Media And Collective Identity Feminist Film Theory

Feminist Film Theory ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

1 st wave 2 nd Wave 3 rd Wave Post-Feminism 1800s/ 1900s “ Universal Suffrage” 1960s – 1980s “ The personal is political” 1990s “ Feminists Against Censorship” Gender-feminists … Equity-feminists … Anti-feminists….? FEMINISM FEMINIST FILM THEORY

“ Male gaze” (1975) ,[object Object],Laura Mulvey argues that Freud's psychoanalytic theory is the key to understanding how film creates such a space for female sexual objectification and exploitation through the combination of the patriarchal order of society, and 'looking' in itself as a pleasurable act of voyeurism, as "the cinema satisfies a primordial wish for pleasurable looking.“

Mulvey identifies 3 "looks" or perspectives that occur in film which serve to sexually objectify women ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

[object Object],1979: Janet Bergstrom uses Sigmund Freud’s ideas of bisexual responses, arguing that women are capable of identifying with male characters and men with women characters, either successively or simultaneously. 1992: Carol Clover, in "Men Women and Chainsaws: Gender in the Modern Horror Film" argues that young male viewers of Horror are quite prepared to identify with the female-in-jeopardy. Clover further argues that the "Final Girl" in the psychosexual sub-genre of Exploitation Horror invariable triumphs through her own resourcefulness, and is not by any means a passive, or inevitable, victim.

Laura Mulvey , “Afterthoughts on ‘Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema’… (1981). ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

“ Female gaze” ,[object Object]

“ Oppositional gaze” (1992) ,[object Object],Coming from a black feminist perspective, bell hooks put forth the notion of the “oppositional gaze,” encouraging black women not to accept stereotypical representations in film, but rather actively critique them.

“ Matrixial gaze“ (1998) ,[object Object]

Return of the Female gaze Fatal Attraction is a motion picture which initially brings forward a possible female gaze and therefore could be seen as questioning Mulvey's argument of a male gaze. However, as the narrative continues the gaze is swayed to become yet again a male gaze , a defence of the patriarchy and of masculinity. Eva-Maria Jacobsson (1999) “ Can the male gaze be reversed, i.e. is there a female gaze? Is it possible to argue for a female gaze in contemporary movies, where the woman would be objectifying the man to a subject of their desires and pleasures of looking? ”

Post-Feminism ,[object Object],[object Object],McRobbie presents Bridget Jones, the title character in the 2001 film Bridget Jones’s Diary, as a classic post-feminist example:

Media And Collective Identity Feminist Film Theory

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