4. ¥ÀgÀªÀiÁtÄ«£À §UÉÎ
Qæ¸ÀÛ ¥ÀƪÀð DgÀ£ÉÃ
±ÀvÀªÀiÁ£ÀzÀ°è
w½¹zÀªÀgÀÄ ¨sÁgÀwÃAiÀÄ
ªÀĺÀ¶ð PÀuÁzÀgÀÄ
¥ÀgÀªÀÄ JAzÀgÉ
PÉÆ£ÉAiÀÄ/ CAwªÀÄ;
CtÄ JAzÀgÉ PÀtUÀ¼ÀÄ

5. 460 BC
aQæ¸ÀÛ ¥ÀƪÀð
LzÀ£ÉÃ
±ÀvÀªÀiÁ£ÀzÀ°è
qɪÉÆÃPÉæn¸ï JA§
VæÃPÀ vÀvÀéeÁÕ¤
¥ÀgÀªÀiÁtÄ
JA§ÄzÀÄ ªÀÄvÉÛ
«¨sÀf¸À¯ÁUÀzÀ
¸ÀÆPÀëöä PÀt

6. Defining the Atom
• The Greek philosopher Democritus (460
B.C. – 370 B.C.) was among the first to
suggest the existence of atoms (from
the Greek word “atomos”)
–He believed that atoms were indivisible and
indestructible
–His ideas did agree with later scientific
theory, but did not explain chemical
behavior, and was not based on the
scientific method – but just philosophy

7. eÁ£ï qÁ®Ö£ï£À ¥ÀgÀªÀiÁtÄ
¹zÁÝAvÀ
• J®è ªÀ¸ÀÄÛUÀ¼ÀÄ ¥ÀgÀªÀiÁtÄ JA§
ªÀÄvÉÛ «¨sÀf¸À¯ÁUÀzÀ ¸ÀÆPÀëöä
PÀtUÀ½AzÀ DVzÉ.
• ¥ÀgÀªÀiÁtÄUÀ¼À£ÀÄß
¸ÀȶָÀĪÀÅzÁUÀ°, £Á±À
ªÀiÁqÀĪÀÅzÁUÀ° ¸ÁzsÀå«®è.
• ¨ÉÃgÉ ¨ÉÃgÉ
ªÀÄÆ®ªÀ¸ÀÄÛUÀó¼À°ègÀĪÀ
¥ÀgÀªÀiÁtÄUÀ¼ÀÄ ¥ÀgÀ¸ÀàgÀ

8. Dalton’s Atomic Theory (experiment based!)
3) Atoms of different elements combine in
simple whole-number ratios to form
chemical compounds
4) In chemical reactions, atoms are
combined, separated, or rearranged – but
never changed into atoms of another
1) All elements are composed of
tiny indivisible particles called
atoms
2) Atoms of the same element are
identical. Atoms of any one
element are different from
those of any other element.
John Dalton
(1766 – 1844)

9. J.J. Thomson (Late 1800’s)

10. J J Thomson

11. eÉ. eÉ. xÁªÀÄì£ï gÀªÀgÀ
¥ÀæAiÉÆÃUÀ

12. «¸Àdð£Á £À½PÉ

13. gÀÄuÁUÀæ QgÀtUÀ¼À£ÀÄß
«zÀÄåvï PÉëÃvÀæPÉÌ
M¼À¥Àr¹zÁUÀ zsÀ£ÁUÀæzÀ
PÀqÉUÉ ZÀ°¸ÀÄvÀÛªÉ

14. PÁåxÉÆÃqï QgÀtUÀ¼À
UÀÄtUÀ¼ÀÄ
• PÁåxÉÆÃqï QgÀtUÀ¼ÀÄ
AiÀiÁAwæPÀ ZÀ®£É ºÉÆA¢zÀ
PÀtUÀ¼À ¥ÀæªÁºÀ
• PÁåxÉÆÃqï QgÀtUÀ¼ÀÄ gÀÄt
«zÀÄåzÀA±ÀªÀ£ÀÄß
ºÉÆA¢gÀÄvÀÛzÉ.
• F PÀtUÀ¼À (E¯ÉPÁÖç£ï ) DªÉñÀ
¸ÀASÉå -1 CVgÀÄvÀÛzÉ.

