1. 1
]a&T0gjynf}
1/
a&T0gjynfüqefayg
xdkUaMumifh a&T0gjynfom;wkdUtm;vkH; xrif;0aeMu/ xrif;0aomaMumifh
xkH;pHtwdkif;ysif;Mu/ ysif;aomaMumifh wjznf;jznf; zsif;vmMu/ zsif;aomaMumifh
MumaomfiwfukefMu/
xdkUjyif a&T0gjynfoljynfom;tm;vkH; bmrQratmifhEdkif pdwftm;nHUzsif;vmMu/
bmrQrvkyfvJb,ft&mrqdktacsmifvdkcsifvmMu/
b,folrqdk rdrdtbdkUcsnf; pOf;pm;vmMu/
bmudpörqdk rdrdbufucsnf; awG;awmvmMu/
þrQedrfhudsaom a&T0gjynfoljynfom;wkdU pdwfae,dk,Gif;rIonf 0rf;a&m*gul;
pufouJUodkU rdrdppfwyfwGif;odkUa&mufatmif ul;pufNyD;aeNyDudk AdkvfcsKyfBuD;
oefrmonf ,ckrSod/
AdkvfcsKyfBuD;oefrm rsufvkH;xJü a&T0gjynfBuD;onf aeylusJusJwGif Munfh&if;
Munfh&if; t&nfaysmfusaeaom a&cJwkH;BuD;uJUodkU jrifvm/ jzpfEdkifvQif
þa&T0gjynf BuD;wpfckvkH;udk tEkjrLAkH;rsm;jzifh
wNydKifeufwnf;BuJcsazmufzGJypfcsifvm/ awG;&if; awG;&if;
tvGefpdwfrcsrf;romjzpfae&mrS aigufueJx&yf/
wNydKifwnf;yif jyif;xefaomaoewfoHrsm;udk tvGefeD;uyfpGmMum;&/
aoewf usnfqHrsm;onf eH&Hudkazmuf0ifvmMu/ tcsufqufxGufaom
pufaoewfi,fuav; rsm;toHonf tqufrjywfay:vm/ xdktoHwdkUMum;xJrS
atmf[pfqJqdkaeMuaom toHwdkUonf vloHESifhrwlbJ wd&pämefawG
atmfaeovdkay:xGuf/
{nfhcef;tjyifbufü tBudwfte,f wkdufyGJjzpfae[ef&Sdonf/ {nfhcef;wGif
ta&;taMumif;&Sdu vG,fvifhwulxGufEdkifaom xGufaygufokH;ck&Sd/
AdkvfcsKyfBuD;oefrm pm;yGJtwGif;ü tvdk&SdvQif toifhtokH;jyK&efxm;aom
usnfbl;toifhwwfNyD; pufaoewftaygpm;wck&Sd/
AdkvfcsKyfBuD;oefrmonf taMumif;&Sdu tvG,fxGufEdkifaom xGufaygufudk
vSrf;Munfhonf/ xdkUaemufpm;yGJtHqGJudkzGifhvsuf pufaoewfi,fudkMunfhonf/
xdkUaemuf pm;yGJtHqGJudkaqmifhydwfvsuf vufcsnf;oufoufwdkufyGJjzpfae&mbufodkU
tdajE´&pGmxGuf /
wHcg;zGifhvdkufonfESifh ,rf;eHUrsm;u ESmacgif;xJodkU 0ifvm/
arSmifaeaom,rf; aiGUrsm;twGif;ü aoG;tdkifxJwGif twkH;t&kH;usqkH;aeaom

2. 2
rdrdAdkvf tMuyfwyfom;wdkU udkawGU&/ xdkUaemufb,fwkH;urQ rarQmfvifhcJUaom
rdrdtm;&efjyKvmolwdkUudk awGU&/
AdkvfcsKyfBuD;oefrmyg;pyfonf [oGm;/ xdkUaemuf
touf&SL&rnfudkarhavsmh ae/ xdkUaemuf [uf[ufyufyuf &,f/
AdkvfcsKyfBuD;oefrm&,farmjcif;udk ypfcwfwdkufcdkufaeMuolwkdUu tHUtm;oifh
vsuf typftcwf&yfoGm;Mu/ aoewfBuD;awGvufuudkifvsuf
rsufvkH;tjyL;om;ESifh 0dkif;MunfhMu/ a&S;OD;pGmowd&olum;
AdkvfrSL;ausmufwdkUjzpfonf/
AdkvfrSL;ausmufwdkifonf AdkvfcsKyfBuD;oefrm a&SUajy;&yfvsuf tumuG,fay;
vdkuf/ þokdUjyKvkyfrIaMumifhyifvQif wbufrS owd&vmMuum
aoewfoHay:vm/ xdkaoewfoHESifhtwl AdkvfrSL;ausmufwdkifESifhwuG
AdkvfcsKyfBuD;oefrmvnf; vJusoGm;/
(2)
urÇmajrvkH;ay:ü ajrmufbuf aeoGm;vrf;aMumif;wnfhwnfhavmufwGif
a&T0gjynf&Sd/ awmifwef;BuD;rsm;ESifh yifv,fjyifwdkU0dkif;&Humywfxm;aomaMumifh
a&S;acwftcgu tjcm;aom wdkif;jynfwkdUrS vma&muf0ifxGuf&efcJ,Of;/
rkwfokHopfawmBuD;rsm; oH oGwf cJykwf aiG-ausmufpdrf; y,if;ESifh ausmufeD
xGufaom awmifrsm;&Sd/ a&eHxGufaomajrrsm;ESifh oD;yifpm;yifpdkufysKd;&ef
aumif;aom ajrMoZmjzifh pdrf;pdkaeonfh ajrjyefUvGifjyifrsm;&Sd/
ajrmufbufawmifwef;BuD;rsm;rS jzwfí taemufawmifbuf yifv,fjyiftxd
tvsm;vdkufpD;qif;aom a&T0g0wdjrpfBuD; vnf;&Sd/ xdkjrpfBuD;urf;ab;wGif
cdkif;EGm;rsm; uRJrsm;wkdUonf uGif;jyifzkH;rQaygjynfh/ ukef;wef;awmifurlwkdUürl
jrif;rsm;ESifh tjcm;aom awmwd&pämefrsm; aysmfyg;jrL;wl;Mu/
þodkUaom t&yfwGifa&T0gvlrsKd;wkdUonf tcsif;csif;Adkvfvkvsuf
jynfe,ftoD;oD; cJGa0í NrdKUjywnfaxmifaeMu/
vGefcJUaomESpfaygif; 1950-cefUu a&T0gjynfudka&mufbl;cJUaom tD&efukefonf
BuD;wOD; rSwfwrf;wGif atmufygtwdkif; trSwftom;jyKcJU/
a&T0gjynfudk tpdk;&aomrif;onf xif&Sm;ausmfaZm/
olppfonf&Jrufrsm;onf uod®,? yvl0ESifh £E´Kjrpf0Srf;wavQmuf EdkifiH&Sd&Jruf
Adkvfygrsm;xuf rsm;jym;onf ppfcsD wufwdkif; wdkufqifaygif; ig;aomif;ESifh csDwuf/
wyfrawmfBuD;wGif ppfonf&Jrufudk rqdkxm;bdt0wfavQmfaom c0gonfOD;a&yif
waomif;ausmf/
xdka&T0gjynfü tjcm;b,fEdkifiHrQ r&ufwwfaom t0wftxnfrsKd;udkawGU&/
xdkt0wftxnfrsKd;wkdUudk 0wfqif&ef csKyfvkyfNyD;aomtcg tvGefEl;nHUajymhaysmif;aom
aMumifh vufpGyfuGif;xJodkU xkwfaygufvQKdEdkif/ om;NrD;jzifh jyKaom,yfrsm;udkvnf;

3. 3
jrifbl;cJU&/ acgif;ay:ü OD;csKdwacsmif;wnf;om&Sdaom ¤if;wdkUtac:ESifh BuHUac:onfh
taumifrsKd;udkvnf; awGUcJU/
uREkfyfwkdUonf xdka&T0gjynfüBuHUom;udk pm;cJUMu&/ a&T0gjynfopfawmwkdUü
BuHUaumiftvGefaygrsm;/ tjcm;EdkifiHrsm;wGif BuHUaumifudk uREkfyfwkdU awGUbl;Muaomf
vnf; a&T0gjynfwGifawGU&aom BuHUrsm;avmuf OD;csKdvSyonfh BuHUaumifwdkUudk
rawGUbl; cJUMu&/
a&T0gjynfom;wkdUonf xdkBuHUaumifwkdU OD;csKdrsm;udk xGufukeftjzpf
w&kyfjynfokdU wifydkUMu/ w&kyfwkdUonf BuHUcsKdrsm;udk cg;ywfjyKvkyf0wfqifMu/
wefbdk;BuD;pGmay;í 0,fMu/ BuHUcsKdykHyef;udkvdkufí vSyvGef;vQif
aiGydócsdefokH;av;q,fay;í 0,f,lMu onf/
BuHUcsKdrsm;tjyif qifpG,fwkdUudkvnf; ta&mif;t0,fjyKMuao;/
a&T0gjynfom;wkdU onf qifudkzrf;&m arG;jrLMu&mü *kwåEdkifiHom;wkdUxuf
ydkrdkuRrf;usifMuonf/
txufyg tD&efukefonfBuD; rSwfwrf;tjyif w&kyfjynfBuD; ordkif;üvnf;
a&T0gjynftaMumif;udk a&;om;xm;aom rSwfpkrSwfwrf;tcsKdU&Sdao;onf/
xdkw&kyfjynfBuD;ordkif;ü a&T0gjynfBuD;taMumif;udk a&;om;&mwGif
a&T0gjynf rif;BuD;onf wdkif;crf;vSnfhvnfaomtcg a&TBudK;rsm;jzifh qdkif;wyfaom
ovGefanmif apmif;xufü vnf;avQmif;&if; xGufonf[kqdk/
c&D;a0;vHcsDvQif qifpD;íxGuf/ eef;wGif;üa&T0gjynf bk&ifrif;BuD;udk &maygif;
rsm;pGmaom tysKdawmfwkdU0ef;&Hcpm;/
a&T0gjynfom;wkdUonf EdkifiHNrdKU&dk;BuD;rsm;udk pdrf;zefUzefUta&mif&Sdaom pOftkwf
csyfrsm;jzifh aqmufvkyf/ NrdKUrsm;onf NrdKU0dkif;rsm;jzpfMuvsuf us,f0ef;vSy/
NrdKU&dk;wHcg; 12-ayguf&Sd/ NrdKUav;rsufESmbuf apwDwqlMupDwnfxm;/
EdkifiHolEdkifiHom;wkdUonf NrdKUwGif;üomaeMu/ NrdKUol-NrdKUom;rsm;onf
tdrfudkow¦Krsm;oGyfrsm;jzifh jyKvkyfxm;aom tkwf<uyfjzifh rdk;Mu/ ydawmufom;?
uRef;om;? ysOf;uwdk;om;wdkUjzifh tdrfudkaqmufvkyfMu/
EdkifiHolEdkifiHom;rsm;onf owå0gwkdUtoufudk owfjzwfjcif;rS
wwftm;oa&TU a&SmifMuOfMu/ wOD;ESifhwOD;awGUaomtcg
wOD;vufarmif;ESpfbufudk wOD;u vufESpfzufjzifhqkyfvsuf EIwfqufMu/
vlwdkif;vlwdkif; eu©wfaA'ifa[mwwfMujcif;? ,kHMunfwwfjcif;rSm
a&T0gjynfxl;jcm;csufw&yfjzpf/
a&T0gjynfom;wdkUonf Ak'´omoem0ifrsm; jzpfMuí... r[m,eESifh [dem,e
Ak'´bmomESpfckvkH;udk a&,Sufudk;uG,fMu/ ewfudkvnf; udk;uG,fMu/ bkef;BuD;rsm;
onf 'um'umrwdkUtay:ü MoZm&Sdvsuf vlUudpöwdkUudk qkH;rnTefMum;Mu&/
xdkUaMumifh vnf; 'um'umrwkdUu bkef;BuD;ausmif;aygif;ajrmufrsm;pGm
aqmufvkyfudk;uG,fxm;Mu onf/

4. 4
bkef;BuD;ausmif;rsm;udkvnf; rSefa&mif awmufaomtkwfcsyfjzifh
aqmufvkyfMu/ rSefa&mifawmufaomtkwfcsyfudk [oFmjy'g;okwfum
a&TaiGwdkUjzifhpDcs,f/ vSyaom aq;a&mifrsm;jzifhvnf;okwf/
ausmif;rsm;Murf;jyifudkvnf; aq;okwfí ta&mifwif xm;Mu/ xdkMurf;ay:ü
tqef;wus,fjyKvkyfaom aumfaZmBuD;rsm; cif;xm;Muukef/
bk&ifheef;awmfudkvnf; bkef;BuD;ausmif;rsm;uJUodkU vSypGmaqmufvkyf/ bk&ifh
eef;awmfudk bkef;BuD;ausmif;uJUodkU twkjyKí aqmufoavm? bkef;BuD;ausmif;udk
bk&ifheef;awmfuJUokdU twkjyKíaqmufoavm uREkfyfwdkUrodcJU&ay/
uREkfyfwkdUodcJU&onfum; a,musfm;uav;rsm;onf
ckESpfESpfom;t&G,fodkUa&muf vQif acgif;wkH;&dwfNyD;ouFef;pnf;Mu&/ toufESpfq,f
t&G,fxdatmif udk&if0wfNyD;rS avmukwå&mpmayudk rwwfuRrf;vQif
vl0wfjyefjyKMu&onf/
xdkudk&ifvlxGufwkdUonf qHyifr&SnfrSDumvtwGif; a&TjzihfjyKvkyfaom
yef;EG,fyef; cufrsm; wyfqifxm;onfh OD;xkyfrsKd; ykHvfrsm;tbdk;wefaom ausmufrsm;
pDcs,fxm;onfh OD;xkyfrsKd;wkdUudk aqmif;Mu/ <u,f0csrf;omvsuf
trsKd;jrwfaomolwkdUonf BuHUOD;csKd ESifhwlaom OD;xkyfrsKd;wkdUudkjyKvkyfí aqmif;Mu/
qHyif&Snfvmaom tcsdefwGif OD;&pf acgif;aygif;rsm;udk aygif;Muonf/
OD;&pfacgif;aygif;rsm;onf yg;íacsmaom csnfrQifwkdU jzifh
yef;yGifhyef;cufay:atmifjyKvkyfxm;aom yk0grsm;jzpfMu/ rsm;aomtm;jzifh udk&ifvl
xGufrsm; r[kwfMuvQif ppfcsDwufaomtcgrS OD;xkyfrsm;udk aqmif;wwfMuonf/
bk&ifheef;awmfBuD;wGif a&TjzifhoGef;vkyfxm;aomacgif;avmif;jym;wck?
aiGjzifhoGef; vkyfxm;aom acgif;avmif;jym;wck? opf,m;jzifh jyKvkyfxm;aom
BuD;rm;vSonfh AkHBuD; wpfck&Sdonf/ xdkt&mwkdUudktrSwftom; trsKd;rsKd;jzifh
aeUpOfwD;cwfay;&/ a&T0gjynf om;wkdUonf xdkwD;cwfoHudkMum;&ojzifh þum;
tcsdefrnfrQ&SdNyD? þum;... bk&ifrIcif; ppfNyD? þum;tjypf&SdolwkdUudktjypfay;NyD?
þum; &efolwdkU EdkifiHteD;tyg;odkU csOf;uyf vmNyDpojzifh odMu/
ppfjzpfrnfqdkvQif u&ufeuf eHUomwkH;rsm;udk rD;&IHUum ppfEdkifrnf&IH;rnfudk
edrdwf aumufMu/ aA'ifwGufMu/ ewfudkylaZmfyoMu/
a&T0gjynfwGif ayw&mrQjrifhaom ewf&kyfBuD;wck&Sd/
trItcif;jzpfyGm;olrsm;onf xdkewf&kyfBuD;a&SUwGif eHUomwkH;rsm;udk rD;&IdHUvdkuf
'l;wkyf0yfwGm;um trI&IH;rnf Edkifrnfudk t"dXmefjyKMu/
EdkifiHwGif;ü uyfa&m*gqdkufa&mufvQif¤if;? &moDOwkazgufjyefjcif;? a&BuD;jcif;?
oD;ESHysufpD;jcif; ponfwkdUjzpfyGm;vQif¤if;? a&T0gjynfbk&ifonf xdkewf&kyfBuD;a&SUodkU
oGm;a&muf'l;wkyfum rif;usifhw&m;ESifhtnD usifhygrnf[k...
awmif;yeft"dXmefjyK/
&mZ0wfaumifrsm;udk a&T0gom;wkdUonf taESmiftzGJUrjyKay/ BuD;av;aom
&mZ0wfrIusL;vGefolrsm;udk ig;vkH;yl;xm;aomBudrfjzifh ausmjyifudk ig;csuf&dkufESuf/

