2. SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY:
Dr. N. N.GUDADHE JOSHI JIGARKUMAR R.
Asst. Professor 2nd Sem. M.sc.(Agri.)
Dept. of Agronomy Reg.No-2010114038
N.M.C.A., N.A.U. Dept. of Agronomy
NAVSARI – 396 450 N.M.C.A., N.A.U.
NAVSARI- 396 450
ORGANIC FARMING
3. organic farming is a system which
avoids or largely excludes the use
of synthetic inputs (such as
fertilizers, pesticides, hormones,
feed additives etc) and to the
maximum extent feasible rely upon
crop rotations, crop residues,
animal manures, off-farm organic
waste. (USDA, 1980)
“It is a holistic production management system that promotes
and enhances health of agro-ecosystem, including biodiversity,
biological cycles and soil biological activity”. (FAO, 2002)
4. Religious Documentation of Organic farming
Oldest practice 10000 years old, dating back to Neolithic age, practiced by ancient
civilization like Mesopotamia, Hwang Ho basin etc.
Ramayana (All dead things – rotting corpse or stinking garbage returned to earth
are transformed into wholesome things that nourish life. Such is the
alchemy of mother earth – as interpreted by C. Rajagopalachari).
Mahabharata (5500
BC)
Mention of Kamadhenu, the celestial cow and its role on human life and
soil fertility.
Kauthilya
Arthashastra (300 BC)
Mentioned several manures like oil cake, excreta, excreta of animals.
Brihad-sanhita (by
Varahmihir)
Described how to choose manures for different crops and the methods of
manuring.
Rig Veda (2500-1500
BC)
Mention of organic manure in Rig Veda 1, 161, 10, 2500-1500 BC, is
Green Manure in Atharva Veda 11 8.3, (1000 BC). In Sukra (IV, V, 94,
107-112) it is stated that to cause healthy growth the plant should be
nourished by dungs of goat, sheep, cow, water as well as meat. A
reference of manure is also made in Vrksayurveda by surpala
(manuscript, oxford, No 324 B, Six, 107-164)
Holy Quran (590 AD) At least one third of what you take out from soils must be returned to it
implying recycling or post-harvest residue.
5. Table: Land area of major countries under organic agriculture (FIBL & IFOAM
2013)
S.No Name of the Country Area under
organic (ha)
Share % of total
agricultural area
PRODUSER
1. Australia 17151000 4.19 1707
2. Argentina 3191255 2.27 1018
3. USA 2178471 0.64 12880
4. China 2094000 0.94 -
5. SPAIN 1610129 6.47 30502
6. Italy 1317177 10.29 45969
7. France 1060756 3.86 25467
8. Germany 1060669 6.35 23271
9. Uruguay 930965 6.29 630
10. Canada 869239 1.29 3513
11. Brazil 705233 0.27 12526
12. Poland 661956 4.28 25944
13. UK 567751 3.30 3918
14. Austraia 526689 19.46 21810
15. India 510000 0.28 650000
WORLD 43,091,133 0.98 1998592
6. Table: TOP TEN STATE AREA UNDER ORGANIC
FARMING FOR THE YEAR 2010-11
Sir . No State Name Certified cultivated
organic area (ha)
1. Madhya Pradesh 270955
2. Maharashtra 124547
3. Rajasthan 57566
4. Gujarat 42267
5. Uttar Pradesh 17212
6. Orissa 16883
7. Goa 13044
8. UTTARAKHAND 9513
9. Karnataka 9128
10. Andhra Pradesh 6070
Total India 600000
Source: APEDA
7. Organic cultivation not new in India
The term organic farming was first used by lord northbourne
in the book of look of the land
Organic agriculture in India started long back 1900 by Sir
Albert Howard a British agronomist, in local village of the
north India.
Organic farming first coined by north Bourne in 1946.
The state of Sikkim and Uttaranchal declared organic state.
Race less use of this chemical material not alert the ecosystem
but it claim with death to many lives every year due to their
hazardous nature.
Organic farming in India
8. WHAT SHOULD BE OUR APPROACH ?
Keeping in view of food security it is not possible to go as
such for organic farming in intensive cultivated areas
hence there is need:
b) On the other hand, bringing the areas, where fertilizer consumption is
very low, under organic farming
The organic agriculture, therefore, could be advocated only to
certain areas and for selected crops showing promise for
organic agriculture. The rain-fed agro-eco-zones, tribal areas,
northeast and hilly regions of the country and farms where
diversified agriculture is being practiced on commercial scale
are the potential areas for organic farming.
a) To increase the food production in these areas by site specific input
management on one hand
9. Conventional Farming Organic Farming
• It is based on economical
orientation.
