PastureNutritionIV

2015 WINTER WEBINAR SERIES
PASTURE MANAGEMENT FOR SMALL
RUMINANT PRODUCERS
IV. PASTURE NUTRITON
SUSAN SCHOENIAN & JEFF SEMLER - UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND EXTENSION
SMALL RUMINANT PROGRAM

NUTRIENTS REQUIRED BY SHEEP AND GOATS
• Energy (TDN)
• Protein (CD)
• Degradable intake protein (DIP)
• Undegradable intake protein (UIP)
• Minerals
• Macro (Ca, P, Na, Cl, Mg, K, S)
• Micro (Co, Cu, F, I, Mn, Mo, Se, Zn)
• Vitamins
• Water soluble (B & C)
• Fat soluble (A, D, E, & K)
• Water

NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS (AMOUNT/DAY) VARY BY
• Species
• Size (weight)
• Body condition
• Sex
• Age
• Genetics
• Stage and level of production
• Climate, environment, and activity

GROWTH PATTERN OF COOL SEASON GRASSES

EFFECT OF GROWTH (MATURITY) ON FORAGE QUALITY
COOL SEASON GRASSES PERENNIAL LEGUMES

DETERMINING FORAGE & DIET QUALITY
FORAGE
• Sample forage to determine likely
quality of animals’ diet.
SAMPLE FECES
• Sample feces to determine quality of
diet consumed.
If quantity is not a limiting factor then diet quality becomes the primary determinant of animal productivity.

SAMPLING PASTURE FOR NUTRITIONAL ANALYSIS
• Sample pasture when animals first have
access to it.
• Observe animals to see what plants they
eat and which they avoid
• Take grab samples from entire pasture.
• Tear plant at grazing level.
• Thoroughly mix sample.
• Fill a gallon size plastic bag with a
representative sample.
• Take/mail sample immediately to lab or
freeze until sending.
http://www.foragetesting.org/files/2013_Certified_Labs.pdf
Cumberland Valley Analytical Services
http://www.foragelab.com/

WESTERN MARYLAND PASTURE-BASED MEAT
GOAT PERFORMANCE TEST
Sample date Forage DM CP NDF ADF TDN RFV
7/14 Sunn Hemp 16.8 20.0 24.4 21.4 75.8 278
7/14
Sunn Hemp
Dwarf Pearl Millet
15.2 21.8 36.3 26.7 72.6 174
7/14 Orchardgrass 43.9 9.9 69.4 43.8 53.5 73
7/13 Sorghum 26.9 18.4 66.8
8/09 Mixed weeds 14.1 65.8 111
8/09 Chicory 14.3 75.3 184
8/09 Lambsquarters 23.2 89.6 289
Forage Analyses, Cumberland Analytical Services

FECAL SAMPLING TO PREDICT DIET QUALITY
• Analyzes crude protein and energy. Also
measures fecal N and P.
• Collect samples after animals have been
grazing pasture for at least 48 hours
• Collect samples from about 10% of herd
or flock.
• Fill quart size plastic bag with feces.
• Keep sample cool until shipping. Can be
frozen indefinitely.
• Fill out paperwork. Put sample in
styrofoam cooler with frozen gel pack.
Mail in cardboard box.
Near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) to evaluate forage component of diet
and predict quality of forage animals were consuming for the past 36 to 48 hours.
Grazingland Animal Nutrition (GAN) Lab
http://cnrit.tamu.edu/ganlab/

2014 WESTERN MARYLAND PASTURE-BASED
MEAT GOAT PERFORMANCE TEST
Date Composition CP DOM DOM:CP
June 19 Cool season 16.7 46.9 2.8
June 29 Cool season 19.0 50.0 2.6
July 3 Cool season 21.2 50.1 2.4
August 7 Warm season 21.5 47.4 2.2
Grazingland Animal Nutrition Lab

SYNCHRONIZING FORAGE AND ANIMAL PRODUCTION
BREEDING FLOCK/HERD GROWING/FINISHING LAMBS & KIDS

1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
January February March April May June July August September October November December
176-lb ewe 132-lb doe
ENERGY REQUIREMENTS OF EWES/DOES, LBS. TDN/DAY
WINTER (JANUARY) LAMBING/KIDDING (TWINS)
Dry periodLactation Early gestation
Late
gestationBreeding
Lambing
Kidding
Wean

1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
WINTER (JANUARY) LAMBING/KIDDING (TWINS)
DryLactation Early gestation
Late
gestationBreeding
Lambing
Kidding
Wean