5. 5
jypfrIao;i,fusL;vGefolrsm;udk ig;vkH;yl;Budrfjzifh okH;csuf&dkufESuf/ ckd;rIusL;vGefolrsm;
onf BuD;av;aomjypfrIudk tpjyKí usL;vGefvmoljzpfaomaMumifh
ao'Pftjypfay;/
a&T0gjynfwGif yJ? pyg;? ajymif;rsm;udk pdkufysKd;Mu/ BuHyifrsm;vnf;
vlUajcovkH; cefUxGm;/ *sKHESifh ydkufqHyifrsm;raygufacs? pdkufysKd;jcif;vnf; r&SdMuacs/
a&TESifhaiGrsm;udkvnf; v0ef;ae0ef;ESifh vjcrf;o@mef jyKvkyfokH;pJGMu/
a&T0gjynf om;wkdUonf ntcsdefwGif tvif;a&mif&&efa&eHrsm; tjcm;aom
wd&pämeftqDrsm;ESifh za,mif;rsm;udkcGufodkUxnfhvsuf xrif;ajcmufrsm;
eHUomwkH;rsm;jzifh a&mxnfhrD;&IdUxGef;nSd Mu/
EdkifiHeD;jcif;rsm;ESifh ukefcsif;zvS,fMuaomtcg zGwfa&? 0g*Grf;? ovif;ausmuf/
ajra&waumif;rsm;jzifh zvS,fMu/
a&T0gjynfolrsm;onf qHyif&Snfxm;um qHxkH;-xkH;Muvsuf
ykvJoG,frsm;....
ausmufrsuf&JwkdUjzifhpDjc,ftyfonfh a&TBudK;rsm;udkyefqifMu/ ta&miftrsKd;rsKd;
qdk;xm;aom xrDudk0wfMu/ tusøay:wGifvnf; yg;vTmaomydk;wbufudk
NcKHvTrf;xm; / vrf;xGufaomtcg ,yfawmifrsm;udk udkifaqmifMuonf/
rif;rIxrf;uawmfwkdU aemufü ,yfawmifudkif tajrmuftrsm;vdkufygMu&/
þonfum; vGefcJUonfhESpfaygif; waxmifausmfu a&T0gjynfudk
a&mufbl;vmMuonfh w&kyftrsKd;om;wkdUrSwfwrf;jzpf/
txufygrSwfwrf;udk bwfNyD;Muaom &mZ0if0goemxkHolwdkif; a&T0gjynf
taMumif;udk ydkípdwf0ifpm;apEdkifaom rSwfwrf;wck&Sdao;onf/ xdkrSwfwrf;udk vGefcJU
onfh&Spfq,fhig;ESpfu zdkufcsftrnf&Sdaom t*FvdyfvlrsKd;wOD;ua&;/
a&S;tcg a&T0gjynfodkUa&mufbl;Muaom tD&efukefonfBuD;rsm;
w&kyftrskd;om;rsm; rSwfwrf;ESifh t*FvdyfvlrsKd; ]zdkufcsf}rSwfwrf;onf
ESpfaygif;udk;&mausmfuGmjcm;/
zdkufcsfuqdkavonf a&T0gjynfom;wkdUonf rGef*dktEG,fjzpfaMumif;
odomxif&Sm; / vkH;aomOau©mif; usOf;aomezl;&Sd/ rsufaphae&mü
txufrSatmufodkUoG,fusOf; us,fíjym;aom rsufBuD;aomyg;&dk;&Sd/
ar;&dk;BuD;xGm;[efr&Sd/ EIwfcrf;xla,mifESifh wif;wif;aph/ ar;wdk?
ESmacgif;0us,f/ jym;/ rkwfqdwfarG; yg;odkif;arG;r&SdMu/ EIwfcrf;arG;oufouf
BudK;usJ&Sd/
t&yf 5ay-cJGywfvnfü&SdMuí udk,fayguf vufa&muftcsKd;us/
ajcwHvufwH rQw/ wnfhrwfaomOau©mif; ajzmifhwef;aom yckH;vufjyif?
us,fum;aom&iftkyf? odrfaomcg;&Sd/ <uufom;BuD;rsm;pkxGufaeaom
ajcaxmufrsm;&Sd/ usef;cefoefpGrf; aom vlrsKd;jzpfaomaMumifh
pdwfrESHUoludk,ft*FgcsKd,Gif;olenf;/

6. 6
rdrdudk,frdrd ,kHMunfpdwfcsjcif;udk rsufESmuaz:jyí usef;rmoefpGrf;aMumif;udk
oGufvufaom ajcvSrf;uaz:jy/ qHyifudk xyfay:wGifwkH; qHxkH;udk ydwfacsm
odkUr[kwf ydk;y0gjzifh &pfywfxm;/ &moDudkvkdufí csDxnfodkUr[kwf
ouúvyftusøudk cg;txd zm;vsm;usapvsuf0wf/ cg;üajcovkH;txdzkH;tkyfaom
csnfodkUr[kwf ydk;ycuf ac:onfht&mudk0wf/ wcgw&Hxdkykqdk; tpwzuf
yckH;ay:üuydku&dkwifxm;/ tom;ndK/ tcsKdU0if;0g/
a&T0gjynftrsKd;orD;wkdUonf trsKd;om;rsm;xuf tom;0if;/ odrfarGUaom
&kyf&nf&SdMu/ udk,fvkH;vSyajyjypfaMumh&Sif;/ oG,fvsaysmhaysmif;aomajcvuf&Sd/
xl;qef;onfum; a&T0gjynfolwkdUonf arT;aomopfacgufwrsKd;udk
vSypGmjyKvkyf xm;onfh ausmufcyfxufwGif a&jzifhaoG;í rsufESmESifh
udk,fvkH;udkvdrf;vl; rsufESmay: wGif pdwf&oavmuf vSypGmjc,fvl;/
xdkopfacguf ta&mifonf 0gazsmhvsuf vSy/ xdkopfacgufteHYUonf
tvGef,Ofaus;pGmoif;ysHUysHU waiGUaiGUarT;/
rsufESmudk tvStyjyKjyif&mü a&T0gjynfolwkdUonf
tjcm;aomvlrsKd;rsm;toD;oD; wkdUxuf xl;jcm;/ pm;&efjyKvkyfxm;onfh
vbuf&Gufudk rsufckH;arT;qJG&mü tokH;jyK/ xdkt&Gufonf tom;jzL0if;olwkdU
twGufndKarmif;armif;ta&mifjzifhap/ rJeufjywf xifjcif;r&Sd ajyjypf/
EIwfcrf;eDap&eftyifrSjzpfaom uGrf;&Guf? uGrf;oD;? &Sm;ap;ESifh
ajrrSxGufaomxkH; wkdUudk a&mpyfpm;/ xdkodkUpm;jcif;onf EIwfcrf;wGif
oif;ysHUaomteHUwrsKd; tvGefEl; nHUpGmpJGNrJusefaponfhtjyif EIwfcrf;udk
pum;eDa&mifjzpfap/ uGrf;&GufESifhxkH;wkdUonf tom;taoG;wkdUykyfpyfaom
teHUudktxl;Edkifeif;/
þodkUjzifh a&T0gjynfolwkdU tvStyvdrf;jc,frIonf jywfjywfxifxifr&SdapbJ
tEkynmajrmuf/
urÇmay:wGif rnfonfhrdef;rrsKd;wkdUrS r&&SdEdkifaomtoif;ysHysHU&eHUydkif&Sifrsm;ESifh
*kPf,lavmufaom trsKd;om;vdrf;jc,frIudk ydkifqdkifxm;olrsm;jzpfMu/
a&T0gjynfolwkdUqHyifonf &Snfvsm;rJeuf/ xdkqHyifudk *efUa*:0wfrIHESifh
a'ge tyifajcmufwkdUygaom yef;owfonfhqDarG;jzifh aooyfpGmvdrf;usHí
aemufodkUusvsuf xkH;/
xkdqHxkH;udk opfcGyef; py,fyef; pum;yef;wkdUjzifh vSypGm&pfukef;yefqifMu/
a&T0gjynfolwkdUonf jynfwGif;jzpftcsdwfydk;xrDudk0wfqifMu/ xrDudkcg;üwif;
MuyfpGmcsyfxm;/ xrDonfcg;rS ajcovkH;txdomvQif &Snfvsm;zkH;tkyf/
xrDatmuf em;wGif a&TcsnfaiGcsnfESifh teufuefUvefUpif;rsm; ygaom yef;Eka&mif
atmufem;p oDxm;/ xdkatmufem;ponf ajcz0g;atmufMurf;jyifwGif
waycefUykHae/
xdkatmufem;udk a&T0gjynfolwkdUonf vrf;avQmuf&mü¤if; vSyaysmhEGJUpGmESifhyif
EdkifEdkifeif;eif; odrf;Edkif/

7. 7
cg;csyf0wfxm;aom xrDtxufwGif &ifom;udkzkH;tkyfpnf;aESmifonfh eDarmif;
aomt0wfpwck udk,fwGifywfxm;/ xdkt0wf tqkH;towftpudk vuf0Jbuf
csKdif;atmufwGif csKd;acgufxdk;nSyf/
udk,ftxufydkif;ü cgom ydk; okdUr[kwf zJtusø&ifcGJudk 0wfqifMu/
yckH;xufü yg;vTmaom wbufwxnfonf rygvQifrjzpfaom NcKHvTr;fonfh
tokH;taqmifwckjzpf / xdkUaemufajcaxmufwGif ydk;uwåDyg?
csnfuwåDygwkdUjzifhjyKvkyfaom eDvGifonfh bdeyfudkpD;vdkufvQifl a&T0gjynfolwkdU
qif,ifrIrSm NyD;jynfhpkH/
odkUaomf &Sdygao;onfh a&T0gjynfolwkdUonf vnfqGJESifhvuf0wfwef;qmwkdUudk
0wfwwfMuao;/ xdkvuf0wfwef;qmtm;vkH;udk a&TpifwGif ywåjrm;ESifh tjcm;tbdk;
wefausmufrsuf&TJrsm;udk pDjc,fxm;Mu/ vnfqGJonfa&TpifESifh tbdk;wefvSaom
ausmufrsuf&GJudkwukH; okdUr[kwf okH;ukH;rQjzpfí &ifvTrf;wef;qmonfa&Tpifü ausmuf
rsuf&GJtrsm;tjym; pDjc,fxm;aom &ifwckvkH;tay:wGif? zkH;vTrf;Edkifonfh tvTm
tcsyfBuD;jzpf/
vufaumufudk tcsKdUuwawmifqpfodkU wdkifatmif a&Ttwd0wfqifMu/
tcsKdUurl ywåjrm;ausmufrsuf&GJwkdUpDjc,fonfh tbdk;xdkufwefvGef;vSaom w&Hwnf;
aomvufaumufudkom 0wfqifMu/
a&T0gjynfolwkdUonf urÇmü vGwfvyfcGifh tjynfh&&Sdaom
trsKd;orD;rsm;jzpfMu/ a,mufsm;udkcspfcif&dkaoMuaomfvnf; a,mufsm;wkdUESifh
xyfwlxyfrQmrqdkjyKvkyf/ wef;wlvnf; tvkyfvkyfMu/ xGef,ufpdkufysKd;jcif;
jrif;pD;jcif;ESifh tjcm;Murf;wrf;aom tvkyftm;vkH;wkdUudk vkyfMuavonf/
odkUaomf.....a&T0gjynfolwdkUonf tvkyfrvkyfaom tvGwftcsdefwGif
oGm;vmae xdkif&mü ,Ofaus;odrfarTUjcif;udk *kPf,lMu/ xdkUaMumifh
a&T0gjynfolwkdUcg;úywfxm; aomxrDonf ajrjyifay:ü wayrQydkusaeaom
tem;udkoDxyfxm;/ xdktem;onf 'l;qpfatmufajcrSpwifvsuf a&TcsnfaiGcsnf
tpif;rsm;jzifh vSypGmcsKyfvkyfxm;/
&Snfvsm;aom xrDtem;ygonfh xrDudk0wfqifvsuf a&T0gjynfolwdkif;
vQifjref jzwfvyfpGm tvkyfvkyfEdkif/ vrf;oGm;Edkif/ uckefEdkif/
odkUaomf....vrf;oGm;vQif ,Ofaus;zG,f&m&Sdonf/
þodkU,Ofaus;zG,f&mjyKEdkifjcif; udkvnf; wefbdk;xm;/ ajcwvSrf;vQif
uka#woef;wefaom trsKd;orD;rsm;jzpfMuonf [k a&T0gjynfoljynfom;wkdUu
rdrdwkdUtrsKd;orD;rsm;twGuf *kPf,lwwfMu/

8. 8
xdkUxufydkí ESpfoufzG,faumif;onfum; a&T0gjynfolkwdkUonf bmoma&;
tBuD; tuJwdkU taESmiftzGJUrS¤if; ZmwftedrfhtjrifhwkdU tqD;twm;wdkUrS¤if;?
uif;vGwfMu í wbufom;tay:ü [dE´LESifh r[mar'ifwkdUuJUodkUvnf; r,kHrMunf
oHo,yGm;rsm; wwfjcif;r&Sd? Oa&mywdkufom;rsm;ay:ü [efBuD;yefBuD;jyKvkyfavhr&Sd?
tjcm;aom bmom "avhxkH;pHrsm;udkvnf; &IHUcs&GHUrkef;avhr&Sd? tvGefaz:a&Tvsuf
vlrSeforQtm;vkH;wkdUudk &dkaoudkif;&Idif;pGm av;av;pm;pm;qufqHwwf/
a&T0gjynfom; a,mufsm;rdef;rwdkif; wbufom;tm; &dkaoudkif;&Idif;rI
vGwfvyfpGm aexdkifajymqdkrI ESpfvdkbG,f&m az:a&GrIwkdU&SdMu/ tqif;&JqkH;
tEGrf;yg;qkH; jzpfaom olrsm;üyif &dk;om; rGefa&/ £ajE´&Sd/ auR;csifarG;csif/
&ufa&mpGm ay;urf;wwf / &Tif&Tifjyjyaexdkifwwf/ Muifemcifrifwf/
xdkvlrsKd;wkdU [moESifha&mifh&Jwif;wdrf rIudk jrif&olwdkif;tHMoMu&/
vltm;vkH;yifwifhawmifhwifhw,f&Sd/ tvGef<u,f0csrf; omvGef;aom olr&SdouJUodkU
tvGefqif;&JvGef;olrsm;vnf; r&SdMu/
vlwa,muf tvkyfvkyfvQif wtdrfaxmifvkH; Nidrf;csrf;pGmxdkifpm;Edkif/ w&uf
tvkyfvkyfvQif ig;&ufcefUtvkyfvkyfbJ xdkifpm;Edkif/
xdkUaMumifh a&T0gjynfoljynfom; taygif;wkdUonf yGJvrf;obifodkU
twloGm;&mü jzpfap? c&D;twloGm;&müjzpfap? tm;vkH;twGuf ukefus&rnfhpm;&dwfudk
olUxufigOD; atmif tvkt,ufjyKMuvsuf wa,mufwnf;u
wm0ef,líxkwfay;/
a&T0gjynfü qif;&Jaomtdrfwtdrfjzpfapumrl rdrdwkdUtdrfokdU0ifa&mufwnf;cdkvm
vQif vludkjzpfap w&dpämefudkjzpfap? trsKd;trnfrcGJjcm;bJ? tzdk;tcr,lbJ?
tqifhtwef; tedrfhtjrifhra&G;bJ tpm;tpmauR; tdyf&mae&may;/
tdrfom;rsm;rpm;rD OD;pGmauR; jcif;vnf; jzpf/ tdrfom;rsm;rtdyfaom tdrfOD;cef;ü
odyfjcif;vnf;jzpf/ xdkwnf;cdk aomtdrfrS {nfhonfjzpfol xGufroGm;rjcif;
auR;xm;wwfMuonfvnf;jzpf/
udk{nfhonfonf rdrdþodkU wnf;cdkae&onfhtwGuf
tvkyfvkyfay;&efvnf;rvdk? tbdk;tc ay;&efvnf;rvdk/ pm;NyD;tdyf tdyfNyD;pm;vsuf
Nidrf;csrf;pGm rylryifaeEdkif/ tdrf&Sifonf udk{nfhonftm; rdrdtdrfOD;üwifí
ocifwqlobG,f vkyfauR;jyKpkaevdrfh rnfjzpf/
tcsdefMumvmaomaMumifh tdrf&Sif cspfbG,faumif;aom orD;ysKdESifh eD;pyfvm
vQif udk{nfhonfonf cspfa&;iifEdkifygao;/

