13. But Dirichlet died in 1859 and Riemannwas appointed as a full professor to replace him.
14.
15. Like most of the great ideas of science, Riemannian geometry is quite easy to understand if we set aside the technical details and concentrate on its essential features.
16. Gauss had earlier discovered the intrinsic differential geometry of curved surfaces.
17. If a surface embedded in three dimensional space is defined parametrically by three functions x=x(u,v), y=y(u,v), and z=z(u,v), then u and v can be interpreted as the coordinates of the points on the surface.
18. The distance ds between any two nearby points (u,v) and (u+du,v+dv) is given by Gauss's quadratic differential form: ds = Edu^2 + 2Fdudv + Gdv^2,