This ppt is made for the better under stand of flower and its structure.. it also helps in the taxonomy of a plant

1. THE FLOWER
.

2. TOPIC TO BE DISCUSSED
• Flower
• Floral terminology
• Parts of a Typical Flower

3. INTRODUCTION FLOWER
 The flower is a highly modified shoot meant essentially for sexual
reproduction in plants.
Typically, it is a collection of four different kinds of four floral members
arranged in four separate whorls or circles.
It contains two accessory whorls and two essential whorls.
Flower exhibits wide variation in shape size and arrangement of floral
parts. However, all flowers have same basic plan

4. FLORAL TERMINOLOGY
braceteate- with distinct bract
Ebraceteate- without bract
Bracteolate- with bracteole
Ebracteolate- without bracteole
Pedicellate- with pedicel
Sessile- without pedicelbisexual
Complete- with four whorls
Incomplete- lacking any of four
whorls
Achlamydeous- Without perianth.
Monochlamydeous- single whorl of
perianth
Dichlamydeous- Both the whorl of
perianth.
Bisexual- having both sex organs.
Unisexual- having any one
reproductive organ
Neuter- without samens and carpels.

5. Bimerous- with floral parts 2 or multiple of 2
Trimerous- with floral parts 3 or multiple of 3
Tetramerous- with floral parts 4 or multiple of 4
Pentamerous- with floral parts 5 or multiple of 5
Heteromerous- with different basic number in any of its floral whorls.
Cyclic- All the floral organs occurs in definte whorls.
Acyclic- All the floral organs brone in spirals and not in whorls.
Spiraocyclic- some floral parts arranged in whorls and others in spirals.
Actinomorphic- a flower that can be cut into two equal halves by any vertical
plane
Zygomorphic- a flower that can be cut into two equal halves by only one
vertical plane.
Assymetric- a flower that can not be cut into two equal halves by any plane.

6. Flower internode :-
Insertion of floral organs:-

7. PARTS OF A TYPICAL FLOWER
Flower develops on the mother axis in the form of floral bud. A typical flower has
following parts

8. 1. Bract :- Leaf like structure in whose axil a flower often develops.
• Foliaceous:- Green, leaf like
• Spathe:- large, boat shaped
• Petaloid bracts :- bright coloured bracts
• Involucre:-Group of bracts in a cluster
• Glumes:- small and dry scales
• Scaly bract:- present at the base of each floret
• Epicalyx:-whorls of bracteoles arise at the base of calyx

9. 2. Pedicel:- Stalk of the flower, which may be short, long or even absent
3. Bractioles :- Scally appendages present on pedicel
4. Receptacle:- swollen or expanded tip of pedicel, which bears four whorls.
5. Floral whorls:-
i. CALYX:- outer most protective whorl. Individual member called sepal.
Colour:-
• sepaloid:- sepals are green
• Petaloid –sepals are coloured
Fusion:-
• Polysepalous- sepals are free, e.g., Mustard
• Gamosepalous- sepals are united , e.g., Datura

10. Duration:-
• Caducous :- sepals falls early on prematurely
• Deciduous:-sepals fall-off along with petals just after fertilization
• Persistent:- Remain attached to the fruit, e.g., tomato.
• Marcescent:- persistent calyx , e.g., guava
• Accrescent:- persistent calyx but growing in size along with the fruit , e.g., physalis.
Modifications of calyx:-

11. ii. COROLLA :-
Colour:-
• Petaloid:- petals are coloured
• Sepaloid :–petals are green
Fusion:-
• Polysepalous- petals are free, e.g., Mustard
• Gamosepalous- petals are united , e.g.,
Datura
Shape :- Polypetalous and regular • Polypetalous and irregular:-

12. • Gamopetalous and regular:-
Aestivation of Corolla and Callyx:-
• Gamopetalous and irregular:-

13. iii. Perianth:-
• When non-essential whorls (sepals and petals) are not distinct, they are collectively
called perianth. The individual members of perianth are known as tepals,
e.g.,Asphodelus.
iv. Androecium:
• Androecium, the male reproductive whorl of flower, is composed of stamens.
• A stamen is made up of chiefly two parts: a large terminal portion called anther, and
a stalk known as the filament.

14. 1. Number:
(a) Monandrous – one stamen
(b) Diandrous – two stamens
(c) Triandrous-three stamens
(d) Polyandrous- many stamens
2.Position
(a) Inserted–stamens remain inside the corolla tube, e.g., Petunia.
(b) Exserted – stamens are longer and exposed out the corolla tube, e.g., Hibiscus, Acacia
3. Length of Stamens:
(a) Isostemonous-when all stamens of a flower are of equal lengths, e.g., solarium.
(b) Heterostemnous – when length of stamens are unequal, e.g., Cassia
(c) Didynamous – stamens four, 2 short and 2 long, e.g., Ocimum
(d) Tetradynamous – stamens six, two outer short and inner four long, e.g., Brassica.

