The document provides an overview of cell division and how cells grow and multiply from a single fertilized egg to a multicellular organism. It discusses the reasons why cells divide, including for reproduction, growth, and repair. Key stages of the cell cycle are described, including interphase, mitosis (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase), and cytokinesis. The roles of the nucleus, DNA, chromosomes, cytoskeleton, and centrioles are summarized.

1. Biology is the only subject
in which multiplication is
the same thing as division…
AP Biology
2007-2008

2. The Cell Cycle:
Cell Growth, Cell Division
AP Biology
2007-2008

3. Where it all began…
You started as a cell smaller than
a period at the end of a sentence…
AP Biology

4. And now look at you…
AP Biology
How did you
get from there
to here?

5. Getting from there to here…
 Going from egg to baby….
the original fertilized egg has to divide…
and divide…
and divide…
and divide…
AP Biology

6. Why do cells divide?
 For reproduction

asexual reproduction
 one-celled organisms
 For growth

from fertilized egg to
multi-celled organism
 For repair & renewal

AP Biology
replace cells that die
from normal wear &
tear or from injury
amoeba

7. Making new cells
 Nucleus
chromosomes
 DNA

 Cytoskeleton

centrioles
 in animals

AP Biology
microtubule
spindle fibers

8. Nucleus
DNA
 Function
chromosome
protects DNA
Structure



histone protein
nuclear envelope
 double membrane
 membrane fused in spots to create pores
 allows large macromolecules to pass through
nuclear
pores
AP Biology
What kind of
molecules need to
pass through?
nuclear
pore
nucleolus
nuclear envelope

9. AP Biology

10. Cytoskeleton
 Function

structural support
 maintains shape of cell
 provides anchorage for organelles
 protein fibers


microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules
motility
 cell locomotion
 cilia, flagella, etc.

regulation
 organizes structures
& activities of cell
AP Biology

11. Cytoskeleton
 actin
 microtubule
 nuclei
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12. Centrioles
 Cell division

in animal cells, pair of centrioles
organize microtubules
 spindle fibers

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guide chromosomes in mitosis

13. End of the Tour
AP Biology

14. Getting the right stuff
 What is passed on to daughter cells?

exact copy of genetic material = DNA
 mitosis

organelles, cytoplasm, cell membrane,
enzymes
 cytokinesis
chromosomes (stained orange)
in kangaroo rat epithelial cell
AP Biology
→notice cytoskeleton fibers

15. Overview of mitosis
interphase
prophase
I.P.M.A.T.
(pro-metaphase)
cytokinesis
AP Biology
metaphase
anaphase
telophase

16. Interphase
 90% of cell life cycle

cell doing its “everyday job”
 produce RNA, synthesize proteins/enzymes

prepares for duplication if triggered
I’m working here!
Time to divide
& multiply!
AP Biology

17. M
Mitosis
Cell cycle
 Cell has a “life cycle”
cell is formed from
a mitotic division
cell grows & matures
to divide again
G1, S, G2, M
epithelial cells,
blood cells,
stem cells
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G2
Gap 2
S
Synthesis
cell grows & matures
to never divide again
liver cells
G1→G0
brain / nerve cells
muscle cells
G1
Gap 1
G0
Resting

18. Interphase
 Divided into 3 phases:

o
al te
n
sig ivid
d
G1 = 1st Gap (Growth)
 cell doing its “everyday job”
 cell grows

S = DNA Synthesis
 copies chromosomes

G2 = 2nd Gap (Growth)
 prepares for division
 cell grows (more)
 produces organelles,
proteins, membranes
AP Biology
G0

19. green = key features
Interphase
 Nucleus well-defined

DNA loosely packed in
long chromatin fibers
 Prepares for mitosis

replicates
chromosome
 DNA & proteins

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produces proteins &
organelles

20. S phase: Copying / Replicating DNA
 Synthesis phase of Interphase
dividing cell replicates DNA
 must separate DNA copies
correctly to 2 daughter cells

 human cell duplicates ~3 meters DNA
 each daughter cell gets complete
identical copy
 error rate = ~1 per 100 million bases
 3 billion base pairs in mammalian
genome
 ~30 errors per cell cycle
 mutations (to somatic (body) cells)
AP Biology

21. ACTGGTCAGGCAATGTC
Organizing DNA
DNA
 DNA is organized in
chromosomes
double helix DNA molecule
 wrapped around histone
proteins
histones

 like thread on spools

DNA-protein complex =
chromatin
chromatin
 organized into long thin fiber

condensed further during
mitosis
double stranded chromosome
AP Biology
duplicated mitotic chromosome

22. Copying DNA & packaging it…
 After DNA duplication, chromatin condenses

coiling & folding to make a smaller package
mitotic chromosome
DNA
chromatin
AP Biology