9. 9
tdrf&SifodoGm;vQif rSm;aMumif; 0efcHvdkufygbd/ xdkUaemuftcspf
wkwfaESmifcH& aomrdrdonf rdrd ESvkH;oD;yGwfudk þtdrfwGifxm;cJUí
[if;vif;yGifhaom&if? trSwf onmuif;rJUaomudk,fjzifh
þt&yfrSxGufcGmoGm;ygawmhrnf? rdrdusL;vGefrdonfhtjypf 'Pfudk
þtdrfom;wkdUrsufuG,ft&yfü woufywfvkH; usdwfrSdwfcHpm;oGm;ygawmhrnf[k
rsuf&nfcHxdk;íajymvdkufyg/
þodkUjyKvkyfjyvdkufrnfqdkygvQif udk{nfhonfonf rnfonfhvlrsKd;yifjzpfygap
pdwfcs-vufcs xdktdrfxufwGif.....om;ruftjzpfESifhaeoGm;Edkif/
tu,fí xdktdrfu vufrcHbl;jzpfapOD; udk{nfhonftbdkUbmrSpdwfrylygESifh
tjcm;a&T0golrsm;u udk{nfhonftm; tvGefMuifemoem;Muvsuf
qGJac:oGm;Muvdrfhrnf jzpf/ pdwfcsygav...
okdUaomf xl;jcm;csufwck&Sdonf/ a&T0gjynfolwdkif;onf tdrfaxmifa&;
pD;yGm;a&; wdkUü vifjzpfolESifhwef;wltcGifhta&;&Sd/ vifwdkif;u r,m;wdkif;udk
pD;yGm;buf[k todtrSwfjyK/ tdrfaxmifwGif;ypönf;udk vifr,m;ESpfOD;ydkifqdkif/
oabmcsif;rwdkuf qdkifvQif vifr,m;uGJMuvQif &Sdypönf;udk vifESifhr,m;
o&ufaphxufjcrf;uJGcGJa0,lMu& / a&T0gjynfür,m;onf aomhudkifypönf;xdef;jzpf/
a&T0gjynfwGif a&T0gjynfoljynfom;wkdU vdkufemusifhokH;Mu&aom pnf;urf;owf
rSwfcsufawG&Sd/ xdkpnf;urf;owfrSwfcsufwkdUü...
vifonfr,m;udkrdrdESifh xyfwlxm;&/ Opömtyf&/ rdrdr,m;rSwyg; tjcm;
rdef;rrsm;udk rjypfrSm;& 0wfpm;wefqmqif&/
jrwfEdk;Muifem&[laomtcsufrsm;&Sd/ xdkUtwlr,m;wkdUuvnf;....
tdrfwGif;trIvkyfaqmif&/ vif&SmazGaomypönf;udk pepfwusodrf;qnf;&/
rdrdvifrSwyg; tjcm;aoma,mufsm;rsm;ESifh razmufjyef&/ rdrdwkdUpD;yGm;ypönf;udk
oifhavsmf pGmokH;pJG&/ ysif;&djcif;r&Sdap&[laom pnf;urf;csufwkdU&Sd/
xdkpnf;urf;csufwkdUt& a&T0gjynfolkwdkUonf urÇmürnfonfhlvrsKd;ESifhrQ
EIdif;,SOf r&aom a,mufsm;ESifhwef;wltusKd;cHpm;cGifh/ &ifabmifwef;EdkifcGifh&&SdaeMu/
urÇmhtrsKd; orD;tm;vkH;wkdUtxJü tvGwfvyfqkH;aom trsKd;orD;rsm;jzpfMu/
okdUaomf a&T0gjynfoludk vdkcsifaom udk{nfhonftbdkUbmrQ rpdk;&drfygESifh
oabm aumif;í usifemvdkufavsmvG,faom a&T0gjynfolwkdUonf

10. 10
rdrdwkdU,lrdaomvifu rdrdwkdU tay:ü a&T0gjynfom;vifwkdUuJUodkU
rusifhokH;apumrl......
a&T0gjynfolwdkif;onf rdrdwkdU,lxm;onfh vifhtay:ü rdrdwkdUjyKvkyf&rnfh
0wå&m; rysufuGuf,kHrQru udk{nfhonfwkdUbmom"avhudkvnf; tvG,fwul
vdkufavsm vufcHMuvdrfhrnfjzpf/
bmoma&;ESifh ywfoufí a&T0gjynfoljynfom;wkdUonf xdkif;vif;jynfom;?
avmjynfom;? uarÁm'D;,m;jynfom;? jrefrmjynfom;wkdUESifh xyfwljzpf/
[dE´LjA[®PwdkUt,ltq [if;av;tdk;tESpfwGif
a*gwrAk'¨qm;jrufjrufjzifh cyfay;xm;aom ax&m0g't,ludk ,lMu/
xdkUaMumifhtrsKd;rsm;? Zmwfrsm;udk cGJjcm;rI &Sdaomfvnf; jyif;xefrIr&Sd?
rsm;jym;aom bmoma&;pnf;urf;csufrsm;&Sdaomfvnf; xdkpnf;urf;csufwkdUudk
þodkUusL;vGefvQif aemifwrvGefü þykHcH&rnf? þokdUjyKvkyfvQif aemifwrvGefü
þES,fcH&rnf[laom ,kHMunfaprIjzifh xdef;odrf;ay;/
a&T0gjynfom;bkef;awmfBuD;wkdUonf þtvGefMuifemwwf tvGef,kHMunfwwf?
tvGefvdkufavQmwwf? tvGefaysmf&Tifwwfaom &dk;om;onfh a&T0gjynfom;wdkUtm;
aemifwrvGefücH&pH&rnfh taMumif;rsm;udk wzGJUwEGJUajymMu/ rdrdwkdUudk,fwdkif
wu,f a&mufvmodvm jrifvmouJUodkUvnf;ajym/ rdrdudk,fwdkif jyif;jyif;xefxef
wu,f ,kHMunfMunfESifh ajymMujcif;vnf;jzpf/
þodkUjzifha&T0gjynfol jynfom;wkdUudk,fusifhw&m;rsm;udk
aumif;rGefatmifxdef; odrf;vmcJUEdkifMuonf/
þonfwkdUum; vGefcJUaom&Spfq,fhig;ESpfcefUu a&T0gjynfudk t*FvdyfvlrsKd;
wa,mufu jrif&aom tjrifwpdwfwa'ojzpf/
þrSwfwrf;awGtwdkif; [kwfonfqdkvQif a&T0gjynfonf vGefcJUonfh
tESpfudk;&m ausmfu BuD;us,fcrf;em;vSaom wdk;wufonfhwdkif;jynfwjynfjzpfcJUí
vGefcJUonfhtESpf udk;&maemufydkif;wGif ajymyavmufatmif
wdk;wufrIr&Sd&yfwefUaeonf[k ,kHMunfEdkif /
rSwfwrf; 2-rsKd;teuf yxrrSwfwrf; 2-ckü bk&iftaMumif;ESifh ppfwyfrsm;
taMumif;yg/ tESpfudk;&mrQuGmjcm;NyD;aemuf a&T0gjynfokdUa&mufvmaom t*Fvdyf
vlrsKd; ]zdkufcsf}a&;onfh 'kwd,rSwfwrf;wGif a&T0gjynfbk&ifESifh ppfwyfrsm;taMumif;
ryg vmawmh/

11. 11
þonfudkaxmufí a&T0gjynfüxdktcsdefwGif
bk&ifESifhppfwyfwdkUr&SdMuNyD[kod&/ a&T0gjynfoljynfom;wkdUvlaerIpHepf?
pdwfaepdwfxm;ESifh qif,ifxkH;zGJUrIwdkUum; tESpf udk;&mtwGif;
xl;xl;jcm;jcm;rajymif;vJ/ tajccHtm;jzifh xyfwlxyfrQavmufjzpf/
þodkU0wfpm;qif,ifrIESifh "avhxkH;pHrsm; rajymif;vJMuygbJvsuf
a&T0gjynfwGif bmaMumifh tpOftquftkyfpdk;vmcJUMuaom rif;qufrsm;
jywfoGm;&ygoenf;/
tcsKdUu awG;xifaumif;awG;xifMuayrnf/ a&T0gjynf&Sd bk&ifwkdUonf
ya'o&mzf pepftwdkif; oufOD;qHydkif tkyfpdk;vmMuaom bk&ifrsm;jzpfMuí acwfESifh
twlt&if;&Sifpepf vTrf;rdk;rIudk cH&aomaMumifh aysmufokOf;oGm;&ygonf[k
qdkaumif; qdkMuayrnf/
þodkUqdkvQifvnf; rSefoifhoavmufrSefygvdrfhrnf/ okdUaomf ....
bk&ifpepfaMumifh csnf; r[kwfyg/ t*FvefjynfESifhwuG xdkif;vif;paom
tjcm;aomwdkif;jynftcsKdUü ,ckxufwdkif bk&ifxm;aompepfjzifh
tkyfpdk;aeMuygao;/ okdUaomf....a&T0gjynfuJUodkU rjzpfMu/
ppfppfum; a&T0gjynfrif;quf jywfoGm;&jcif;onf a&T0gjynfom;wkdUtm; tjcm;
aom wdkif;wyg;om;wkdUu tEdkiftxuf vma&mufpdk;rdk;MuaomaMumifhjzpf/
a&T0gjynf BuD; xD;usKd;pnfayguf jzpfvdkuf&vsuf a&T0gjynfoljynfom;wdkU
olUuReftjzpfcHMu&ykH tjcif;t&monf vlwkdUjzpf&yfudk avhvmvdkol
0goem&SifwkdUtwGuf tvGefpdwf0ifpm; bG,faumif;/
tMurf;tm;jzifh a&T0gjynfBuD;wjynfvkH; olUuRefjzpfoGm;Mu&jcif; vkd&if;udk
tusOf;csKyfazmfjy&aomf.....
3/
a&T0gjynfBuD;wGif pdk;pHvmMuaom rif;tm;vkH;wkdUteuf ESpf&mhckESpfBudrfajrmuf
b0&Sifrif;w&m;BuD;vufxufüjzpfavonf rif;BuD;wGif rdzk&m;-om;-orD;-ajr;
a,mufsm; ajr;rdef;rtm;vkH;pkpkaygif; 248-a,muf&Sd/ xdkrif;BuD;onf
emrusef;&Sdav aomf rif;BuD;uG,fvGefvQif wdkif;jynfudk
qufvuftkyfcsKyfrif;vkyfEdkifrnfholudk a&G;cs,f&ef twGuf

12. 12
tv,feef;rawmfrdzk&m;ESifhwuG wef;cdk;MoZmtmPm&Sdaom rSL;rwftm;vkH;wkdU
acgif;csif;&dkufcwfwdkifyifMu/ rwdkifyifí rjzpfaomtajcodkUvnf; a&mufaeMu/
xdktcsdefua&T0gjynfudk EdkifiHjcm;om;aps;o,f vlrsKd;rsm;u wcsufrrSm;avESifh
rSm;vQif wdkif;jynfyg odr;fvdkufrnf[k teD;rSuyfí apmifhaeavonf/ Muufoli,f
tvIyfudk teD;üuyfvsufapmifhaeaom awmaMumifyg;BuD;ozG,fjzpf/
wcsdefu a&T0gjynfom;wkdUonf/ rdrdwkdUa&T0gjynfuav;twGif;ü tcsif;csif;Adkvf
qGJaeMu/ wcgw&HrdrdwkdUa&T0gjynfuav; teD;tyg;e,fpyftxd ausmfvGefAdkvfus
Edkif/ þrQavmuf AdkvfusEdkifrIudkyif a&T0gjynfom;wkdUESifh bk&ifurdrdwkdUudk,frdrdwkdU
ZrÁL'dyfuRef;toQifocifrsm; w&mhwyg;aom xD;aqmif;rif;taygif;wkdUu yPmawmf
BuKdU&onf/ pMum0aw;rE¨wfrif;ESifhwdkif;awmf jynfawmfom;rsm;[k
txifa&mufMu/
a&T0gjynfom;wkdUodaom urÇmajrBuD;tus,ft0ef;uvnf; a&T0gjynfxuf
tenf;i,frQomydkus,f/ e,fpyf,leefw&kyfrsm;e,f? wcgw&HrdrdwkdUu
oGm;a&muftEdkif usifhEdkifonfh ,dk;',m;e,f? tjcm;wbufwGif
a&T0gjynfom;wkdUtac: usnf;ukvm;;rsm; e,fESifh odef;CdKuRef; usefwbufwGif
ork'´&mjyifus,fBuD; xdkork'´&mjyifus,fBuD;udk ul;jzwfvdkufrnfqdkvQif Amv0grS c-
0JBuD;xJodkU usa&mufNyD;aemuf t0DpdodkU wkwfwkwf xdatmifjrKyfonf/
urf;twdkif;ork'´&mjyifus,fBuD;/ awmifbufodkUvdkufvQif rmvm,kuRef;üqkH;rnf/
ygVdpmaywkdUüygaom wkdif;BuD;aomVoac:onfh wdkif;jynfBuD; q,fhajcmufjynfonf
ewfwkdUuG,fazsmufvdkufaomaMumifh aysmufuG,favNyD/
þonfwdkUum; a&T0gjynfom;wkdUodaom urÇmajrBuD; tptqkH;jzpf/ a&T0g
jynfom;wkdU avhvmusufrSwfonfhygVdpmaywkdUü acgrwdkif; a&mrwdkif;ESifhumod
(umaoh)wdkif;wkdUyg/ xdkwdkif;wkdUudkvnf; ewfwkdUuG,fazsmufvdkufaomaMumifh
aysmuf uG,fukefMuNyDjzpf&m a&T0gjynfom;wkdUonf rdrdwkdUodaom urÇmajrtjyifwGif
odkUr[kwf ArÁL'dyfuRef;ajrtjyifwGif rdrdwkdUomt,Ofaus;qkH;
rdrdwkdUomtBuD;tus,fqkH;[k txif a&muf/
a&T0gjynfom;wkdUodaom wdkif;jynfa&T0gjynfom;wdkUodaom vlrsKd;w&mhwyg;wkdU
txJü jyifopf? t*Fvdyf? *smrPD? tDwvD? tar&du? tmz&du? MopaMw;vs?
&oQm;? paom vlrsKd;rsm;ESifh xdkvlrsKd;wkdUwdkif;jynfrsm; ygMu/
xdkUaMumifh ZrÁL'dyfuRef; tjyif0,f rdrdwkdUom tBuD;us,fqkH; rdrdwkdUom
tjrifhjrwf qkH;[k xifaeqJ? aygufa&mufvmMuaom ay:wl*D vlrsKd;tcsKdUwkdUudk
awGUMu&onf/ a&T0gjynfom;wkdUu xdkvlrsKd;wkdUudk jzLaomta& ta&mif&Sdonfh

