1. Нанотехнологии
в большом мире
Alexei Grinbaum
French Alternative Energies and Atomic
Energy Commission (CEA), Saclay
Alexei Grinbaum, CEA-Saclay/SPEC/LARSIM
9. Nano: a threefold definition
Scientific and technological
Observe and understand
Construct and use
Economic, industrial and financial
Overall Rosnano investment over $3 bn
Investment in Russia in 2011: $1bn federal, $1.9bn private
Market in Russia ~ $350 mln in 2011
Source: Rosnano annual report for 2011
Societal
Hopes, worries, promises, risks…
Alexei Grinbaum, CEA-Saclay/SPEC/LARSIM
10. 1 nanometer (nm) = 10-9 m = 0, 000 000 001 m
Nanometer, a scale
Cat
1 mVirus
70 nm
Acari
200 µm
Bacterium
1 µm
Hair
50 µm
1 m1 cm1 mm1 pm 1 µm1 nm
NANOMONDE
Tennis ball
≈ 5 cm
Ant
1 cm
DNA
2 nm
Carbon atom
(graphite)
0,1 nm
Alexei Grinbaum, CEA-Saclay/SPEC/LARSIM
11. What changes at the nanometer scale
Some properties of matter are size-dependent:
Chemical properties (catalysis)
Optical properties (color)
Electric properties (conductivity)
Magnetic properties
Mecanical properties (strength)
Thermic properties (fusion temperature)
Gold and silver nanoparticles
change color as a function of
size and shape:
Alexei Grinbaum, CEA-Saclay/SPEC/LARSIM
12. Is nano
new?
Nanoscale
properties used
since Antiquity:
Lycurgus cup
(IV century BC)
BritishMuseum
Nanoscale properties studied for over 100 years:
In biology: viruses, proteins…
In chemistry: chemical reactions…
In physics: atom models…
Alexei Grinbaum, CEA-Saclay/SPEC/LARSIM
13. Getting access to the nanoscale
New tools for observation and action
Alexei Grinbaum, CEA-Saclay/SPEC/LARSIM
14. Novelty causes
fear
“And he [Tobias] went out to wash his feet, and behold
a monstrous fish came up to devour him. And Tobias
being afraid of him, cried out with a loud voice, saying:
Sir, he cometh upon me. And the angel said to him:
Take him by the gill, and draw him to thee. And when
he had done so, he drew him out upon the land, and he
began to pant before his feet. Then the angel said to
him: Take out the entrails of the fish, and lay up his
heart, and his gall, and his liver for thee: for these are
necessary for useful medicines.” Tobit 6, 2-5
Filippino Lippi,
National Gallery, WashingtonAlexei Grinbaum, CEA-Saclay/SPEC/LARSIM
16. Energy: example of batteries
Pour 150 kg de batteries
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
Années
Autonomie(km)
NiCd
(45 km)
Plomb
(30 km)
LiFePO4 nano
Nano Silicon
NiMH
(70 km)
Li-ion 2010
(150 km)
Li-ion 2015
(300 km)
Alexei Grinbaum, CEA-Saclay/SPEC/LARSIM
17. Extrait par l’OMNT avec la permission de Small 6, 2336 (2010). Copyright 2010 Wiley-VCH.
Nanomedicine
19. Imaging and imagining the nanoscale
F. Beron O. Cibois
Electron scanning micrograph to record the overloading of a
CoFeB magnetic array
Alexei Grinbaum, CEA-Saclay/SPEC/LARSIM
20. Electron scanning micrograph to record
the overloading of a CoFeB magnetic array
F. Beron
Alexei Grinbaum, CEA-Saclay/SPEC/LARSIM
21. Electron scanning micrograph to record
the overloading of a CoFeB magnetic array
O. Cibois
Alexei Grinbaum, CEA-Saclay/SPEC/LARSIM
23. European regulation of nano
Chemical products:
REACH directive, technical guidelines for nanomaterials in 2012
Medical devices:
Existing legislation considered adequate
Food products:
Novel Foods Act under discussion
Cosmetics:
new legislation since november 2009,
mandatory labeling from 2014: Titanium Dioxide [nano]
« Soft law » :
Code of good conduct in 2008, Communication on responsible research and
innovation late 2012-early 2013
Alexei Grinbaum, CEA-Saclay/SPEC/LARSIM
24. Opinion on
Nanosilver: safety, health and
environmental effects and role in
antimicrobial resistance
Alexei Grinbaum, CEA-Saclay/SPEC/LARSIM
30. Инженер рассмотрел грунт и долго, по инерции
самодействующего разума, свободного от надежды и желания
удовлетворения, рассчитывал тот грунт на сжатие и
деформацию. Прежде, во время чувственной жизни и
видимости счастья, Прушевский посчитал бы надежность
грунта менее точно, — теперь же ему хотелось беспрерывно
заботиться о предметах и устройствах, чтобы иметь их в своем
уме и пустом сердце вместо дружбы и привязанности к
людям. Занятие техникой покоя будущего здания
обеспечивало Прушевскому равнодушие ясной мысли,
близкое к наслаждению, — и детали сооружения возбуждали
интерес, лучший и более прочный, чем товарищеское
волнение с единомышленниками. Вечное вещество, не
нуждавшееся ни в движении, ни в жизни, ни в исчезновении,
заменяло Прушевскому что-то забытое и необходимое, как
существо утраченной подруги.
Андрей Платонов «Котлован»