23. double-stranded
mitotic human
chromosomes
AP Biology

24. Mitotic Chromosome
 Duplicated chromosome
2 sister chromatids
 narrow at centromeres
 contain identical
copies of original DNA

homologous
chromosomes
homologous
chromosomes
single-stranded
AP Biology
sister chromatids
double-stranded
homologous = “same information”

25. Mitosis
 Dividing cell’s DNA between
2 daughter nuclei

“dance of the chromosomes”
 4 phases
prophase
 metaphase
 anaphase
 telophase

AP Biology

26. green = key features
Prophase
 Chromatin condenses

visible chromosomes
 chromatids
 Centrioles move to opposite
poles of cell

animal cell
 Protein fibers cross cell to form
mitotic spindle

microtubules
 actin, myosin

coordinates movement of
chromosomes
 Nucleolus disappears
 Nuclear membrane breaks down
AP Biology

27. green = key features
Transition to Metaphase
 Prometaphase

spindle fibers attach to
centromeres
 creating kinetochores

microtubules attach at
kinetochores
 connect centromeres to
centrioles

AP Biology
chromosomes begin
moving

28. green = key features
Metaphase
 Chromosomes align
along middle of cell

metaphase plate
 meta = middle
spindle fibers coordinate
movement
 helps to ensure
chromosomes separate
properly

 so each new nucleus
receives only 1 copy of
each chromosome
AP Biology

29. AP Biology

30. green = key features
Anaphase
 Sister chromatids separate at
kinetochores
move to opposite poles
 pulled at centromeres
 pulled by motor proteins
“walking”along microtubules

 actin, myosin
 increased production of
ATP by mitochondria
 Poles move farther apart

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polar microtubules lengthen

31. Separation of chromatids
 In anaphase, proteins holding together sister
chromatids are inactivated

separate to become individual chromosomes
1 chromosome
2 chromatids
AP Biology
double-stranded
2 chromosomes
single-stranded

32. Chromosome movement
 Kinetochores use
motor proteins that
“walk” chromosome
along attached
microtubule

AP Biology
microtubule
shortens by
dismantling at
kinetochore
(chromosome) end

33. green = key features
Telophase
 Chromosomes arrive at
opposite poles
daughter nuclei form
 nucleoli form
 chromosomes disperse

 no longer visible under
light microscope
 Spindle fibers disperse
 Cytokinesis begins

AP Biology
cell division

34. Cytokinesis
 Animals

constriction belt of
actin microfilaments
around equator of cell
 cleavage furrow forms
 splits cell in two
 like tightening a draw
string
AP Biology

35. Cytokinesis in Animals
(play Cells Alive movies here)
AP Thinkwell movies here)
(playBiology

36. Mitosis in whitefish blastula
AP Biology

37. Mitosis in animal cells
AP Biology

38. Cytokinesis in Plants
 Plants

cell plate forms
 vesicles line up at
equator
 derived from Golgi
 vesicles fuse to form
2 cell membranes

new cell wall laid
down between
membranes
 new cell wall fuses
with existing cell wall
AP Biology

39. Cytokinesis in plant cell
AP Biology

40. Mitosis in plant cell
AP Biology

41. onion root tip
AP Biology

42. Evolution of mitosis
 Mitosis in
chromosome:
double-stranded replication
of DNA
DNA
eukaryotes
likely evolved from
binary fission in
bacteria
single circular
chromosome
 no membranebound organelles

AP Biology
Origin of
replication
elongation of cell
ring of
proteins
cell pinches
in two

43. Evolution of
mitosis
 A possible
progression of
mechanisms
intermediate
between binary
fission & mitosis
seen in modern
organisms
prokaryotes
(bacteria)
protists
dinoflagellates
protists
diatoms
eukaryotes
yeast
eukaryotes
animals
AP Biology

44. Dinoflagellates
 algae
“red tide”
 bioluminescence

AP Biology

45. Diatoms
 microscopic algae
marine
 freshwater

AP Biology

46. Any Questions??
AP Biology
2007-2008

47. Ghosts of Lectures Past
(storage)
AP Biology
2007-2008

48. Control of Cell Cycle
AP Biology

49. Kinetochore
 Each chromatid
has own kinetochore
proteins

AP Biology
microtubules
attach to
kinetochore
proteins

50. Chromosome structure
chromatin loop
scaffold
protein
n
30
rosettes of
chromatin loops
chromosome
AP Biology
m
DNA nucleosome
histone
DNA double helix

51. M
metaphase
prophase
Cell Division cycle
C
G2
 Phases of a dividing
cell’s life

interphase





AP Biology
anaphase
telophase
S
interphase (G1, S, G2 phases)
mitosis (M)
cytokinesis (C)
G1
cell grows
replicates chromosomes
produces new organelles, enzymes, membranes…
G1, S, G2
mitotic phase
 cell separates & divides chromosomes
 mitosis
 cell divides cytoplasm & organelles
 cytokinesis

52. Substitute Slides
for Student Print version
(for student note-taking)
AP Biology
2007-2008

53. And now look at you…
AP Biology
How did you
get from there
to here?