13. 13
ukvm;-ukvm;jzL[k todtrSwf jyKvdkufMu/ xdkUaemufjyifopf
t*Fvdyftp&Sdonfjzifh awGUjrifMuaomfvnf; tm;vkH;ukvm;jzLwdkUonfvnf;
t&dkif;tpdkif;rsm; rdpäm'dVdrsm;jzpfMuonf/ rdrdwkdUuJUodkU BuD;us,fjrifhjrwfaom
wdkif;BuD;jynfBuD;om;rsm; r[kwfMu[k xifrSwfxm;Mu/ xdkodkU
xifrSwfxm;ap&eftwGufvnf; a&T0gjynfom;wkdUü cdkifvkHaom taMumif;&Sd/
xdktaMumif;um;.....a&T0gjynfokdU aps;a&mif;&ef a&muf&SdvmMuukefaom
ukvm; jzL[lorQwdkUonf wpwpESifha&T0gbk&if txHü0ifa&muf ppfrIxrf;Mu/
usKd;ysyfpGm cçpm;Mu/
ukvm;jzL[kac:aom vlrsKd;rsm;onf bdeyf0wfxm;aomacsjzifh? 'l;wkyfvsuf
acgif;rQrarmfbJ OD;xyfvufpkHwifí ajrjyifükwkwfaESmif ypfcsxm;jcif;cH&aom
arsmufjzL BuD;rsm;uJUokdU a&T0gbk&ifa&SUarSmufüa&S;,cifu cçpm;aeMuonf[k
,ckacwf a&T0g jynfom;wkdUodvQif tHUMoMuayrnf/ odkUaomf....
þtwdkif;yifjzpf/ rdrdwkdUa&T0gjynf ywfywfvnfrStjcm;wdkif;wyg;odkU
ra&mufraygufbl;ao;aom e,fusOf;vSonfh a&T0g jynfom;wkdUrmeum; b0*fodkU
cdkufvsuf&SdMu/
okdUaomf....1757-ckESpfavmufwGif rdrdwkdUtxifao;vmcJUaom
t&dkif;tpdkif; udkukvm;jzLwkdUudk a&T0gjynfom;wdkUuowdxm;pjyKvmMuonf/
a&T0gjynfodkU ukvm;jzLrsm;vma&muf tajcpdkufcJUonfrSm
1600jynfhESpfavmufp / 1757-ckESpfavmufwGif wdkif;&if;om;tcsif;csif;
jzpfMuaom ]a&Tajrjynf}om;wkdUESifh a&T0gjynfom;wkdU a&T0gEdkifiHtwGif;üyif
rdrdwkdUtcsif;csif; wdkufcdkufppfjzpfMu/
xdktcsdefüyif yifv,fpyfuRef;wckay:wGif aexdkifcGifh&aom ukvm;jzLonf
wEdkifiHxJom;tcsif;csif;udk EdkifrnfxifaombufodkU? ul;ajymif;tm;ay;/ [dkbufodkU
vufeufa&mif;vdkuf? onfbufrS0ifa&muf wdkufcdkuf[efjyKvdkuf
ponfjzifhvl;vma&muf ,ufcavmufqef/
xdkpOfu a&T0gjynfom;wkdUonf? rdrdwkdUaoG;udk ukvm;jzLrsm;odatmif
jyvdkufMu onf/ wuRef;vkH;ay:&Sd ukvm;jzLrsm;tm;vkH;wkdUudk wa,mufrusefowf
okwfoifypf vdkufMuonf/ þodkUwa,mufrusef &Sif;ypfvdkufEdkifMujcif;onfvnf;
a&T0gjynfom;wdkU rmewHcGefxlp&mtaMumif;wckjzpfvm/
rmewHcGefvlaeaom a&T0gjynfom;wkdUxHodkU ukvm;jzLrsm;u ukeful;oef;a&mif;
0,fcGifhESifh a&mif;0,fa&;pepfwckwnfaqmuf&ef ay;oem;cGifh awmif;cHwdk;vQKd;/

14. 14
ukvm;jzLwkdUonf a&T0gjynfom;wkdU pdwf&if;oabmudk odaeMuNyDjzpf/
ukvm; jzLwdkU ajrSmfvifhxm;Muonfhtwdkif; a&T0gjynfbk&ifuvnf;
EIwfjzifhypfwifBudrf;armif; NyD;aemuf a&mif;0,fa&; pcrf;jyKvkyfaeEdkifcGifh
ukvm;jzLwkdUudk ay;vdkuf/
okdUESifh ukvm;jzLwdkUu a&T0gjynfom;wkdU tajctaeudk
teD;uyftuJcyfcGifh&/ vltm; vufeuftm;jznfhwif;ae/ wbufuvnf;
refrlwuf<uarmufrmvSaom a&T0gvlrsKd;rsm;udk tBudKufay;vsuf edrfhuspGm
vdkufavsmaygif;/
1784-ckESpfavmufwGif ukvm;jzLwkdUu a&T0gjynfom;wkdUudk
pwifwdkufcdkufEdkif&ef taMumif;qdkiftcgoifhvmMuonf/
xdkESpfwGif ZrÁL'dyfuRef;tjyifü w&mhwyg;aom xD;aqmif;rif;wkdU
yPmBudKUjcif; cH&aom wyg;wnf;aom rif;[k rdrdudk,fudk,kHMunfxm;aom
a&T0gjynfh&Sifbk&ifrif;w&m; BuD;onf ukvm;jzLwdkUajrSmufay;aomaMumifh
x<uvmaom ]&u©dKuf}jynfudk oGm;a&muf wdkufcdkuf/
ukvm;jzLtm;udk;ESifh x<uykefuefaom ]&u©dKuf}wdkUu ukvm;jzLydkif
ukvm;euf e,fxJodkU xGufajy;wdrf;a&Smif/
a&T0gjynfbk&ifu rdrdwkdUtm; ykefuefxGufajy;oludk vufrcH&/ vma&muftyfESH
&rnf[k &mZoHay;/ ukvm;jzLwkdUu rdrdwkdUudktm;udk;í vma&mufcdkudk;oltm;
xdkol &efvlvufodkU ay;tyf&efr&Sd/ xdkoludkumuG,fay;&efom&Sdonf[k jyefMum;/
þwGif a&T0gjynfbk&if wyfrawmfom;wkdUu ukvm;jzLydkife,fxJodkU
csOf;eif;0ifa&mufvsuf &u©dKufbk&ifESifhtaygif;ygwkdUudk zrf;Mu/
xdkpOf ukvm;eufjynfudk tkyfpdk;xm;aom ukvm;jzLbk&ifcHu
a&T0gjynfbk&ifESifh aphpyf&ef oHwrefvTwfao;/ okdUaomf...ZrÁL'dyfuRef;tjyifwGif
wOD;wnf;aom {u&mZmfbk&if[k rdrdudk,frdrd todtrSwfjyKxm;aom
a&T0gjynfbk&ifonf bk&iftcsif; csif; wef;wlolu vTwfaomoHwrefrsm;
r[kwfaomaMumifh vufrcHvdkuf/
xdkUaemuf ukvm;jzLwkdUonf a&T0gjynfom;wkdU
wdkuf&nfcdkuf&nfESifhtiftm;udk csifhcsdef&ef uoJyk@m;wkdUtm;
ajrSmufyifhvufeufay;vsuf a&T0gjynfudk axmifxm; ykefuefapjyef/
a&T0gjynfom;wkdUu uoJwjynfvkH;udkzsufqD;ajcrIH;ypfMujyef/

15. 15
ukvm;jzLtm;udk;&Sdaeaom uoJbk&ifu ukvm;jzLydkifeuf ucsme,fxJodkU 0ifa&muf
cdkvIHjyef/ a&T0gjynfom;wkdUu twif;0ifa&muf usL;ausmfbrf;qD;jyef/
þwGif ukvm;jzLwkdUu wdkufa&;cdkufa&;ü ukvm;eufwdkUudk
wdkufcdkuf&ouJUodkU a&T0gjynfom;wkdUudk rdrdwdkUwdkufcdkuf&ef rvG,f[kodvmMu/
b0*fxdaatmifjrifhaom rmejyif;jyaom ZmwdaoG;Zmwdrmef?
jzwfvwfoGufvufaom udk,fvufvIyf&Sm;rI&Sdonfh a&T0gjynfom;wkdUonf
tysif;xlaeonfhtcg tysif;xlaeMuvdrfhrnfjzpfaomfvnf; wdkufa&;cdkufa&;wkdUü
&J&ifhjrefqefvdrfhrnf[k taMumif;&Sm tBuHjyKaeMuaom ukvm;jzL wkdUu
BudKwifwGufMu/ ESpfESifhcsDítcsdef,lMu/ aps;a&mif;ovdk t&SLH;tjrwfxGuf/
wGufom; udkufaomtcsdefü a&T0gjynfom;wkdUydkifaom &u©dKufjynfESifh
ukvm;jzL wkdUydkifaom ukvm;eufjynftMum; uRef;wckay:odkUvmí ukvm;jzLwkdUu
ukvm;bk&if rif;jrwftvHudkpdkufxl/
þwGif a&T0gjynfESifhukvm;jzLwkdU xdkuRef;udk olydkifoifh igydkifoifh jiif;ckefMuí
a&T0gjynfom;wkdUu ukvm;jzLwkdUudk wdkufcdkufzsufqD;vdkuf/
xdkESpfum;.....1824ckESpf jzpfavonf/ a&T0gjynfom;wkdUESifh ukvm;jzLwkdU
2-ESpf eD;yg;rQwdkufcdkufMu/ rdrdywf0ef;usife,fy,f w0dkufudkom
AdkvfvkyfvmcJUbl;aom a&T0gjynfom;wkdUonf BuD;us,f&Snfvsm;aom pDrHudef;rsm;
aumif;rGefaom vufeufrsm; pHepfusaom wdkufenf;cdkufenf;rsm;ESifh
rwkdufcdkufwwfMu?
&J&ifhrI? jzwfvwfrIwkdUudk tm;udk;vsuf wOD;csif;pD? wa,mufcsif;pD
ol&Jaumif; qefqef wdkufenf;rsKd;om wdkufwwfolrsm;jzpfMu/
xkdUaMumifh 2-ESpfeD;yg;rQ Mumaomf....BudKwifpDrHwGufcsufxm;aom
aps;onf ukvm;jzLwdkUudk a&T0gjynfom;wkdUu ppf&IH;/ &u©dKufjynfESifh
yifv,furf;&dk;wef;e,f tjyif ppfp&dwf aiGwuka#udkvnf;vnf; a&T0gjynfom;
wkdUu ukvm;jzLwkdUudk ay;vdkuf &/ a&T0gjynf okH;ykHwykHudkay;vdkuf&jcif;jzpfonf/
odkUaomf.....a&T0gjynfrif;ESifhwuG aom vlwkdUonfaemifw&ygoavm?
rSefaomawG;ac:rIrsKd;udk awG;ac:wwfMuygNyDavm? aemifwvnf;r&Muao;yg/
tjzpfrSefudkvnf; rawG;ac:wwfMuao;yg/

16. 16
a&T0gjynfom;wkdUum; acgif;axmifNrJ b0ifcdkufrNrJ rdrdwkdUonf
ukvm;jzLBuD;rsm; udkarhavsmhvmNyD; rdrdwkdUu oem;nSmwmojzifh rdrdwkdUa&T0gjynfü
a&mif;0,fazmufum; cGifhay;xm;&onf[k xifrSwfaeMu/ rnfolrQtajctaerSefudk
wu,fhjzpf&yftwdkif; rawG;awmMu/
xdkpOf a&T0gjynfom;wkdU &efatmifaejynftwGif;ü ukvm;jzL&SufyufESifh
ukvm;jzLvl0pfwdkUudk a&T0gjynfom;jzpfaeMuaom a&T0gjynfbk&ifopömawmfcH
ukvm;rJ ESpfa,mufwkdUu vlowfrI? vdrfvnfrI twif;t"r®vk,ufrIwkdUjzifh
a&T0gjynfom; &efatmifaejynf NrdKUawmf0efxHokdUwdkif/
&efatmifaejynfawmf NrdKU0efu trIudkac:,lppfaq;NyD; rSefuefaomaMumifh
ukvm;jzL&SufyufESihf ukvm;jzLvl0pfwkdUtay: 'PfaiGudk;axmifwyf&dkuf/
þwGif &efatmifaejynfjrpftwGif;ü ppfoabFmBuD;i,fwkdU
&kwfw&ufa&mufvm Mu/ &efatmifaejynfNrdKU0efudk
&mxl;rSjzKwfcsta&;,lay;&rnf[k ukvm;jzLaps;o,f wkdUuawmif;qdkvm/
a&T0gjynfbk&ifonf xdkawmif;qdkcsufudk vdkufavsmí &efatmifaejynf
NrdKU0efudkjzKwfcsay;&/ xkdUaemufukvm;jzLaps;o,fwkdUESifh tqifajypGmqufqH&ef
&efatmifaejynfawmfodkU NrdKUawmf0eftopf cefUtyfay;vdkuf/
xdktopfa&mufvmonfh NrdKUawmf0ef&Sd&mokdU &efatmifaejynfawmfjrpftwGif;ü
ppfoabFmwkdUjzifh toifha&mufaeaom aps;o,fukvm;jzLppfAdkvf uGefrif'dkacG;bufu
rdrdqDodkU vma&mufawGUqkH&ef tuf'Gyfac:onfh pum;jyefudkpmESifhvTwfvdkuf/
pum;jyeftuf'Gyfonf taz:ukvm;jzLppfom;rsm;ESifhtwl
&efatmifaejynfawmf NrdKU0eftdrfodkU jrif;udk,fpDESifh apmfum;armfum; 0ifa&muf/
þwGif tdyfaysmfaeaom NrdKUawmf0eftopftdrfawmfapmifhwkdUu "m;ajrSmifjzifh
axmufí xGufoGm;rvm; rxGufbl;vm;[kar;/
ukvm;jzLwkdUonf pDrHudef;ESifhom tEdkif,lvsufapmfum;armfum; jyKvkyf&Jolrsm;
jzpfMu/ tu,fwOD;csif;wa,mufcsif; &ifqdkifMu&rnfqdkvQif rdrdwkdUu Edkifajcr&dSbJ
owådESifh,SOfNydKif&Jol&Sm;yg;/
xdkUaMumifhvnf; rl;,pfvmaom tuf'GyfwkdUvlpkonf NrdKUawmf0ef tdrf0dkif;
twGif; qJqJqdkqdk xGufajy;oGm;Mu/

17. 17
þwGif jrpfwGif;ü&SdaeMuaom ukvm;jzLppfoabFmwdkU AdkvfcsKyf uGefrif'dkacG;
bufu &efatmifaejynfawmftvGefü qdkufuyfxm;aom a&T0gjynfbk&ifydkif a&eef;
,mOfomazmifpMum oabFmBuD;udk vk,loGm;/ xdkUaemufukvm;jzL&SufyufESifh
ukvm;jzL vl0pfwkdUxHrS wyf&dkufaom 'PfaiGudk;axmifausmfudk jyefay;&rnf?
NrdKUawmf0ef topfxHodkUpmvmydkUolwkdUudk tawGUrcH&kHru
nSif;yef;vTwfvdkufaomaMumifh ppf&IH;pifu csKyfqdkxm;aom pmcsKyfygtwdkif;
ppfEdkifaomukvm;jzLwkdUudk ppfEdkifaomolwkdU *kPfESifh tnD&efatmifaejynfawmfwGif
vufcHqufqH&rnf/ þokH;csufudk a&T0gjynfom;wkdUu auseyfatmif
jyKvkyfrSvk,loGm;aom a&T0gjynfbk&ifoabFmudk jyefay;NyD; rdrdwkdkU
wdkufoabFmrsm;udkvnf; EIwfodrf;jyefoGm;rnfqkd/
þokH;csufpvkH;udk a&T0gjynfbk&ifESifh &efatmifaejynfawmf NrdKU0efwkdUu
vdkufavsmjyefaomtcg ukvm;jzLwkdUu wqifhwufvmMuonf/
xdkwqifhwufí awmif;qdkcsufrsm;um; (1)rdrdwdkU wdkufoabFmawG &efatmif
aejynfawmfjrpfwGif;odkU ta&mufcsDwufvmcJU&onfhtwGuf
ukefusaomp&dwfwoef;udk ay;&ef/
(2) &efatmifaejynfawmfNrdKU0efopfu ukvm;jzLwdkU wdkufoabFm&Sd&m
uGefrif'dk acG;bufxHodkU vma&mufOD;nTwfí taustvnfawmif;yefpum;
ajym&ef[laom tcsuf 2 csufjzpf/
xdkESpfcsufteufwpftcsufonf ukvm;jzLwkdU aps;onfqefvSaom
tokH;tEIH; jzpfí odyftaMumif;rxl;apumrl ESpftcsufonf
a&T0gjynfom;wkdUrmeudk usL;vGef xdyg;vGef;vS/
xdkUaMumifh a&T0gjynfom;wkdUu vufeuftiftm;csif;rrQygbJESifh
&IH;rnf[kodvsuf bk&ifESifhwuG wjynfawmifvkH;u xíwdkufMu/
xdkppfyGJwGif a&T0gjynfom;wkdU&SLH;í atmufa&T0gjynfwydkif;udk
ukvm;jzLwkdUuodrf; ,l/ a&T0gjynfokH;ykHESpfykHonf ukvm;jzLwkdUvuf0,fodkU
a&muf&SdavNyD/ ukvm;jzLESifh a&T0gjynfom;wkdU 'kwd,ppfyGJyifjzpfownf;/
a&T0gjynfBuD;udk pdk;pHvmcJUMuaom rif;tm;vkH;wkdUeuf ESpf&mhckESpfBudrfajrmuf
pdk;pH& rnfh b0&Sifrif;w&m;BuD;onf rdrdpdk;rdk;tkyfcsKyfrif;vkyfaeaom a&T0gjynfum;
wdkif;wyg; om; ukvm;jzLwdkUvufwGif;odkU okH;ykHESpfykHrQay;xm;&vsuf rdrdonf