GROWING AND FINISHING
WINTER-BORN LAMBS AND KIDS
Winter
born
Wean

WINTER-BORN LAMBS AND KIDS
Winter
born
Sell at Easter or
market by July 1
Wean

1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
SPRING (APRIL) LAMBING/KIDDING (TWINS)
DryLactation
Early
gestation
Late
gestation Breeding
Lambing
Kidding
Wean

SPRING-BORN LAMBS AND KIDS
Spring
born
Wean

SPRING-BORN LAMBS AND KIDS
Spring
born

1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
FALL (SEPTEMBER) LAMBING/KIDDING (TWINS)
Dry LactationEarly gestation
Late
gestationBreeding
Lambing
Kidding
Wean

FALL (SEPTEMBER) LAMBING/KIDDING (TWINS)
Dry LactationEarly gestation
Late
gestationBreeding
Lambing
Kidding
Wean
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50

September October November December January February March April May
FALL-BORN LAMBS AND KIDS
Fall
born
Wean

FALL-BORN LAMBS AND KIDS
Fall
born
Market at
Christmas
Wean
September October November December January February March April May

SUPPLEMENTAL FEEDING
• Providing nutrients that are lacking in
the forage diet.
• Supplementation may enable livestock to
make better use of nutrients in forage,
especially low quality forage.
• Supplementation may be necessary to
meet performance targets.
• Weather may necessitate the need for
supplemental feeding.
• To stretch forage resource.
• Supplementation should be economical.

WHY SUPPLEMENT?
EWES AND DOES
• Flushing
• Late gestation
• Lactation
LAMBS AND KIDS
• To improve growth rates
• To improve parasite tolerance
• To finish for market
• To meet target markets
• To help develop replacement females so
that they can be bred to lamb/kid as
yearlings.
As a carrier
Ensure adequate mineral intake, e.g. Se
MGA for out-of-season breeding
Antibiotic to prevent abortions
Coccidiostat to control coccidiosis
Sericea lespedeza pellets for parasite control
Fungus to reduce parasitism

SUPPLEMENTAL FEEDING
SUPPLEMENTATION
• The animal eats the
supplement and
pasture intake is not
reduced.
SUBSTITUTION
• Some of the supplement
is substituting for
pasture; pasture intake
drops. Saved pasture
may be your goal.
COMPLEMENTATION
• A good supplement
increases the animal’s
intake of dead pasture
or crop residue.

TYPES OF SUPPLEMENTS
• Salt
• Mineral mixes
• Lick tubs
• Hay
• Grain
• Roughage feeds

SUPPLEMENTATION WITH FIBROUS BY-PRODUCT FEEDS
Permissible under USDA Grass-fed Standards
>18% CF  < 70% TDN  5.5% FAT
Feedstuff CF
(fiber, %)
TDN
(energy, %)
CP
(protein, %)
Fat
(EE, %)
Almond hulls 16 59 5.0 3.3
Cottonseed hulls 48 45 5.0 1.9
Oat hulls 32 40 4.0 1.5
Peanut hulls 63 22 7.0 1.5
Soybean hulls 38 77 13.0 2.6
Source: Nutrient Requirements of Small Ruminants, 2007
Roughage feeds are low in starch and thus do not create the negative associative effects in the
rumen that are often created when the forage diet is supplemented with feed grains.

SOYBEAN HULLS
• Soyhulls are a coproduct of soybean processing. The hull is the
seedcoat of the soybean.
• Pelleted soyhulls have a higher bulk density and are easier to
store.
• Total energy intake is similar to supplementing with an equal
amount of corn. Can be substituted for corn on a one-to-one
basis.
• Since they have 30% more energy per pound than most grass or
legumes forages, 1 lb. of soyhulls would replace 1 lb. of forage.

HOW TO MONITOR NUTRITIONAL WELL-BEING OF
GRAZING LIVESTOCK
• Health
• Performance
• Body condition (1-5)

BODY CONDITION SCORING
• One the most practical and important
tools available to livestock producers.
• Used to monitor nutritional program
and health of flock/herd.
• Cannot determine body condition
without handling (touching) animals.
• A scoring system of 1 to 5 (with 0.5
increments) is usually used for sheep
and goats.
Extremely thin with no fat reserves, 1
Healthy animals, 2.5 to 4
Very over-conditioned (obese) animal, 5

NEXT (LAST) WEBINAR
PASTURE HEALTH PROBLEMS
WED. MAR 4, 7 PM EST
Susan Schoenian
Sheep & Goat Specialist
University of Maryland Extension
sschoen@umd.edu
SMALL RUMINANT PROGRAM

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