pair of
roughly triangularroughly triangular
glands foundglands found
superior to thesuperior to the
kidneys:kidneys:
 outer is cortexouter is cortex
 inner is medullainner is medulla

11. Adrenal GlandsAdrenal Glands
–Adrenal CortexAdrenal Cortex
–Secretions & FunctionsSecretions & Functions:-:-
MineralocorticoidsMineralocorticoids
– AldosteroneAldosterone which stimulate kidneys towhich stimulate kidneys to
reabsorb Nareabsorb Na++
and secrete Kand secrete K
GlucocorticoidsGlucocorticoids
– CortisolCortisol which inhibits glucose utilization &which inhibits glucose utilization &
stimulates gluconeogenesis. Inhibitsstimulates gluconeogenesis. Inhibits
inflammation, Supresses the immune systeminflammation, Supresses the immune system

12. Adrenal GlandsAdrenal Glands
 Adrenal Medulla:-Adrenal Medulla:-
 Secretions & FunctionsSecretions & Functions:-:-
 Secretes Epinephrine and NorepinephrineSecretes Epinephrine and Norepinephrine
– "fight or flight" response"fight or flight" response
causes:causes:
– Increased respiratory rateIncreased respiratory rate
– Increased HR & cardiac outputIncreased HR & cardiac output
– General vasoconstriction which increases venous returnGeneral vasoconstriction which increases venous return
– Glycogenolysis & lipolysisGlycogenolysis & lipolysis

13. Thyroid GlandThyroid Gland
LocationLocation:-:-
Is locatedIs located
just belowjust below
the larynxthe larynx

14. Thyroid GlandThyroid Gland
 Secretions & Functions:-Secretions & Functions:-
 Secretes TSecretes T44 & T& T33 which set BMR & arewhich set BMR & are
needed for growth, developmentneeded for growth, development
 Secretes Calcitonin which lowersSecretes Calcitonin which lowers
blood calcium levelsblood calcium levels

15. Parathyroid GlandsParathyroid Glands
 Location:-Are 4Location:-Are 4
glands embeddedglands embedded
in lateral lobes ofin lateral lobes of
thyroid glandthyroid gland
 Secretion &Secretion &
Function:-Function:-
ParathyroidParathyroid
hormonehormone ((PTHPTH))
– Elevates bloodElevates blood
CaCa2+2+
levelslevels

16. PancreasPancreas
 LocationLocation:-Are scattered clusters of:-Are scattered clusters of
endocrine cells in pancreasendocrine cells in pancreas
 ContainContain alphaalpha && beta cellsbeta cells

17.  SecretionsSecretions:-:-
 Alphas secreteAlphas secrete glucagonglucagon in responsein response
to low blood glucose during periodsto low blood glucose during periods
of fastingof fasting
– StimulatesStimulates glycogenolysisglycogenolysis && lipolysislipolysis
– Increases blood glucoseIncreases blood glucose
PancreasPancreas

18.  Betas secreteBetas secrete
insulininsulin inin
response to lowresponse to low
blood glucoseblood glucose
– Promotes entryPromotes entry
of glucose intoof glucose into
cellscells
– & conversion of& conversion of
glucose intoglucose into
glycogen & fatglycogen & fat
– DecreasesDecreases
blood glucoseblood glucose
PancreasPancreas

19. Pineal GlandPineal Gland
 LocationLocation:-:-
 Is located inIs located in
basal forebrainbasal forebrain
near thalamusnear thalamus
 SecretesSecretes
melatoninmelatonin inin
response toresponse to
activity ofactivity of
hypothalamushypothalamus

20. Pineal GlandPineal Gland
 Melatonin is involved in aligningMelatonin is involved in aligning
physiology with sleep/wake cycle &physiology with sleep/wake cycle &
seasonsseasons
– Secreted at night & is inhibited by lightSecreted at night & is inhibited by light
– Inhibits GnRH (antigonadotropic) inInhibits GnRH (antigonadotropic) in
many animalsmany animals

21. Thymus GlandThymus Gland
 Location:-Location:- It is aIt is a
triangular organ foundtriangular organ found
with the lungswith the lungs
 Secretion & FunctionSecretion & Function:-:-
Produces thymosin,Produces thymosin,
Responsible forResponsible for
maturation of T-maturation of T-
lymphocytes inlymphocytes in
childhoodchildhood
 It protects the bodyIt protects the body
throughout the lifethroughout the life

22. Gonads: Reproductive HormonesGonads: Reproductive Hormones
 GonadsGonads ((testestestes && ovariesovaries) secrete steroid) secrete steroid
hormoneshormones
 Location:-Location:-
Ovaries:-Ovaries:-
Ovaries are almond shaped glands located in pelvicOvaries are almond shaped glands located in pelvic
body and superior to uterus in females.body and superior to uterus in females.
TestesTestes:-:-
Testes are pair of ellipsoid organs found in scrotumTestes are pair of ellipsoid organs found in scrotum
of males.of males.