18. 18
okH;ykHwykHaom wdkif;jynfudkomvQif pdk;rdk;tkyfcsKyfrif;vkyfí ae&ygwum;[k
pdwfraumif;r&SdcJUav? igwkdU wdkif;jynfudk wdkif;wyg;om; ukvm;jzLwkdUonf
rw&m;ojzifh okH;ykHESpfykHrQodrf;ydkuf xm;NyD; igwkdUvGwfvyfrIudk Ncdrf;acsmuf
aeusygyaum[k wcgrQ ESvkH;romr,mr&Sdav þum;
a&TY0gjynfom;wkdUrsKd;&dk;p&dkufppfjzpf/
rif;w&m;BuD;onf tvGefvQifNidrf;Nidrf;csrf;csrf;jzifh aysmfaysmfyg;yg;aeEdkifwwfol
jzpfonf/ þodkUrdrdwdkif;jynfudk okH;ykHESpfykHrQ olwyg;vufxJodkU ay;xm;ae&onfh
txJuyif rdrdudk,frdrd aemifwrvGefaomb0ü ,ckxufomaom
pMum0aw;rif;BuD; jzpfvm&ef omoema&;bufu usKd;yrf;tm;xkwfonf/
b0ul;aumif;rGefa&;twGuf jzLpifaompdwfxm;rsKd;udkxm;onf/ wbufuvnf;
rdrdjzpfvm&aom rif;b0wGif wdkif;jynfokH;ykHwykHrQaom ajrBuD;udkom
ydkifqdkifae&apumrl a&ajrUoeif; jynfh&Sifrif; [laom trnfESifhvdkufavsm&ef
rsm;jym;aomrdzk&m;wkdUudk vuf0Jvuf,mywfywfvnf xm;vsuf
tpGrf;ukefpnf;pdrf&pfvdkufao;onf/ þodkUjzifh rdzk&m; om;orD;ajr; pkpkaygif; 248
a,muf&Sdvmonf/
rif;w&m;BuD;onf igwdkUtm;wdkif;wyg;om;wdkUuteD;uyfvsuf <uufoli,fudk
aMumiftdkacsmif;ouJUodkU acsmif;ajrmif;Ncdrf;ajcmufrIcHae&ygyaum[k owd&awmfrrl/
b0&Sifrif;w&m;BuD;onf rnfonfhukokdvf rnfonfhtvSL'gef;awGudk jyKvkyfoGm;onf
[laom emrnfudkomcH,lvdkawmfrl/
xdkUaMumifhvnf; b0&Sifrif;w&m;BuD;onf rdrdrsm;jym;vSaom om;awGtxJü
rnfolonf rdrdt&dyft&mudk wnfwefUpGmqufcHEdkifrnf[k
ewf&Gmvm;onfhwdkifatmif vTJtyfay;jcif;jyKawmfrrlEdkifcJU/
þtjyKtrlrsm;onf tvGefa&T0gjynfom; NyDoaomtjyKtrlrsm;jzpf/
a&T0gjynfom;wpkHwa,muftdrfay:okdU
{nfhonfhwOD;wa,mufvmonfqdkygpdkU xdka&T0gjynfom;onf tqdkyg{nfhonftm;
0rf;ajrmuf0rf;ompGm{nfhcHrnfjzpfonf/
xdkUaemuf {nfhonfonf tdrfay:urqif;bJ tdrfokH;ykHESpfykHcefUudk ae&mcsJUí
,lxm;onfqdkygpdkU/
tdrf&Sifa&T0gjynfom;onf acwåcPomvQif ndKjiifrI&SDNyD;aemuf? tcsdeftenf;
i,ftwGif;ü arharhaysmufaysmufjzpfNyD;vQif rdrdae&aomtdrf okH;ykHwykHrQaom ae&m
uav;üyif aysmfaysmf&Tif&TifaeoGm;vdrfhrnfjzpf/

19. 19
xdkaemuf rdrdonf t&G,fvGefvsuf om;orD;ESifhwuGtdk;tdrfwkdUudk
pGefUypfaoqkH; &awmhrnfqdkygpdkU/
a&T0gjynfom;onf aoqkH;&efeD;uyfvmaomtcsdef odkUa&mufrS þtdrfü
rdrdae& onfhtpdwftydkif;uav;udk rnfolUtm;tyfESHvQif oifhavQmfygvdrfhrnfvJ[k
owd&vm vdrfhrnfjzpf/ xdkokdUowd&vmaomtcsdefü bmrQrjyKvkyfEdkifawmhNyD/
þonfudkvnf; a&T0gjynfom;wkdUü ajzazsmuf&efaq;enf;aumif;&Sd/
owå0gwkdUonf rBuHpnfbJESifhvnf; jzpfwwfMu/ BuHpnfygvsufESifhvnf;
ysufwwfMu/ uHpDrH&m-uHypfcs&mudkomvQif cHMu&onf/
þw&m;onf a&T0gjynfom;wkdUtwGuf pdwfajyaysmuf&ef
bmrqdkcGifhvTwfEdkif&ef &&Sdxm;aom aq;enf;aumif;vufokH;pum;BuD;yifjzpf/
a&T0gjynfom;wkdU ESpf&mhckESpfBudrfajrmuf b0&Sifrif;w&m;BuD;onf þw&m;
awmfudk atmifharhESvkH;oGif;&if;Nidrf;csrf;pGm ewfxD;pH&eftwGuf a&S;&IawmfrlaeavNyD/
þwGif tv,feef;rawmf rdzk,m;BuD;ESifh trwfBuD;OD;zsif;wkdU
acgif;&dkif;&dkufMu& onf/
xdktcsdefu tv,feef;rawmf rdzk,m;BuD;ESifh trwfBuD; OD;zsif;wkdUonf
a&T0gjynf tm; ukvm;jzLwkdUNcdrf;acsmufvmaeNyDjzpfaMumif;udk
'kwd,owdxm;rdolrsm;jzpfMuonf? yxr owdxm;rdolu rdrdjyKvkyfcsifonfudk
rjyKvkyfvdkuf&bJ uG,fvGefoGm;&Sm&aom rif;w&m;BuD;nD
tdrfa&SUudk,fawmfBuD;jzpf/
tdrfa&SUudk,fawmfBuD;onf a&T0gjynfBuD; okH;ykHESpfykHcefUudk ukvm;jzLwkdUu
vk,l xm;onfhtwGuf tcJraMujzpfae&Sm/
wOD;csif;wa,mufcsif; owådcsif; rnfolrQ,SOfNydKifír&onfh
a&T0gjynfom;wkdUudk ukvm;jzLwkdUu bmhaMumifh apmfum;armfum;
vma&muftEdkifusifh0efU tEdkifusifhEdkifMuyg oenf;[k ppfjrpfudk&Sm/
bmhaMumifh tEdkifusihfEdkifMu-usifh0efUMuonf[k &dyfpm;rdvmaomtcg
ukvm;jzL wkdUuJUodkU pnf;pepfESifh avhusifhoifMum;aom
a&T0gjynfom;ppfwyfBuD;zGJUpnf;/ t&nf wlwef;wlaom vufeufrsm;udk
jyKvkyfEkdif&ef vufeuf&kHwnfaqmufzdkUjyK/ ukvm;jzL wdkUudk a&T0gjynfom;wkdUu

20. 20
t&SLH;ay;vmcJUMu&onfum; vufeuftiftm;csif; rrQaom aMumifh[k
tdrfa&SUudk,fawmfBuD;uodvmonf/
rdrdwdkUonf aemufqkH;tajcü ukvm;jzLwkdUudk
wdkufrxkwfEdkifao;onfhwdkifatmif rdrdwkdUtm; ukvm;jzLwkdUu qufvufNcdrf;acsmufrI
rjyKvkyf0efUbJ &dkaocefUjim;vmMuap &ef[k &nf&G,f/
tdrfa&SUudk,fawmfBuD;usKd;yrf;csufudk olvQKdtaxmufwkdUjzifh tNrJwef;
apmifhMunfhaeMuaom ukvm;jzLwkdUu Mum;odMu/
þwGif a&T0gjynfom;NyDopGm aoG;w<u<ujzifh b0ifjrifhvSaom
rif;w&m;BuD; om;ESpfa,mufudk ukvm;jzLwkdUu wdwfwqdwf
ajrSmufyifhtultnDay;Mu/
tdrfa&SUudk,fawmfBuD;onf rif;w&m;BuD;uG,fvGefvQif bk&ifwufjzpfvdrfhrnf/
xdktcsdefü rif;w&m;BuD; om;awmfwkdUonf xD;eef;udk qufcHpdk;pH&ef tdrfrufrQ
ruf&vdrfhrnf[kwf? þtjzpfqdk;wkdUrS &kef;xGufvdkygvQif rdrdwkdUonf om;awmfwkdUtm;
toufESifhvJí ulnDMuygrnf[k wdwfqdwfpGmuwday;Mu/
þwGif aoG;ajrmuf<uaeaom a&T0gjynfbk&ifom;awmfESpfa,mufwkdUonf
OD;&D;awmf tdrfa&SUrif;om;ESifh zcifbk&ifudk vkyfBuHí eef;vk&ef wdkufcdkufykefuefMu/
xdkykefuefrIwGif wrsKd;om;vkH;udk u,fwif&ef tpDtpOfjyKNyD;jzpfaom tdrfa&SU
udk,fawmfBuD; uG,fvGef&onf? rif;om;ESpfa,mufudk ukvm;jzLwkdUu xGufajy;Edkif&ef
tultnDay;vdkufMuonf/ þokdUjzifhrif;om;ESpfa,muf wdkif;wyg;okdU
vGifhxGufoGm;&NyD; vQif a&T0gjynftwGuf u,fwif&SifwOD; qkH;&IH;epfem&/
xdku,fwif&SifBuD;aemuf a&T0gjynfusa&mufvwHUaom tEå&m,fudk
BudKwif odjrifMuolwkdUrSm trwfBuD;OD;zsif;ESifh tv,feef;rawmf
rdzk,m;wdkUjzpfMuonf/
xdkolESpfa,mufwkdUonf rdrdwkdUa&T0gjynfu bmrQBudKwifjyifqifrI BudK;pm;rIrsm;
r&SdMuygbJESifh ppfudkvdkvm;í"g;xufaomrif;om;wkdUudk
eef;wifvQifa&T0gjynfESifhukvm; jzLwdkU ppfjzpfMuí okH;ykHwykHrQom usef&Sdawmhaom
a&T0gjynfBuD; ukvm;jzLwkdU vufatmufwGif vkH;vkH;qkH;yg;&acsawmhrnf[k awG;/
xdkUaMumifh toufvnf;i,fí rdrdwdkUpDrHajymqdk&modkUvnf;ygrnfjzpfaom
tqdwf tawmufuif;onfh rif;w&m;BuD;om;i,f udk&ifvlxGufuav;udk
eef;wifMu&efpDrH onf/

21. 21
xdkodkUpDrH&mü tcuftcJwck&Sdonf/ xdktcuftcJum;
"m;xufaoma&T0gjynfom; nDawmfaemifawmf rif;om;wkdU&SdaeMuygvsuf
þodkUpDrHvQif rnfolurQ Nidrfoufat; csrf;pGm oD;cHaeMuvdrfhrnfr[kwf? xdkUaMumifh
xdk"m;xufaom rif;om;wkdUaESmifh,SufrI rS uif;a0;&ef pDrHudef;topfwck
xyfrHjyKMu&jyefonf/
xdkpDrHudef;topfrSm vG,fvS/ ewf&Gmrvm;ao;aom rif;w&m;BuD;
trdefUESifh om;awmf ajr;awmftm;vkH;wkdUudk twGif;awmfodkU ac:,lpk&kH;vdkufonf/
xdkUaemuf rif;w&m;BuD;xGufrvmbJ eef;wGif;vufpGJawmfawGxGufvmí
rif;w&m;BuD; om;-ajr;wkdUudk ajcusOf;pGJ&dkufvsuf ajrmufO,smOfawmf aMu;wkdufodkU
ac:,lcsKyfaESmifvdkufonf/
a&T0gjynfBuD;tajctaeonf ukef;acgifacgifwGif jcpfjcpfylaeaomae&mif
atmufü &Sdae&onfh a&tdkifi,f toGifjzifh&Sdaeavonf/
okdUaomf þodkU&Sdae&onfudk a&T0gjynfoljynfom;wkdUtxJü &dyfpm;rdol
enf;yg; vS/
þtpDtpOfjzifh bk&ifrif;w&m;BuD; ewf&Gmvm;aomf.....om;awmf
udk&ifvlxGuf uav;u a&T0gjynf bk&ifjzpfvm&onf/ tv,feef;rawmf
rdzk&m;orD;udkvufqGJ vsuf eef;odrf;yGJcHvdkuf&onf/
þwGifbkrodbrod tdrfrufrufouJUodkU bk&ifwufjzpfvm&aom
udk&ifvlxGuf uav;udk vufokH;awmfiwkwfu csufjcif;q&marG;ypfvdkuf/
bk&ifwa,mufvkH; udkykdifq&mwOD;tjzpf arG;xm;vdkufEdkifrnfqdkvQif
rdrdtwGuf rnfrQwef;cdk;MoZmwdk;wufvmEdkifonfudk iwkwfonf
a&T0gjynfom;NyDopGm yg;eyfod&Sd/
xdkMoZmtmPm&Sd&molwa,mufudk q&mtjzpf
&atmifarG;&rnfqdkjcif;rSmvnf; vG,fulaomt&mr[kwf vkyf&nfBuH&nfESifh
pGefUpm;0HUaomowåd&SdygrS wefcdk;MoZm&Sdaom q&mwa,mufudk &atmifarG;EdkifMuonf/
iwkwfonf vkyf&nfBuH&nfESifh pGefUpm;0HUaomowåd&Sdoljzpfonf/ xdkUaMumifh
q&mbk&ifuav; tm;udk;cspfcifrI&atmif enf;vrf;&Smonf/
xdkpOfq&mbk&ifuav; jzpfoltNrJaMumuf&GHU xdwfvefUae&aom
tcsufwcsufudkawGUonf/ xdktcsufum; ajrmufO,smOfaMu;wdkufü

22. 22
csKyfaESmifxm;Muaom bk&ifuav;aemifawmfyg;rsm; pkpkaygif; 40-
ausmfwkdUjzpfonf/
xdkaemifawmftrawmf r,D;awmfwkdUonf bk&ifuav;ESifhEIdif;,SOfvdkufvQif
a>ra[muf a>rayG;ESifh a&a>rjrufavQmwdkUwrQuGmjcm;onf/ udk&ifvlxGuf
bk&ifuav; ua&a>rjrufvQm.....
xdkUaMumifhvnf; bk&ifuav;onf aemifawmf trawmfESifhr,D;awmfwkdUudk
xm;&eftwGuf eef;awmfBuD; taemufrsufESmwGif pnf&SnfwHcg;vrf;rawmfawmif
buf? a&G;vuf 0JuGuftwGif; wm40-ausmf&Sdaom av;awmifh0if;&majrü
tdrfawmfrsm; aqmufvkyfay;&efpDpOf/ xdktdrfawmfrsm;tjyifrS cdkifcefUvkHNcKHaom
tkwf0if;tumum í tjyifodkUrxGufEdkif&ef tapmifhtxdef;ESifh xm;bkdU&nf&G,f/
þodkU&nf&G,faqmuf vkyfaeqJ vufokH;awmfudkif iwkwfwkdUu? eef;yg;r0
eef;a&rv,fao;aom.... udk&if vlxGufbk&ifuav;udk udpöwckvmajym/
bk&ifhr,fawmftwGuf aqmufvkyfNyD;pD;aom tdrfjzLawmfudk r,fawmfodkU
tyf&ef tcrf;tem;eD;vmaomaMumifh? tdrfjzLawmf acgif;&ifü&Sdaom aMu;wdkufrS
aemifawmf rif;om;wdkUudk r*FvmtcsdeftcgtwGif; axmifwGif;tusOf;wdkufodkU
acwåajymif;a&TU csKyfaESmifcGifhay;ygrnfhtaMumif;jzpf/
udk&ifvlxGufbk&ifu tvG,fwulcGifhjyKvdkuf/ a&T0gjynfom;wdkUeef;wnf
ouú&Zf 1240-jynfh wydkUwGJvqef; 10-&uf nae 6-em&DcefUwGif vufeufudkif
400ESifh Muyfrwfí axmifwGif;tusOf;wdkufodkU rif;om; rif;ajr; 40-ausmfwkdUudk
ajymif;/
tpOftvm&Sdonfum; rif;ydkifpdk;ydkif;r[mqD r[maoG;jzpfvQif axmifwGif;
tusOf;wdkufokdUrcs&? owfrnfholudkrS axmifwGif;tusOf;wdkufodkUydkU&/ xdkUaMumifh
xdkaeUn 9em&dausmfwGif iwkwfESifh nDiajrmifwkdUu rif;om;? rif;ajr; 40ausmfwkdUudk
azsmufzsufokwfoifypfvdkufMu/
udk&ifvlxGufbk&ifuav;u odíar;aomf þaxmifwGif;tusOf;wdkufonf
azsmufzsuf&rnfh r[mqDr[maoG;wkdUudkrS? ydkU&onfhae&mjzpfaomaMumifh atmufvl
&JrufwkdUyGJ&atmif jyKvkyfvdkufMuygonf[k avQmuf/
eef;&nfr0ao;aom udk&ifvlxGufi,fonf ESvkH;pdwfrcsrf;rajrU
jzpfvdkuf&aomf vnf; iwkwfudkta&;r,l/ rdrdudkcspfí rrSm;oifh&mürSm;onf[k