• Supplementing nutrients
through chemical fertilizers
• Weed control by herbicide
• Pest control by pesticide
• Livestock rarely combined
• Low input: output ratio with
pollution
• Using up soil fertility often
resulting in erosion and soil loss
• It is based on ecological
orientation.
• Cycle of nutrients within the
farms; predominantly farm
produced materials
• Weed control by crop rotation and
cultural practices
• Pest control based on non-
polluting substances
• Livestock for production and
health
• Optimum input: output ratio with
No pollution
• Maximum conservation of soils,
water quality and wild life
Difference between conventional farming and organic farming
10. Sustainable and eco-friendly technology.
It improves quality, shelf and nutritive value of the farm
produce.
It encourages sustainable livelihood of the producers as
well as safeguards consumers health.
It improves the physical, chemical and biological health of
the soil.
Promotes healthy use of the natural resources and
minimizes all forms of the pollution.
It enhances and sustains biological diversity within the
system.
11. Relies primarily on local, renewable resources.
Makes efficient use of solar energy and the production potential
of biological systems.
Maintains the fertility of the soil.
Maximizes recycling of plant nutrients and organic matter.
Does not use organisms or substances foreign to nature.
Maintains diversity in the production system as well as the
agricultural landscape.
Gives farm animal’s life conditions that correspond to their
ecological role and allow them a natural behavior.
Careful attention to the impact of the farming system on the
wider environment and the conservation of wildlife and natural
habitats.
13. 1. Principle of health
Organic Agriculture should sustain and enhance the health of soil, plant,
animal, human and planet as one and indivisible.
Healthy soils produce healthy crops that foster the health of animals and
people.
Health is the wholeness and integrity of living systems.
2. Principle of ecology
Organic Agriculture should be based on living ecological systems and
cycles, work with them, emulate them and help sustain them.
This principle roots organic agriculture within living ecological systems.
Four principles
14. 3. Principle of fairness
Organic Agriculture should build on relationships that ensure fairness with
regard to the common environment and life opportunities.
Fairness is characterized by equity, respect, justice and stewardship of the
shared world, both among people and in their relations to other living beings
4. Principle of care
Organic Agriculture should be managed in a precautionary and
responsible manner to protect the health and well-being of current and
future generations and the environment.
This principle states that precaution and responsibility are the key
concerns in management, development and technology choices in
organic agriculture.
15. Pure organic farming : It includes use of organic
manures and biopesticides with complete avoidance of
inorganic chemicals and pesticides.
Integrated Farming : It involves Integrated Nutrient
Management (INM) and Integrated Pest Management
(IPM).
Integrated Farming Systems : In this type, local
resources are effectively recycled by involving other
components such as poultry, fish pond, mushroom, goat
rearing etc. apart from crop components. It is a low input
organic farming.
Types of organic farming
16. Objectives of
Organic Farming
Produce food with
higher nutritional
quality
Work with
natural system Maintain and
increase soil
fertility
Use renewable
resources as far
as possible
Wider social and
ecological impact
of farming system
Allow satisfaction
to agricultural
producer
Avoid Pollution
Objective of organic farming
(1) (2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
17. Benefits of organic farming
1. Increase long-term fertility of the soil.
2. It helps in maintaining environment health by reducing the
level of pollution.
3. It reduces human and animal health hazards by reducing the
level of residues in the product.
4. It helps in keeping agricultural production at a higher level
and makes it sustainable.
5. It reduces the cost of agricultural production and also
improves the soil health.
6. It ensures optimum utilization of natural resources for short-
term benefit and helps in conserving them for future
generation.
7. It not only saves energy for both animal and machine, but
also reduces risk of crop failure.
18. Basic Steps of Organic Farming
Organic farming approach involves following five principles:
1. Conversion of land from conventional management to
organic management
2. Management of the entire surrounding system to ensure
biodiversity and sustainability of the system
3. Crop production with the use of alternative sources of
nutrients such as crop rotation, residue management, organic
manures and biological inputs.
4. Management of weeds and pests by better management
practices, physical and cultural means and by biological
control system
5. Maintenance of live stock in tandem with organic concept
and make them an integral part of the entire system
19. Limitations of organic farming in India
Small land holding
Poor infrastructure facilities
Lack of technology knowledge
Convert organic farm
Neighbouring farmer well co-operate
Organic material such as animal dung and other crop waste
used for fuel purpose
Organic material are bulky in nature very difficult store and
high price
City garbage contain heavy metal, plastic bags, stones and
needles.
