To decrease our world hunger and to make the plant more nutritious the transgenic technique was developed. This the basis of the transgenic plant and its technique
2. TOPICS TO BE DISCUSSED
1. Introduction
2. History
3. Methods of producing Transgenic Plant
4. Examples of Transgenic Crops that would benefit world
agriculture
ďBT Cotton
ďGolden Rice
ďFlavr Savr Tomato
ďRoundup Ready Soyabin
ďMoondust (Ornamental plant)
5. Application
6. Advantages
7. Disadvantages
8. Summery
3. INTRODUCTION
⢠Transgenic plants are those plants that have been
genetically engineered.
⢠They are identified as a class of genetically modified
organism (GMO)
⢠The aim to introduced new character to the plant which
does not occurs naturally in the species.
⢠Transgenic plant contains a gene or a set of genes,
usually from an unrelated organism; such genes are
called Transgenes.
⢠The process of producing transgenic organism is called
Transgenesis.
⢠The plant, which contains the transgene is called as GM
Plants.
Transgenics Vegetables
4. HISTORY
⢠A hybrid cereal grain was created in 1875 by
crossing wheat and rye.
⢠An antibiotic resistance tobacco plant in 1982
⢠The first GM crop approved for sale in U.S. in
1994,was the Flavr savr tomato.
⢠In 1995 Bt potato was also approved by U.S.
environmental protection agency, to making it the
countryâs first pesticide producing crop.
TRNSGENIC TOBACCO PLANT
5. METHODS OF PRODUCING TRANSGENIC PLANT
The transfer of exogenous DNA to higher plants can be accomplished by various methods.
Different types of techniques are given below;
1. Transfer of DNA via a vector:
ďź Agrobacterium mediated gene transfer
2. Direct transfer of DNA:
ďź Gene guns
ďź Electroporation
ďź Microinjection
6. AGROBACTERIUM MEDIATED GENE TRANSFER
ďAgrobacterium-mediated transformation is most
commonly used method for transgenesis.
ďA.tumefaciens is a rod shaped Gram negative soil
bacterium found in the rhizosphere.
ďIt contains Ti plasmid(tumor-inducing) which causes
crown gall disease in dicot plants.
ďIt mainly infect the wound site and causes disease
symptoms.
ďThe gene of intrest is introduced in to the bacterial
plasmid and treated it into the host plant.
ďThe bacteris grows inside the host plant cell and
regenerate to form a transgenic plant.
7. GENE GUN METHOD
ďThe method was first used by Klein etal(1987) to
transform epidermal cell of Allium cepa.
ď This method is mainly used for cereals transformation.
ď It is used for plants that cannot be transformed by
Agrobacterium, e.g. most monocot.
ď DNA is bound to tiny particles of gold or tungsten
which are subsequently shot into plant tissue or single
plant cells under high pressure.The particles penetrate
both the cell wall and membranes.
ďThe microcarriers left outside the cell and the DNA
enters into the host cell and regenerate to form
Transgenic Plant.
8. ELECTROPORATION METHOD
ďIn this technique , short pulses of high
voltage are applied to protoplasts which
make temporary pores in the plasma
membrane to increase their permeability
and facilitate the uptake of foreign gene.
MICROINJECTION METHOD
ď The protoplasts are immobilized in agarose or on
glass slides coated with poly-lysine or by holding
them under suction by a micropipette.
ď The exogenous DNA of interest is taken in
microinjector and then directly delivered inside
the cell.
9. EXAMPLES OF TRANSGENIC CROPS THAT WOULD
BENEFIT WORLD AGRICULTURE
ď There are different types of transgenic crops have
developed to reduce the world hunger by yielding
improved variety and high production of crops. The
different types are described below;
1. TRANSGENIC Bt COTTON
ďThe bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis is treated with
the foregin DNA and inserted in the cotton plant.
ďThese bacteria produces a BT toxin which killes the
boll worm which destroyes the cotton.
ďIt reduses the use of Pesticides and Insecticides in the
crop field.
Bacillus thuringiensis
10. 2. Golden Rice
ďGolden Rice is the name of a rice that has been
genetically modified (GM, or genetically
engineered) to produce beta-carotene, which the
body can convert into vitamin A. This beta-
carotene gives the rice grains the yellowish colour
that has inspired its name.
ďGolden rice differs from its parental strain by the
addition of three beta-carotene biosynthesis genes.
ďIn 2005, Golden Rice 2 was announced, which
produces up to 23 times more beta-carotene than
the original golden rice
Golden Rice
11. 3. Flavr Savr Tomato
ďFlavr Savr is a genetically modified tomato.
ďIt was the first commercially grown genetically
engineered food to be granted a license for
human consumption.
ďThese tomatos are Purple in colour due to
presence of 20% higher anthocyanins, which are
antioxidants guarding the body against chronic
diseases and cancer.
12. 4. Roundup Ready Soybeans
ďThe first-generation Roundup Readysoybean
trait
ďIt was worldâs most widely adopted biotech
trait, planted by farmers on billions of acres
since 1996âcomes off patent in 2015.
ďIt is also known as â glyphosate tolerantâ
soybeans
13. 5. Moondust (Ornamental plant)
⢠Moondust Carnation, first grown commercially in1997.
⢠It is an ornamental plant grown widely in india.
⢠The flower colour of moondust is velvet blue.
⢠It is scientifically known as Dianthus caryophyllus.
14. APPLICATION
ďśThere are mainly 6 applications are find out;
ďResistance to biotic stresses
ďResistance to abiotic strases
ďImprovement of Crop yield quality
ďTransgenic Plant with improve nutrient
ďCommercial Transgenic Crop plants
ďTransgenic plants as bioreactor
15. ADVANTAGES
ďImprovement in Yield
ďImprovement in Insect and Disease
Resistance
ďImprovement in Quality
ďHerbicide Resistance
ďResistance to Abiotic Stresses
ďIndustrial Products
ďRapid and Accurate Technique
ďNo Barrier for Gene Transfer
16. DISADVANTAGES
ďAllergic Reactions
ďProduction of toxins
ďReduced nutritional value
ďDisadvantages of Genetically Modified
Foods On The Environment
ďResistance of pests to toxins
ďDisruption of biodiversity Biodiversity
17. SUMMERY
⢠Transgenic plants are very essential that
we improve food production and
distribution in order to feed and free from
hunger a growing world population.
⢠Fruits can be produced through the use of
GM technology that are more nutritious,
stable in storage and in principle health
promoting bringing benefit to consumers
in both industrialised and developing
nation.