23. 23
cGifhvTwf/ þonf vnf; a&T0gjynfom;q&mtjzpf tarGcHMu&olwdkU tpOftvm
twdkif;jzpfí bk&ifuav; udktjypfqdkbG,f&mr&Sd/ þokdUjzifh iwkwfonf
udk&ifvlxGuf bk&ifvli,fudkq&mtjzpf arG;vdkufonf/
þwGif i,fEkaoG;<uaom bk&ifuawmfav;u iwkwfudkrsufaphusvm/
bk&if uawmfrsufaphuscH&jcif;onf iwkwftwGuf bk&ifuav;udk
q&mtjzpfarG;&onf xufydkíaumif;aom tcGifhta&;aumif;wckjzpf/
taMumif;rl bk&ifuawmfonf tppt&m&mwkdUü udk&ifvlxGuf bk&ifuav;
xuf ydkíxufjruf/ a&T0gjynfolNyDo/ þokH;ykHwykHrQom&Sdaom a&T0gjynfü bk&if
uawmfjzpfvm&jcif;udkyifvQif ZrÁL;'dwfuRef;tjyif0,f wOD;wnf;aom {u&mZf
bk&if uawmfBuD;jzpfvm&ouJUodkU xifrswf/
þodkUaoG;<u xufjrufvSaom bk&ifuawmfuav;onf udk&ifvlxGufbk&if
uav;udk &kyfao;uJUodkU oabmxm;NyD;vQif BudKufovdkBudK;qGJypf?
rdrd,kHMunfolrSef orQudk &mxl;BuD;rsm;ay;ap/ eef;wGif;ü BuD;rm;aom
tajymif;tvGJrsm;udk jyKvkyfypf / xdkokdUjyKvkyf&mwGif bk&ifuawmfuav;onf
rdrdtudkawmf OD;&D;awmf 40ausmfudk owf&Jjzwf&Jaom iwkwftm; vufudkifxm;/
rdrdwdkUtm;uvefuqefvkyfrnfholrSef orQudkvnf; iwkwfvufodkUydkUtyf/
iwkwfudkvnf; bmrqdk0ifa&mufpGufzufEdkifonfh tcGifhxl;cH
trIxrf;t&mxrf;tjzpfxm;/
þokdUiwkwfonf bk&ifuav;xufydkí "m;xufaom i,fEkaoG;<uonfh
bk&if uawmf vufokH;jzpfvm&/ rif;aoG;rif;om;wa,mufuJUodkUjzpfvm&/
vuf&JZuf&J jyKvkyf0HUaomiwkwfonf "m;xufaom bk&ifuawmfav;udk
ocifr tjzpf arG;vdkufEdkifjcif;um; a&T0gjynfBuD; ysufpD;&eftaMumif;
t&if;tjrpfwck jzpfavonf/
a&T0gjynfrSL;BuD; rwfBuD;wkdUonf bk&ifuawmfu
udk&ifvlxGufbk&ifuav; trdefUudk tokH;jyKvsuf aAgif;awmfNidrfh pdwfawmfodaom
tdrfawmfygvlnHUrsm;udk &mxl; BuD; &mxl;cH ay;jcif;rsm;udk uefUuGufMu/
b@mwdkuf&Sd aiGaMu;rsm;udk bk&ifuawmfu xifovdkokH;pJGjcif;ESifh ywfoufí
vnf; ajymqdkwm;jrpfMu/
iwkwfudkvufudkif&xm;aom bk&ifuawmfonf
xdkokdUwm;jrpfajymqdkMuolrsm;udk csufjcif;ta&;,ljcif; zrf;qD;jcif;?

24. 24
&mxl;avQmcsypfjcif;wdkUudkjyK/ xdktxJwGif a&eHUom NrdKUpm; 0efBuD; zefcg;
NrdKUpm;rif;BuD; jynfopfNrdKUpm; 0efBuD;paom olwdkUyifvQifygMu/
xdk yk*¾dKvfBuD;wkdUum;? ynmOpöm tacRt&HBuD;rm;aomolrsm;wdkUjzpfMu/
t&G,f a&mufp uwnf;u a&T0gjynf aumif;usKd;csrf;omudk
aqmif7Gufvmolrsm;jzpfMu/
a&T0gjynfa&SUa&;udkawG;vsuf udk&ifvlxGuf i,fudkeef;wifay;cJUMuaom
rif;BuD; OD;zsif;ESifh tv,feef;rawmfrdzk,m;BuD;wkdUonf rdrdwkdUajrSmfvifhrxm;onfh
jzpf&yf rsm;ESifh &ifqdkifaeMu&/
tv,feef;rawmfrdzk,m;BuD;onf rdrdwkdUBudK;qGJ&muç&rnfh bk&ifudk oabm
aumif;aom rdrdorD;BuD;ESifhay;jrm; rdzk,m;jyKap/ odkUaomf xufjrufaom rdrd
orD;vwfonf i,fEdkif&D;pm;jzpfaom udk&ifvlxGuf bk&iftm; rdrdukdyg
rdzk,m;jyK&rnf[k twif;tEdkifusifh/
,cktcg udk&ifvlxGufbk&ifonf oabmaumif;aom rdrdorD;BuD;udk
taqmif wckESifh oD;jcm;cGJxm;í rdrdorD;vwfESifhtwlaeMu/
xdkUxuf rif;BuD;OD;zsif;ESifh rdrdwkdUBudK;qGJwdkif;uçvdrfhrnf[k xifcJU&aom udk&if
vlxGufbk&ifonf rdrdwdkUxufuyfí rdrdwdkUxuf ydkaMumufae&aom rdrdorD;vwf
bk&ifuawmf BudK;qGJwdkif; uçae&&Sm/
þtaMumif;jzpf&yfonf a&T0gjynfBuD;twGuf Mur®mqdk;ESifh &ifqdkifMu&rnfh
taMumif;jzpf&yfjzpf/
i,fEkaoG;<uaom bk&ifuawmfuav;onf oabmaumif; El;nHUvSaom
udk&if vlxGufbk&ifi,ftm; tEdkifhxuftwif;,lvdkuf&kHrQru rif;BuD;OD;zsif;udkvnf;
*&krpdkuf? rdciftv,feef;rawmf rdzk,m;BuD; pum;udkvnf; puwnf;u
em;raxmifbJ iwkwf uJUodkUaom vufpGJawmfudkifrsKd;udk teD;üxm;í tokH;jyKvsuf
rmewvlvlvTwfaxmifae /
bk&ifuawmfuav;MoZmonf udk&ifvlxGuf bk&ifi,ftay:ü vTrf;rdk;xm;
onfESifhtrQ bk&if teD;wGif aMumif;usKd;ajrSmfjrifwwfonfhyk*¾dKvfrsm;
r&SdEdkifMuawmhbJ ta0;okdUvGifhyg;ukefMu&/ þonfvnf; a&T0gjynfom;wdkU
&dk;&mtusifhjzpfí tjypf rqdkxdkuf? xdkaMumifh &SdaomolwkdUuajymqdkMuí
bk&ifuem;axmifrnf jyKavwdkif; bk&if uawmfzsufvQif ysufMu&/
aemufqkH;übk&if teD;tyg;wdkUü bmrqdkacgif;NidwfMu rnfh yk*¾dKvfwkdUcsnf;

25. 25
0dkif;aeMu/ udk&ifvlxGufbk&iftay:ü MoZmay;EdkifolwkdUu bk&if uawmfESifh
eD;pyfol todkif;t0dkif;awGcsnf; jzpfMu/
þeef;wGif;ta&;taMumif;jzpf&yfwkdUudk a&T0gjynfom;wdkUudk,fwdkif yCPe
rod&Sd Mu&aomfvnf; teD;üuyfíapmifhaeaom ukvm;jzLaMumifyg;BuD;u
tao;pdwfod/
ukvm;jzLolvQKd tufzf&pf'av 1897 ck {NyDv 19&ufaeUpGJESifh a&T0gjynfudk
odrf;ydkuf xm;Muaom ukvm;jzLrsm;xHodkU tpD&ifcHpOf ____a&Teef;awmf
wGif;üvnf; rnDrnGwfjzpfvsufyif&Sdao;/ bk&ifr,fawmfu ewf&GmpH
rif;w&m;BuD; tv,f eef;rawmfrdzk,m;BuD;odkU om;awmfvrf;vGJvdkufonfudk
u,fq,fawmfrl&ef awmif;yef/ eef;rawmfbk&m;uvnf; oGefoif&zefrsm;í
NiD;aiGUawmfrlaMumif;trdefU&Sd/ udk&if vlxGufbk&ifuawmfuvnf; bk&ifhESrawmfESifh
tcsif;rsm;Mu/
xdkbk&ifuawmfonf bk&ifhr,fawmfESifhvnf; oifhjrwf[efr&Sd rdrdr,fawmfESifh
vnf;ausauseyfeyf&Sd[efrwl vufxufawmfa[mif;u rSL;BuD;rwfBuD;rsm;onf
nHUzsif; vGef;aom udk&ifvlxGufbk&ifESifhbk&ifhtay:udk
MoZmvTrf;rdk;íwuf<ub0ifajrmufvGef; aom bk&ifuawmfwkdUudk
vkH;0aMueyfrIr&SdMuaomfvnf; rnfolrQ oGefoifowday;jcif; rjyK0HUMu/
,cktcsdefü a&T0gbk&ifvufatmufwGif&Sdaom ppfwyftrsKd;rsKd;ESifh vlOD;a&
pm&if;rSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpf/
eef;NrdKUtwGif;bufü rm&wifajcvQifwyf ajrmufbufü 850 awmifbufü
350tm;vkH;aygif; 1201...."g;0,fajcvQifwyf ajrmufbufwGif 600?
awmifbufwGif 500-aygif; 1100/
&mhig;q,fajcvQifwyf -ajrmufbuf 700? awmifbuf 500-aygif; 1200/
a&TjynfrSefuif;ajcvQifwyf tm;vkH;aygif; 700/
ewf&Sifa&G; ajcvQifwyf tm;vkH;aygif; 700/
eef;NrdKUtjyifbufü/
aMumif;wyf-,mbuf 600 0Jbuf 700- tm;vkH;aygif; 1300/
&GJwyf ,mbuf 550? 0Jbuf 650 tm;vkH;aygif; 1200/

26. 26
ewfpkwyf ,mbuf 750? 0Jbuf 550 tm;vkH;aygif; 1300/
tjcm;aom aomif;ajrmif;wyfrsm;....a&GvSHwyf 350- uif;'g;wyf 350?
a&Tjynf wyf 400? ol&JBuD;wyf 600? vif;Zif;wyf 350? ukvm;ysKdwyf (cefUrSef;)
400? 'dkif;wyf (cefUrSef;) 400? wHcg;eDwyf(cefUrSef;) 400? vS&JBuD;wyf (cefUrSef;) 700/
jrif;wyfrsm; teD;pyfqkH;cefUrSef;xm;onf/
a&TjynfwHcGefjrif;wyf 500? a&Tjynf&efatmifjrif;wyf 500? &Jbufjrif;wyf
500? uonf;jrif;wyf 500? a&T0gjynfausmfjrif;wyf 500/
tajrmufwyf.... r*Fvmtajrmuf 500
a&T0gjynfom;wkdUouf&Sdtiftm;onf þrQomjzpfMuonf/ okdUaomf
taMumif; &Sdvmí a&T0gjynfom;wkdUxkH;pHtwdkif; "m;jym;
&dkufac:rnfqdkvQift&G,f&Sdaom a,mufsm;wdkif; rdef;rwdkif;ppfom;jzpfEdkifonf/
a&T0gjynfü bk&iftusOf;om;rsm;txJü oHajcusOf;cwfí xm;&aom
rdef;rrsm;&Sdaeonfudk axmufcsifhí a&T0gjynfrdef;rwkdUudk txifrao;tyf? ,ckyifvQif
a&T0gjynfbk&ifudkBudK;udkifaeolrSm bk&ifuawmfjzpf/
okdUaomf uREkfyfwkdUonf a&T0gjynfom;wkdUESifh wdkufMu&rnfqdkvQif teD;uyfí
wdkufMu&rnfudkom aMumuf&GHUbG,f&Sd/ ta0;rSaeí wdkuf&eftwGuf
a&T0gjynfom;wkdU udk vkH;0aMumuf&efr&Sd? a&T0gjynfom;wkdU tokH;jyKaom aoewfrsm;
tajrmufrsm;onf tvGefnHUzsif;vS/
ukvm;jzLwkdUonf a&T0gjynftajctaeudk þodkUvQif tao;pdyfod/
xdkUaMumifh a&T0gjynfom;wkdUudk wdkufavmufaom wdkufEdkifaom
tiftm;pkNyD;vQif tiftm;&SdonfESifhwNydKifeuf wriftaMumif;&Smí a&T0gjynfudk
vma&mufwdkufcdkuf/
xdkodkU rwdkufcdkufrDtcsdefuav;üyifvQif rif;BuD;OD;zsif;onf ukvm;jzLwkdU
taMumif;&Smcsufudk vdkufavsmí ppfNydKifrIat;Nidrf;apNyD;vQif tiftm;jznfhwif;&ef
rdrdwkdU bufrS ulnDrnfhEdkifiHrsm;&SmazG&ef tBuHOmPfay;ao;/
okdU&mwGif i,fEkaoG;<uaom bk&ifuawmfuav;onf rif;BuD;OD;zsif;tm;
onfavmuf aMumufwwfvQif..... a,mufsm;vkyfraeygeJUawmh
oDv&Sifom0wfvdkufyg awmh[kqdk/ xdkUaemufrif;BuD;OD;zsif;tdrfodkU
xrD,yfawmifoeyfcg;wkH; ausmufjyif ponfwkdUudk ydkUvdkuf/