Bio control agent are available only few selected insect pest.
Complicated organic certification process and high fees cost
Higher human population of India.
23. Biological control
Insect Weed control
Crocidosema lantana busck moth Lantana camara
Cochineal scale Pricklypear
Fleabeetle larva Alligatorweed
Neochetina burchii Waterhyacinth
Mexican gall fly Congress grass
Product Content Weed control
De-Vine Phytophrhora plamivora Milk weed vine
Collego Colletotrichum gloeosporiodes Joint vetch
Bipolaris Bipolaris sorghicola Johnsongrass
Biolophos Streptomyces hygroscopicus General vegetation
Mycoherbicides
24. Pest management
1. Physical method
Mechanical control
Light trap
Pheromone trap
Nylon net
2. Cultural method
Field and plant sanitation
Crop rotation
Trap cropping
Ex : cabbage: mustard= diamondback moth
Water management
Adjusting time of sowing
25. Multiple effects of duck-azolla-rice farming system
Duck in Rice field (China) Duck in Rice field (China)
28. Bio-fertilizer
Sr.
No.
Group example
N2 Fixing Bio fertilizer
1. Free-living Azotobacter , Beijerinka, Clostridium, Anabanea
2. Symbiotic Rhizobium, Azolla, Frankia
3. Associtave symbiotic Azospirrlum
P Solubilising Bio fertilizer
1. Bacteria Bacillus sp, pseudomonus sp
2. Fungai Penicillum sp, Aspergillus awamori
P Mobilizing Bio fertilizer
1. Arbuscular mycorrhiza Gloumus sp, Gigaspora sp,
2. Ectomycorrhiza Laccaria sp, Amanita sp.
3. Ericoid mycorrhizae Pezizella ericae
4. Orchid mycorrhizae Rhizoctonia solani.
29. Seed treatment technique popular amongst
farmer in organic farming
a) With cow urine
cow urine + water (1:10)
soak the seed in solution for 15 minutes
dry the seed in shade and sowing.
If better germination and prevent seed borne disease
b) with cow milk
Cow milk + water (1:5)
Soak the seed in solution for 30 minutes
Dry the seed in shade and sowing.
It prevent yellowing of leaves and leaf spot diseases
30. C) With wood ash
Wood ash + water (10 gram + one litter)
Dip vegetable seed in solution for 15-30 minutes
Dry in shade and sow immediately
It prevent seedling root
D) Hot water treatment
Boil water till it reaches 55 c.
Soak the seed for 15 – 30 minutes.
Dry seed first in shade and after in sun and stored
in insect proof container.
It control pathogens which develop seeds when
they are stored for a long time period.
36. international organic standards
1. IFOAM: • Established in 1972
• Headquarter in Germany
• Umbrella organization for organic Agriculture Association
• Developed international basic standards of organic agriculture
• Established IFOAM accreditation programme (1992) to accredit certifying
bodies
• Set up International Organic Accreditation Service (IOAS) in July 2001
2. CODEX: •Codex Alimentarious Commission – a joint FAO/WHO
•Intergovernment body
•Established in 1962
•Produced a set of guidelines for organic production
3. EU
regulation
•Laid out a basic regulation for European Union’s organic standards in Council
regulation No. 2092/91 (June 1991)
•Regulations give guidelines for the production of organic crops in the European
Community.
4. Demeter •Demeter International is a world wide net work of 19 International certification
bodies in Africa, Australia, Europe
•Developed guideline for biodynamic preparation.
5. JAS •A set of guidelines Japan Agricultural Standards for organic production
37. List of accredited certifying and inspection
agencies in India
Association for promotion of Organic Farming (APOF)
Bangalore
Indian Society for Certification of organic production
(ISCOP)- Tamil Nadu
Indian Organic Certification Agency (INDOCERT)- Cochin,
Kerala
Skal Inspection and Certificaton Agency- Bangalore
IMO Control Pvt. Ltd.- Bangalore
Ecocert International -Aurangabad
Bioinspectra -Cochin, Kerala
SGS India Pvt Ltd- Gurgaon
International Resources for Fair Trade (IRFD)- Mumbai
National Organic Certification Association (NOCA)- Pune
38. • THE MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE IS PROMOTING ORGANIC FARMING
IN THE COUNTRY UNDER THE FOLLOWING SCHEMES:
• National Project on Organic Farming (project implemented since
October 2004)
• Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojna
• National Centre on Organic Farming: Ghaziabad
• Regional centers:
(1) Bangalore (4) Imphal
(2) Bhubaneswar (5) Jabalpur
(3) Hissar (6) Nagpur
39.