15. MODEL OF ATOM

16. Modern Cathode Ray Tubes
Cathode ray tubes pass electricity
through a gas that is contained at a
very low pressure.
Television Computer Monitor

17. Mass of the Electron
1916 – Robert Millikan determines the mass
of the electron: 1/1840 the mass of a
hydrogen atom; has one unit of negative
charge
The oil drop apparatus
Mass of the
electron is
9.11 x 10-28 g

18. zsÀ£ÁUÀæ QgÀtUÀ¼À
GvÁàzÀ£É

19. gÀAzsÀæAiÀÄÄPÀÛ gÀÄuÁUÀæ «gÀĪÀ
«¸Àdð£Á £À½PÉ G¥ÀAiÉÆÃV¹ zsÀ£ÁUÀæ
QgÀtUÀ¼À GvÁàzÀ£É ¥ÀæAiÉÆÃUÀ
ªÀiÁrzÀgÀÄ

20. zsÀ£ÁUÀæ QgÀtUÀ¼À
UÀÄt®PÀëtUÀ¼ÀÄ
 zsÀ£ÁUÀæ QgÀtUÀ¼ÀÄ zsÀ£À
«zÀÄåzÁ«µÀÖ PÀtUÀ¼ÀÄ
 «zÀÄåvï PÉëÃvÀæ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ
PÁAvÀPÉëÃvÀæUÀ½AzÀ
«ZÀ®£ÉUÉƼÀUÁUÀÄvÀÛªÉ.

21. gÀÄzÀgï ¥ÉÆÃqïðgÀ D¯Áá
PÀtUÀ¼À ZÀzÀÄgÀÄ«PÉAiÀÄ
¥ÀæAiÉÆÃUÀ
zsÀ£À DªÉñÀ PÀtUÀ¼ÁzÀ D¯Áá PÀtUÀ¼À£ÀÄß
vɼÀĪÁzÀ a£ÀßzÀ ºÁ¼ÉAiÀÄ ªÉÄïÉ
C¥ÀླྀÀĪÀAvÉ ªÀiÁrzÁUÀ ºÉaÑ£À D¯Áá

22. Ernest Rutherford’s
Gold Foil Experiment - 1911
 Alpha particles are helium nuclei -
The alpha particles were fired at a thin
sheet of gold foil
 Particles that hit on the detecting
screen (film) are recorded

23. gÀÄzÀgï ¥ÉÆÃqïðgÀ D¯Áá
PÀtUÀ¼À ZÀzÀÄgÀÄ«PÉAiÀÄ
¥ÀæAiÉÆÃUÀzÀ ¤tðAiÀÄUÀ¼ÀÄ
• ¥ÀgÀªÀiÁtÄ«£À zsÀ£ÁªÉñÀ
PÀtUÀ¼ÀÄ, ¥ÀgÀªÀiÁtÄ«£À
PÉÃAzÀæ¨sÁUÀzÀ°è
§A¢ü¸À®ànÖzÀÄÝ, EªÀÅ
E¯ÉPÁÖç£ïUÀ½AzÀ
¸ÀÄvÀÄÛªÀjAiÀÄ®ànÖzÉ.
• ©ÃdPÉÃAzÀæzÀ UÁvÀæ vÀÄA¨Á aPÀÌzÀÄ
• ¥ÀgÀªÀiÁtÄ«£À ºÉaÑ£À zÀæªÀågÁ²AiÀÄÄ
©ÃdPÉÃAzÀæzÀ°è

25. Subatomic Particles
Particle Charge Mass (g) Location
Electron
(e-) -1 9.11 x 10-28 Electron
cloud
Proton
(p+) +1 1.67 x 10-24
Nucleus
Neutron
(no) 0 1.67 x 10-24
Nucleus