27. 27
aemufqkH; ppfjzpfMuaomtcg bk&ifuawmfuav; vuf&kH;ppfAdkvfwkdUonf
a&T0g0wDjrpf&dk;wavQmufü tcsuftcsmae&mwdkif;wkdUwGif a&T0gjynfom;wkdUu ,rf;rIefU
xdk;aoewfjzifh¤if;? ,rf;rIefUxdk; tajrmufjzifh¤if; ypfcwfwdkufcdkuf/
odkU&mwGif a&T0gjynfom;wkdUaoewfwcsufwGif ukvm;jzLwkdUu
aoewfq,fcsuf cefUypfcwfEdkif/ ukvm;jzLwdkUaoewfum;
,rf;rIefUxdk;aoewfr[kwf? usnfxdk;aoewf rsm;csnf;jzpfMu/ xdkUtwl
ukvm;jzLwkdU ppfoabFmtay:rS tajrmufrsm;onfvnf;
usnfxdk;tajrmufawGcsnf;jzpfMu/ a&T0gjynfom;wkdUu tajrmufwcsufypfvQif
ukvm;jzLwkdUu tajrmuftcsufESpfq,fcefU ypfcwfEdkif/ tajrmufqHwkdUuvnf;
aygufuJGaom tajrmufqHrsm;jzpfMuvQif a&T0gjynfom;wkdUcHwyfywfywfvnfwGif
0dkif;&H aygufaeMuaom xef;yifrsm;onf wcetwGif; tydkif;ydkif;jywfusvsuf
&Sif;vif;oGm;/ a&T0gjynfom;wkdUtjrifwGif a&T0gjynfom;wkdUaypmrsm;ü
yg&SdMuaom odMum;rif; 0&Zdefvufeufudk rsufjrifawGUBuKH&bdouJUodkUjzpf/
onfawmhrSyifvQif a&T0gjynfom;wkdUonf ZrÁL'dwfuRef;tay:wGif {u&mZf
bk&if rif;w&m;BuD; ewfppfonfwrQ xifrSwfcJUaom rdrdwkdUudk,fudk
tajctaerSeftwdkif; odvmMu/
odkUaomf xdkodkUodvmMuonfhtcsdefum; aESmif;vGef;vSavNyD/ xD;usKd;pnfayguf?
olUvufatmufü? uRefoaygufjzpfNyD; ESpf&Snfvçrsm;MumrS &aomtodjzpfownf;/
a&T0gjynfom;wkdUonf ukvm;jzLwkdU vufatmufüatmufydkif; 122 ESpf
txuf ydkif; 63ESpfrQ uRefjzpfcJUMu&NyD;onfhaemuf tcsKyftjcmtmPmydkifonfh
vGwfvyfaom a&t0gjynftjzpfodkU a&muf&SdvmMujyef/
olUuRefjzpfaeMu&onfhtcsdefumvtwGif; ZrÁL'dyfuRef;[lí igwdkUxifouJUodkU
r[kwfygwum;[k odvmMu/ ork'´&mxJwGif t0DpdokdUa&mufatmifydkUaqmifwwfMu
onfh Amv0grkc0JqdkonfrSm r&Sdygwum;[k odvmMu/ ork'´&mtwGif;&Sd
uRef;rsm;udk vGefajrmufaomf aeUpHíncH&onfh tol&u,f ewforD;wkdU...
ewfbkHewfeef;wkdUum; r&SdNyD xdkewforD;wkdUtoGifESifh qifqifwlaom w[DwDuRef;
[ma0uRef;wdkUom &SdMu [kodvmMu/
jrifhrdk&fawmifudkvSnfhywfoGm;vsuf&Sdaom aeewf&xm;onf
awmifuRef;üaexGuf vQif ajrmufuRef;ü ae0ifcsdefjzpfí ta&SUuRef;wGif
aerTef;wnfhNyD; taemufuRef;ünoef; acgiftcsdefodkU a&mufonf[kod&SdcJUMu&mrS
vnfaeaomurÇmajrBuD;onf wESpfvQif aeudkwywf&atmif ywfaejcif;ygwum;[k
odvmMu/

28. 28
ZrÁL'dyfuRef;tvkH;udk tpdk;&aom pMum0aw;rif;BuD; [lonf
aer0ifonfhtifyg ,mudk tkyfpdk;oGm;cJUaom t*Fvdyf0dwdk&d, bk&ifrBuD;avmufrQ
rBuD;us,fygwum;[k od&SdvmMu/ taMumif;rla&S;tcgu
ZrÁL'dyfuRef;[krSwfxifcJUaomt&monf tif'd,w jynfaxmifvkH;rQ rjynfhav/
oGm;vdk&mokdUtvG,fwula&mufEdkifaom pMum&wem[k wifpm;okH;xm;onfh
bD;wyfvSnf;onf yefumwyf,mOf &[wfav,mOf *sufav,mOfwkdUudk rqdkxm;ESifh
armfawmfum; armfawmfqdkifu,fwdkUavmufrQ r[kwfao;ygwum;[k odvmMu/
ta&SUtaemufESifh ajrmufbufjcrf;wkdUwGif ,lZemwpfaxmifpDtnDtrQ&Sdí
awmifjcrf;rSmrl ,lZemav;axmif us,f0ef;vsuf vSnf;OD;ücif;tyfonfh vSnf;uyf
o@mefuJUodkU wnf&Sdaom tcsif;,lZemwaomif; t0ef;,lZemokH;aomif;&Sdonfh
ZAÁL'dyf uRef;[lonf tif'd,jynfuav;rQomjzpfygaomfaum[k
,cka&T0gjynfom;wkdUu odvmMu/
taMumif;rl ajcmufwdkifESifh wm-400 rQ&Sdaom w,lZemvQif t*Fvdyfrdkif 12
rdkif 5zmvkHESifh *dkufw&mh&Spfq,frQom&Sd/ ZAÁLuRef;tjyifwckvkH;
t0ef;,lZemwpfaomif; &Sdonf t*Fvdyfrdkif okH;odef;&Spfaomif;waxmif&Spf&mhq,frdkif
wzgvkHESifh *dkufw&mrQom &Sd/ ,cktif'd,jynftus,ft0ef;rdkifaygif;um;
woef;ESpfodef; 6aomif; 5axmif ckESpf&m ajcmufq,fhokH;rdkif&Sdavonf/ xdkUaMumifh
tif'd,wjynfvkH;ESifhwuG urÇmht&yf &yfwkdUudk aer0ifEdkifonfhtus,ft0ef;udk
tkyfpdk;aecJUaom 0dwdk&d,bk&ifrBuD;onf pMum0aw;rif;qdkolwkdUxuf
us,fjyefUaomajrBuD;udk ydkifpdk;oljzpfae/
þodkUvufawGUtodrsKd;wkdUaMumifh a&T0gjynfom;wkdUonf tif'd,rS&&Sdaom ygVd
pmaywdkUüyg&Sdonfh pMum0VmrQomr[kwfyJ wu,fhpMum0Vm tppfuvnf;od&SdvmMu
/
pMum0VmqdkwmBuD;ü um&Hxm;aom wHwdkif;[lonfvnf;r&Sd pMum0VmwHwdkif;
wGif oydwfvkH;cefU&Sdaom pmvkH;BuD;rsm;jzifh a&;om;xm;onfh
ynm&yfwdkUqdkonfrSmvnf; wHwdkif;r&SdaomaMumifhr&Sd/
tu,fppfppfurÇmajrjyifBuD;ay:wGif wnfwefUaeaom ta&SUpl;pl;t&yfESifh
wnfwefUaeaom taemufpl;pl;t&yfvnf;r&Sd aea&mif0ifvm&mbufESifh aea&mif
uG,faysmuf&mbufom&Sd/
tcsdeftcg[lonfrSmvnf; tm;vkH;wnDwnf; wNydKifwnf;r&Sd aeudkywf&if;
vnfae&aom urÇmajrBuD;ay:odkU aeusa&muf&mt&yfü aeusa&mufonfh tcsdefudk

29. 29
rSwfxm;&onfhtcsdefomvQif tcsdeftjzpfESifh&Sd/ xdkUaMumifh urÇmajrjyifay:ü
aea&mif xdawGUrIonf wae&mESifhwae&mrwlnD&um; tcsdeftcgvnf;
wae&mESifhwae&m rwl nDMu/
Ak'¨0g'DwkdU txG#ftjrwfaeUwckjzpfaom uqkefvjynfhaeUü a&T0gjynfom;
wkdUonf xdkaeUaeUvnf 10em&DwGif qGrf;awmfwifjcif; oHCmawmfrsm;udk
qGrf;a<u;jcif; jyKvkyfMurnfqdkygpdkU/
xdkUtwl a&T0gjynf ta&SUbuf 'D*&Dudkq,fuGmaom
Ak'¨0g'Dwdkif;jynfwjynfu þtwdkif; a&T0gjynfESifhwcsdefwnf; wqufwnf;
BudK;rJUaMu;eef;jzifh tcsdefnSdí jyKvkyf MurnfqdkvQif xdkwdkif;jynfrS qGrf;awmfwifí
oHCmawmfwkdUudk qGrf;auR;aomtcsdefonf uqkefvjynfhaeUnae 4
em&Düjzpfayvdrfhrnf/
þodkUvQif urÇmajrjyifü aeudktrSwftom; jyKxm;onfhtcsdefonf ajrBuD;
wae&mESifhwae&m q,fhig;'D*&DuGma0;wdkif; wem&DrQa&SUaemufuGmjcm;vQuf&SdaMumif;
udk a&T0gjynfom;wkdUodvmMu/
xdkUaMumifhtif'd,rS ygVdpmaywkdUjzifh a&maESmygvmaomtcsdefudk rSefuefpGmrSwf
om;pdwfydkif;vsuf vlwkdUuHMur®mudk BudKwifa[majym edrdwfbwfMuonfh
twwfynm onf acwfopf a&T0gjynfom; vli,fwkdUtbdkU
rrSwfEdkifawmh[kodvmMu/
taMumif;rl urÇmajrjyifwckvkH; rSefaomtcsdefr&Sd rdrdwkdUajrae&mESifh rdrdwkdUajr
ae&modkU a&muf0ifvmonfhaea&mifusrItay:ü uefUowfxm;aomtcsdefwkdUudk rdrdwkdU
twGuf tcsdeftrSef[k todtrSwfjyKaeMu&aomaMumifhjzpf/
a&T0gjynfom;wkdUtbdkU þodkUod&SdvmMujcif;onf a&T0gjynfBuD;wckvkH; olUuRef
b0rS vGwfajrmufvmMu&rnfh edrdwfaumif;wckjzpfcJU&/
tu,fpifppf a&T0gjynfom;wkdUum; olUuRefcHvdkolrsm;vnf;r[kwfMu?
usef;rmoef pGrf; jzwfvwfolrsm;jzpfMu/ okdUaomf...pm;aomuf&ef
qHurylryifvkHavmufpGm&&Sd aeaomaMumifh qHaygaomaMumifh
at;at;vllvlNidrf;Nidrf;csrf;csrf;aevdkolrsm;csnf;jzpfMu / tysif;xlMu/
tysif;xlaomol[lorQonf tyifyef;rcHvdkMu? tacsmifvdkufcsif
tacsmifvdkcsif Mu/

30. 30
xdkodkUtacsmifvdkufcsif tacsmifvdkcsifaom olwdkif;odyfrBudK;pm;bJtaqmif
uav;pç tif;uav;pç vufzGJUuav;p aqmifxm;&kHrQESifh
tvdkvdkudpöNyD;Nidrf;atmifjrif Edkifonf[lonfh t&mrsKd;udk ,kHMunfvdkufpm;vdkvm;Mu/
rnfonfhtcsdeftcgü rnfodkUjyKvkyfvQif atmifjrifrnf[laomtcgay;
,Mwmay; wkdUudk ,kHMunfvdkufemMu/
rdrdwkdUNrdKU&GmaejynfwkdUudk umuG,fbdkU jyKvkyfusKd;pm;ae&ef rvdk&avatmif
tcsdef tcgr*FvmwkdUESifhudkufnDpGm ae&ma&G;cs,frI ajrae&m&SmazGrI
tpDt&iftif;tdkifrEåmef wkdUjzifh wcrf;wem;pD&ifrI ponfwkdUudk vkyfaqmifMuvsuf
NrdKUjywnfjcif; xD;eef;pdkufxl jcif; ponfwkdUudk jyKvkyfMu/
a&T0gjynf&mZ0ifwavQmufvkH; xD;eef;a&; ppfrufa&; tm;vkH;wkdUü
þtcgr*Fvm a&G;cs,frI edrdwfbwfMum;rI ponfwkdU zkH;vTrf;vmcJUMu/
bkef;vuf&kef;ESifh taqmif tzGJUwkdUudk ,kHMunfvGef;cJUMu/ bk&ifESifhwuG
a&T0gjynfom;tm;vkH;wkdUonf usKd;pm;rI tyifyef;cHrIrsm; avQmhenf;vmMuvQuf
bmrQrvkyfbJ bmrQr&SmazGbJ rdrdwkdUtajctae rSwyg; tjcm;olrsm;tajctaeudk
ravhvmMubJ rdrdwkdUwkdif;jynf rdrdwkdUtiftm; csnf; txifBuD;aeMu/
xdkUaMumifhvnf; a&T0gjynfwjynfvkH; olUuRefjzpfcJUMu&jcif;jzpf /
,ckrl olUuRefjzpfvmcJUMu&aom a&T0gjynfom;wkdUonf urÇmudkvnf;
odavNyD a&T0gudkvnf;odavNyD/ u0mhwdkif;jynfBuD;wkdU aMumufrufzG,faumif;aom
ppfNydKifrIrsm; udkvnf;odavNyD/ udk,fwdkifyg0ifívnf; wdkufcdkufbl;avNyD/
xdkUaMumifh Oyg'gefawG tpGJawG rjyKvkyfbJ aqmifxm;&kHjzifh
tvdktvdkatmifjrif onf[kqdkaom taqmiftzGJUawGudk pGefUvTwfMuvsuf
rdrdwkdUudk,fwdkif acR;eJUaoG;eJU &if;vsuf wyifwyef; wdkufcdkufcJUBudK;pm;cJUMuvsuf
acwfrSDaomvli,fwpkwkdUu a&T0g wjynfaxmifvkH;udk vIHUaqmfpnf;&kH;um
olUuReftjzpfrSu,fwifvdkufEdkifcJU/
okdUaomfa&T0gjynfom;tm;vkH;vdkvdk wu,fvufawGUrsufjrifod&SdvmMu&aom
trSefw&m;wkdUudk vufcHMuygNyDavm/
&mZ0iftp ESpfaygif;axmifhokH;&mausmfrQ t&dk;xJOd;aPSmufxJodkU
pJG0ifvmcJUMu& aom awG;ac:pGJvef;rIrsKd;awGludk pGefUvTwfEdkifMuygNyDavm/
þonfwdkUudk a&T0gjynfBuD; ,ckrsufarSmuftjzpfwkdUu tajzay;aeMu/

31. 31
urÇmESifhcsDí jzpfvdkufMu&aom ppfyGJBuD;tNyD;ü
olUuRefb0rSvGwfvyfvmMuukef aom a&T0gjynfom;wkdUonf
xdkodkUvGwfvyfvm&onfudkyif aMumifawmifawmif? a,mif awmifawmifjzpfaeMu/
&GmvkH;uRwfrD;avmifcH&NyD;p vma&mufa0iSMuonfhqefqD tdk;cGuf
txnft0wf wkdUudk pk&kH;pk&kH;Esifh wkdUa0SU,liifaeMuukefaom &Gmom;rsm;onf
xdk&&Sdvmonfh qef qD tdk;cGuf t0wftxnfuav;wkdUudk 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;omqkyfudkif
ayGUydkufvsuf rdrdwkdUonf a&SUtbdkUwGif rdrdwkdUaea&; pm;a&; &yfwnfEdkifa&;twGuf
rnfuJUokdUpwifwnfaxmif &ygrnfenf;[k &ifxJü vIyf&Sm;&bdouJUodkU....
ppfBuD;twGif; wdkufcdkufMu& ysufpD;Mu&NyD;rS vGwfvyfa&;&vmMu&aom
a&T0gjynfom;wkdUonfvnf;....
xdk&vmonfh vGwfvyfa&;uav;udk ydkufayGUMuvsuf rdrdwkdUonf rnfuJUodkU
qufvufxlaxmifMu&ygrnfenf;[k &ifwckHckH&Sd&if; awG;awmMuukef/
odkUaomf xdkodkUawG;awmMuolrsm; xdkodkU&ifckefMuolrsm;um;? a&T0gjynfol
jynfom;tm;vkH;r[kwfMu? tenf;tusOf;rQjzpfMu/
xdktenf;tusOf;üvnf; vlESpfrsKd;yg0if/ yxrtrsKd;onf vGwfvyfaoma&T0g
jynfBuD;udk udk,fwdkif0ifa&mufxlaxmifay;Murnfholrsm;jzpfMuí?
'kwd,trsKd;tpm;onf a&T0gjynfBuD; vGwfvyfa&;&onfudkyif
0rf;ajrmufyDwdjzpf aevQuf xlaxmifay;&mwGifudk,fwdkifryg0ifbJ
tjyifrSapmifhxdef;ay;vdkolrsm;jzpf/
xdkESpfrsKd;teuf yxrtrsKd;onf OD;a&tm;jzifh
rsm;jym;í'kwd,trsKd;ta&twGuf onf OD;a&tvGefeJ/
usefaom a&T0gjynfol jynfom;wkdUum; a&T0gjynfom;wkdU"avhp&dkuftwdkif;
vGwfvyfa&;twGufwdkufcdkufpOfu wjynfaxmifvkH; a&maESmyg0ifwdkufcdkufcJUMuaomf
vnf; wdkufckdufNyD;aomtcg vGwfvyfa&;&vQifvnf; udpör&Sdrxl;jcm;?
rdrdtwGuf xl;xl;jcm;jcm;vdktyfonfum; wyifwyef;tvkyfrvkyfMubJ vIyfcg
a&GUumrQjzifh rylryif aumif;aumif;0wf aumif;aumif;pm; aumif;aumif;NzKH; aumif;
aumif;aysmfEdkifbkdUjzpf/
xdkUaMumifh a&T0gjynfoljynfom;wkdUonf vGwfvyfa&;&&Sdjcif;aMumifhcHpm;&onfh
&ifüvIyf&Sm;rIudk ajymjywwfolr&Sdoavmufenf;/
a&T0gjynfom;wpkHwa,mufonf pGyfpGJcHae&aom jypfrItwGuf w&m;&kH;wkdUrS
uGif;vkH;uRwfvTwfvdkufNyD[kod&aomtcg &ifxJürnfodkUcHpm;Mu&onfudkod/
ajymjyEdkif pGrf;/
bkef;BuD;ausmif;ü vlBuD;rdbwkdU wdkufwGef;rIaMumifh w0gESpf0gMumonftxd
&SifomraP0wfaeMu&&mrS bkef;awmfBuD;uxGufcGifhay;vdkufojzifh
&SifvlxGuf&rnf[k od&aomolwkdUonf xdkodkUod&onfhtcsdefü &ifwGif;0,f
rnfodkUvIyf&Sm;&onfudk &SifomraP0wfbl;aom a&T0gjynfom;wdkif;od/
ajymjyEdkifpGrf;/