40. Treatment Grain yield
(q/ha)
Straw yield
(q/ha)
Harvest
index (%)
FYM
Control 29.5 46.1 37.2
FYM 10 t/ha 37.4 50.0 40.3
CD (P=0.05) 2.1 3.1 1.2
Bio-fertilizer
control 30.2 47.3 37.1
Azospirillum 34.3 49.5 38.7
Azotobacter 33.5 49.6 38.0
Azospirillum +Azotobacter 35.5 51.6 39.2
CD (P=0.05) 2.6 3.5 2.0
Table 1:Effect of FYM and bio-fertilizer on
growth and yield of wheat.
Sushila and Giri (2000)
IARI, New Delhi
41. Table 2:Effect of different sources of nitrogen on
growth and yield of groundnut
Treatments Plant height
(cm)
No. of
branches/plant
No. of
leaves/plant
Pod yield
(q/ha)
control 11.96 8.20 43.26 13.84
urea 14.03 11.56 50.83 23.91
FYM 12.63 8.80 47.06 21.27
compost 12.23 8.50 44.26 15.37
vermicompost 12.56 8.60 46.83 18.95
50%from urea +50% from
FYM
15.50 11.90 53.33 24.06
50%from urea +50%from
compost
12.73 8.86 47.93 22.19
50%from urea +50% from
vermicompost
13.76 9.40 49.16 23.05
CD at 5% 0.84 0.92 3.05 5.05
Sabale (2002)
College of Agriculture, Pune
42. Table 3:Residual effect of summer green
manuring crops on productivity of wheat crop
Treatment Plant height
(cm )
Grain yield
(t / ha)
Straw yield
(t / ha)
Harvesting index
( %)
Control 80.2 3.89 4.69 45.2
Dhaincha 86.3 4.51 5.16 46.6
Sunhemp 84.4 4.32 5.04 46.1
Cow pea 82.6 4.10 4.88 45.6
SEm (±) 0.57 0.014 0.020 0.03
CD (P = 0.05) 1.98 0.048 0.070 0.10
Singh & Singh (2013)
IARI, New Delhi
43. Table 4:Effect of FYM and fertilizer levels on
growth and yield of rice.
FYM (t/ha)
Treatment Plant height
(cm) LAI
Dry matter
accumulation(g/m3)
Grain yield
(t/ha)
Straw yield
(t/ha)
0 81.3 3.13 821 3.28 4.87
10 84.3 3.93 987 4.24 6.36
20 88.4 4.11 1161 4.99 7.47
SEm (±) 0.70 0.04 2.84 0.06 0.08
CD (P=0.05) 2.09 0.12 8.51 0.19 0.23
Fertilizer (Recommended does of fertilizer)
0 % RDF 81.3 3.10 813 3.34 5.01
50 % RDF 85.3 3.72 1008 4.32 6.41
100 % RDF 87.5 4.35 1148 4.86 7.29
SEm (±) 0.70 0.04 2.84 0.06 0.08
CD (P=0.05) 2.09 0.12 8.51 0.19 0.23
Gautum et al. (2013)
CSKHPKV, palampur (H.P)
44. Table 5:Effect of different bio-fertilizer and
phosphorus levels on yield of soybean
Treatment Seed yield
(t/ha)
Biological yield
(t/ha)
Harvesting index
(%)
control 1.10 3.75 29.33
PSB + VAM 1.21 4.14 29.22
50% P as RP 1.23 4.08 30.14
50%P as RP+PSB+VAM 1.50 4.64 32.32
50%P as DAP 1.38 4.40 31.36
50%Pp as DAP+PSB+VAM 1.51 4.74 31.85
100% P as RP 1.40 4.62 30.30
100%P as RP+PSB+VAM 1.56 4.42 35.29
100%P as DAP 1.49 4.47 33.33
100%P as DAP+PSB+VAM 1.55 4.56 34.00
SEm (±) 0.02 0.08 0.41
CD (P=0.05) 0.06 NS 1.18
Munda et al. (2013)
IARI, New Delhi
45. Conclusions
From the foregoing discussion, it can be
inferred that organic farming appears to be a
sustainable, economic and eco-friendly, since
there is no risk of residual toxicity. It improves
soil fertility and yielded quality production.An
addition of compost prepared from farm wastes
i.e. FYM, Neem-cake, biogas slurry, vermi-
compost etc.helps maintain organic matter in soil.