15. 4. Arrangement of stamens:
(a) Diplostemonous – Stamens arranged in two whorls, outer whorl alternate with the
petals (alternipetalous) and the inner whorl is opposite to petals (antipetalous), e.g.,
Cassia.
(b) Obdiplostemonous – When outer whorl of stamens is antipetalous and inner whorl
is alternipetalous, e.g., Dianthus.
(c) Polystemonous – stamens arranged in more than 2 whorls.
5.According to fertility :
(a) Fertile stamens-Stamens producing pollen.
(b) Staminode- stamens do not produce pollen i.e. non-functional, e.g., Salvia, Cassia.
6. According to anther lobe:
(a) Monothecous -one-lobed anther, having 2 pollen chambers (bisporangiate), e.g.,
Malvaceae family.
(b) Dithecous-two-lobed anther, having4 pollen chambers (tetrasporangiate), e.g.,
Mustard.

16. 7. Cohesion of Stamens:
(a) Adelpnous-When filaments are united but anthers remain free.
It is of three types –
(b) Syngenesious – When anthers of stamens are fused and filaments remain free,
e.g.,Helianthus, Tridax.
(c) Synandrous – When stamens are fused throughout their length, e.g., Cucurbita.
(d) Polyandrous – When stamens are free from one another, e.g., Ranunculus, Iberis
etc.

17. 9.Fixation of anthers.
v. Gynoecium:
• Gynoecium, the female reproductive whorl of flower, consists of carpels.
• A carpel is differentiated into 3 parts-stigama, style and ovary.

18. 1. Gynoecium may be classified broadly into two types:
(a) Simple or Monocarpellary:
It is composed of only one carpel, e.g., pea, all legumes.
(b) Compound or Multi-capillary:
It comprises more than one carpel. Such a type of gynoecium occurs in majority of seed plants.
Apocarpous: Each carpel is free from the other forming a separate gynoecium, e.g., Ranunculus,
Clematis, etc.
Syncarpous: All the carpels are fused with one another forming a compound gynoecium, e.g.,
Brassica (mustard),
2. Number of Carpels:
Depending upon the number of carpels it is of following types
(i) Bicarpellary: Comprises two carpels, e.g.,Sonchus, Coriandrum, Mussaenda.
(ii) Tricarpellary: With three carpels, e.g., Allium cepa (onion), etc.
(iii) Tetracarpellary: With four carpels, e.g., Duranta, Berberis, etc.
(iv) Pentacarpellary: With five carpels, e.g.. Hibiscus (China rose), Media (Neem), etc.
(v) Multicarpellary: With more than five carpels, e.g., Papaver.

19. 3. Stigma:
It is the terminal part of pistil meant for receiving pollens at the time of pollination. On the basis
of shape, stigma may be
4. Style:
It is the tubular stalk that connect stigma with ovary.
(a) Terminal or Apical:
When style lies in the same straight line with the ovary, e.g., Hibiscus, Dianthus, etc.
(b) Lateral:
When style appears to be arising from the side of the ovary, such as in strawberry, mango.

20. (c) Gynobasic:
The ovary is lobed and the style arises from
the depression in the centre of the ovary.
Such a style is termed as gynobasic, e.g.,
Ocimum.
(d) Petaloid:
When the style becomes flattened and
coloured like petals, e.g., Canna, Iris.
5. Ovary:
It is the lowermost (basal) part of the
gynoecium, develops by the in rolling of the
carpels (megasporophylls) along the median
line.

21. Position of the ovary on thalamus:
Chambers of ovary:
(i) Unilocular:
Ovary with a single chamber, e.g., Pisum .
(ii) Bilocular:
Ovary with two chambers, e.g., Solarium,
(iii) Trilocular:
Ovary with three chambers, e.g., Asphodelus

22. Placentation:
The ovary of flower possesses one or more ovules which later on develop into seeds after fertilization. The ovule
bearing region of the carpel is called placenta.
(a) Marginal: When the gynoecium is monocarpellary apocarpous, the placentae bearing ovules are borne on
the ventral suture, where the margins of the ovary wall fuse .
(b) Axile: Ovary multilocular and ovules borne on central placenta, e.g., Hibiscus
(c) Parietal: Ovary is unilocular but pistil is syncarpous. The ovules are borne on peripheral fused margins of
carpels, e.g., Brassica, etc.
(d) Free central: Ovary is unilocular and ovules borne on a central column which is not connected to the ovary
wall by any spetum, e.g., Dianthus, Silene, Primula etc.
(e) Basal: Ovary is unilocular and a single ovule is borne at the base of the ovary.
(f) Superficial: Ovary is multilocular and the ovules are borne on septa as well as all over the inner surface,