32. 32
xdkUtwl rarQmfvifhbJaxmifrS tvTwfcH&olrsm; rdrdcspfolcGifhay;csuft&
a&S;OD; tBudrfcspfolESifh awGUcGifh&olrsm; qdwfuG,f&mürawGUbl;Muao;aomcspfolcsif;
rdb oabmwlnDcsufjzifh r*Fvmaqmif&onfh r*FvmOD;nudk BuKHawGU&bl;olrsm;?
xDaygufol rsm;ESifh a&SUOD;pGm r*¾Zif;üpmrlygvmNyD[kod&aom pmay0goemygolrsm;
ponfponfwkdU onf rdrdwkdU&ifürnfodkUvQif vIyf&Sm;onf rnfodkUcHpm;&onfudk
ajymjyEdkifolcsnf;jzpf/
okdUaomf xdkvltm;vkH;wdkUonf rdrdwdkUa&T0gjynfBuD; vGwfvyfvmavNyD[k
odNyD;onfholrsm;csnf;jzpfaomfvnf; xdkokdUvGwfvyfygNyD;[laom ausnmcsufudk
Mum;Mu& pOfu &ifxJü rnfodkUvIyf&Sm;xdcdkufygovJ[kar;vQif rnfolrQaumif;pGm
rajymwwfovdk &SdaeMu/ tvGefqkH;awG;awmajymEdkifovdk
&Sdolrsm;pum;twdkif;azmfjy&aomf....
&dk;&dk;ajym&,if 0rf;omovdkvdkawmh&SdwmayghAsm odyfawmhrxl;jcm;vSygbl;....
[laomtajzyifjzpf/
vGwfvyfa&;&NyD[laom cHpm;csufudk aygufayguf&Sm&Sm pyfpkaeolum; &Jabmf
iqdk;xufcdkifjzpf/
&Jabmfiqdk;xufcdkifu þodkUpyfpyfpkpk awGUolwdkif;odkU
ar;jref;okawoejyKaejcif; ü taMumif;&Sd/
a&T0gjynfoljynfom;wkdUonf tu,fvnf;rdrdwkdUudk,fwdkif olUuRefatmufu
vGwf ajrmufvmaom vGwfvyfaom wdkif;oljynfom;rsm;jzpfvmcJUMuygvsuf
xdkodkUvGwfvyf vm&jcif;udk rnfolrQxl;xl;jcm;jcm; cHpm;ESpfodrfhrIrsKd; rjzpf[kqdkcJUvQif
xdkolwkdUonf rvGwfvyfvQifvnf; rnfodkUrQxdcdkufwkHvIyfvdrfhrnfr[kwf[k
&Jabmfiqdk;xufcdkifu,kH Munf/ xdkUjyif,ck&&Sdxm;aom
vGwfvyfa&;BuD;qkH;&SLH;oGm;rnfqdkvQifvnf; odyfxdcdkuf emusnf;Murnfhvlrsm;
jzpf[efrwl[k ,kHMunf/
okdUaomf &Jabmfiqdk;xufcdkifonf a&T0gjynfBuD;vGwfvyfvmojzifh
0rf;ajrmufaysmf &Tifaeaom olrsm;udkvnf;awGU&ygao;/ xdkolwkdUum; a&T0gjynfBuD;
vGwfvyf&ef usKd;yrf;&mü a&SUwef;rSyg0ifcJUolrsm;jzpfjcif;aMumifh
,cka&T0gjynfBuD;vGwfvyfaomtcg ,if;a&T0gjynfBuD;udk igwkdUtkyfcsKyfoifhonf[k
tkyfcsKyfa&;tmPmudk vuf0,fudkifxm;ol rsm; jzpfaMumif;udkawGUae&/
&Jabmfiqdk;xufcdkifawGae&aomolwkdUonf
vGwfvyfa&;&aomaeUokdUa&mufwdkif; BuD;us,fcrf;em;aom t&dktaocHyGJBuD;udk
vkyfMu/
BuD;us,fcrf;em;aom pifjrifhBuD;udk ta&;wBuD;tNyD;aqmufvkyfMuNyD;vQif
xdkpifjrifhBuD;ay:ü 0wfaumif;qifvSwkdUjzifh awmufawmufajymifajymif
0wfqifae&,l Muí rdrdwkdUtkyfcsKyfa&;,Eå,m;BuD;twGif;ü
0ifa&mufaqmif&GufaeMu&onfh olrsm;udk vrf;rBuD;ay:rS tzGJUvdkufcsDwufapvsuf
pifjrifhBuD;bufodkUvSnfhí t&dkdtaojyKoGm;ap /

33. 33
'gudk a&T0gjynfwdkif;oljynfom;wkdUu vma&mufMunfh&Iap&/ þodkUMunfh&Iap
jcif;jzifh a&T0gjynfom;wdkUu rdrdwkdUtm; cefUjim;&dkaovmvdrfhrnf[k
xifaomaMumifhvnf; þodkUt&dktaocHíjyjcif;jzpf/
okdUaomf a&T0gjynfom;wkdUu xdkolwkdUxifovdk tm;vkH;cefUjim;&dkaorI
jzpfvmjcif; r&SdbJ vGwfvyfa&; &wm[moif;wkdUaumif;pm;wmbJ[k
r&IpdrfhrIawGjzpfMu/
xdkolwkdU þvdkt&dktaocHaerIudk awGUMuaomaMumifh tm;usvmvsuf rdrdwkdU
vnf; aemifwBudrfwGif xdkolwkdUuJUodkU t&dktaocHvlwef;pm;rsKd;awG jzpfavatmif
tkyfcsKyfa&;tmPm vuf0,f&&Sdavatmif taMumif;&SdvmvQif
vGwfvyfa&;wdkufyGJBuD;udk a&SUqkH;u0ifEGJrnf[laompdwfrsKd; ray:aygufMu/
taMumif;rl vGwfvyfa&;wdkufyGJ qifETJaeMupOfu rdrdwkdUESifhtwl
ykef;atmif;ajy; vTm;t&ufrl;aeMuaom vltcsKdUudk
xdkpifjrifhay:üawGUae&aomaMumifhjzpf/
xdkolwkdUonf vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;p pyful; rwful;tcsdefwGif...
tkyfcsKyfa&;tmPm&&SdaeMuaom olwkdUudkaxmufcHtm;ay;aeMujcif;
tvdkawmf Muvdkufvkyfay;Mujcif;paom bufawmfom;rsm;tjzpf
0ifa&mufaqmif&Gufay;cJUMuaom aMumifh....
wajz;ajz;tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJUBuD;xJokdU a&mufoGm;Muum ,ckxdkpifjrifhBuD;ay:ü
tcefUom;awGUaeMu&jcif; jzpf/
xdkUaMumifhtcsKdUwkdUuvnf; tkyfcsKyfa&;tmPm &&SdolwkdUudkupfvsuf bmrqdk
tvdkawmfusvdkufvkyfay;vsif igwkdUvnf; þpifjrifhBuD;ay:rS tcefUom;
t&dktaocHEdkif Muaom vlwa,mufjzpfvmEdkifonf[k awG;awmtm;usvmMu/
a&T0gjynftkyfcsKyfa&;pepfu þvdkawG;Edkif tm;usEdkifatmifvnf;
tcGifhta&; ay;xm;/ þvdktm;Muvmukefaom olwkdUonf rdrddukdaxmufcHrnfh
vltiftm;udk &Edkif aomenf;ESifharG;vsuf tkyfcsKyfa&;twGif;wGif
&SdaeonfhtzGJUtpnf;wckckjzifhyl;aygif;í rnfolUaemufu vltiftm;rsm;onf[k
tjcm;tzGJUwkdUESifh av;ESpfwpfBudrf rJcsif;NydKifvsuf tEdkif,lNyD;vQif
tkyfcsKyfa&;tmPm&&SdNyD; þpifjrifhay:odkUwufí t&dktaocH,lEdkifaom tcGifhtvrf;
a&T0gjynftkyfcsKyfa&;pepfü&Sd/
xdkUaMumifh vGwfvyfa&; t&omudk NrJprf;vdkMuaom a&T0gjynfom;wkdUonf
þtwdkif;jyKvkyfvmukefMu/
&Jabmfiqdk;xufcdkifonf tawmfESvkH;pdwf0rf; rcsrf;rajrUjzpfae/ þvdkjzpfrS
vGwfvyfa&;tusKd;cHpm;&onf[k xifaeMujcif;udk rausreyfjzpfae/ þrQpdwfxm;
EkHeJUaom rdrdwkdUa&T0gjynfol jynfom;rsm;udkMunfhvsuf tvdkvdkpdwfaygufae/
&Jabmfiqdk;xufcdkifonf rdrda&SUwGifvIyfvIyf&G&Tjrifae&aom
a&T0gjynfoljynfom; wkdUudk a'gopdwfjzifh ndrfoufMunfh/ rsufESmwckvkH;
npfykyfykyfjzpfae/ rsufvkH;awGjym a0vm/

34. 34
AdkvfrSL;ixufrsufonf &Snfvsm;aom vufwefBuD;udk a0SU&rf;vsuf
pdwfvufaygh yg;pGm jrpfqdyfodkUqif;vmonf/
aEGOD;av&l;onf jrpfqdyfü wjzL;jzL;wdkufae/ qdyfurf;wGif&Sdaom 0g;&kHyif
oHowfyif vrkyif BuD;i,fwkdUonf avtvmwGiftNydKiftqdkif z&dkz&JujyaeMu/
jrpfqdyfwHwm;ücsnfxm;aom ig;q,fygorÁefi,fu urf;xdyfrS uçjyaeMuaom
opfyif wkdUuçBudk;udk acgif;ndwfpnf;vdkufaeonf/
orÁefOD;zkH;ay:wGif AdkvfrSL; ivkH;nDESifhiqdk;xufcdkifwkdUxdkifaeMu/
AdkvfrSL;ivkH;nDonf iSufuav;rsm;atmfouJUokdU avcRefae/
&Jabmfiqdk;xuf url pnf;rus 0g;rus tcspfoDcsif;wyk'fudk wdk;wdk;qdkaeonf/
orÁefi,fonf olwkdUudk aemfhcgaemhfcg pnf;vdkufNrJvdkuf/
olwdkUudk,fawGrSmorÁefOD;ay:ü a&SUxdk;aemufiifvIyf &rf;aeMuonf/
]a[;vlawG tr,fZdrfusaevdkufMuwm
usKyfjzifhb,faysmufoGm;MuvJvdkU....}
urf;ay:rSwHwm;rSavQmufvmaom AdkvfrSL;ixufrsufu
vSrf;atmfvdkufjcif;jzpf / xdkUaemufwHwm;ay:rSaeí orÁefay:odkU
avQmqif;vdkufonf/ orÁefOD;onf a&xJü rvIyf&rf;0efUawmhbJ ysyf0yfvsuf
yJUaxmifvm/ AdkvfrSL;ixufrsufonf t&yf&Snfoljzpf av&m vlydefaomfvnf;
olUt&dk;um;av;vS/
xdkUaemuf okH;a,mufom;orÁefOD;ü pkNyKHxdkifaeMuaomaMumifh axmifaeaom
orÁefyJUonf wjzwfjzwf &dkufcwfaeonfh vIdif;ajy;uav;aMumifh vIyfcgaeonf/
&Jabmfiqdk;xufcdkif tcspfoDcsif;vnf; &yfoGm;onf/ AdkvfrSL;ivkH;nD
iSufuav;awG atmfovdk avcRefoHvnf;&yfoGm;onf/ okH;a,mufom;
wdwfqdwfae Mu/ urf;xdyf&SdopfyifwkdUonf uNrJuçaeMu/ orÁefi,furl
acgif;Nidrfhípnf;rvdkuf Edkifawmh? yJUpifudk&rf;cgvsuf yifv,fuRef;olvdkjrL;/
0g;&kHyifESifhopf&GufwkdUudk avwdkuf aomtoHonf qlnHvsuf
wdwfqdwfouJUokdUxif/
&Jabmfiqdk;xufcdkifwdkU okH;a,mufom;vkH; jzL;jzL;wdkufaomavwGif
opf&Gufcsif; &dkufcwfaom toHudkem;pdkufaeMu/ uGrf;oD;awmBuD;qDrS av;wGJUwGJU
usL;&ifhvdkufaom OMozdktoHonf qdyfurf;wckvkH;udkydkí
MunfEl;atmifjyKay;bdodkU&Sd/
AdkvfrSL;xufrsufonf &Snfvsm;aom ajcwHvufwHBuD;udk orÁefOD;zkH;ay:ü
oufawmifhoufom ypfykHícs/ rsufESmonfaumif;uifodkUarmh/ ab;odkU um;qefU
xm;aomvufwef;BuD;ESpfacsmif;onf Oau©mif;udko,fydk;xm;&aom ykckH;us,fBuD;tm;
usm;uefay;xm;bdodkU&Sd/ jymaomaumif;uifwGif *Grf;ykHBuD;ESifhwlaom
wdrfqkyfBuD;rsm; vGifhaeMu/

35. 35
]usKyfawmhAsm wu,fvdkU raobJusefaetkH;r,fqdk&if at;at;aq;aq;
pmbwf aer,f....}
rsufESmudkaumif;uifodkUarmf&if; rvIyf&Sm;bJajymvdkufjcif;jzpf/
]usKyfuawmhopfyifpdkufr,fAs? yifv,fxJu uRef;uav;wuRef;uRef;rSm
oGm;yD; at;at;csrf;csrf;wa,mufxJ opfyifpdkufaer,f arG;jrLa&;vJvkyfr,f....}
AdkvfrSL;ivkH;nDqE´jzpfonf? xdkUaemufwdwfqdwfoGm;?
&Jabmfiqdk;xufcdkifqD u rnfonfhtoHrQxGufrvm/
AdkvfrSL;ESpfa,mufwdkU rausreyfjzpfae[ef&Sd/
þokH;a,mufwkdUonf vuf&Sdtqifhtwef;csif;rwlaomfvnf; wOD;ESifhwOD;
av;pm;aom &if;ESD;aomcspfcifaom tcsif;csif;&Jabmfpdwfjyif;xefaom twlvkyfaz:
vkyfbufjzpf/
a&T0gjynfBuD; olUuReftjzpfrS vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf usKd;yrf;Mu&mü
wOD;xuf wOD; rausmfvGefaom t&nfwl &Jabmf&Jbufjzpf/ tcsif;csif;awGUqkH
cifrifMu&onf vnf; þa&T0gjynfBuD;vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf
vufeufudkifwdkufcdkuf&ef a&T0gjynfvli,f uav;rsm; wdwfwqdwf
pwifpnf;&kH;pka0;MupOfuwnf;ujzpf/
okdUaomf....&Jabmfiqdk;xufcdkifonf a&T0gjynfom;
vlqef;wpfa,mufjzpf/ olonfpnf;urf;twGif;ü aeEdkifpGrf;&Sdolr[kwf/
okdUaomfpnf;urf;csufr&SdygrS okdUr[kwfpnf;urf;csuftjyifbufrSaeí
pnf;urf; udktvdkvdk apmifhxdef;wwfoljzpf/
xdkUaMumifh &Jabmfiqdk;xufcdkifonf a&T0gjynf vGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmfom;
wa,muf r[kwfcJU? okdU&mwGifolonf a&T0gjynfajrEkuRef;ay:t&yf&Sd
a&T0gaysmufusm; wyfzGJUom;tm;vkH;wkdU acgif;aqmifjzpf/
xdktcsdefu AdkvfrSL;ixufrsufESifh AdkvfrSL;ivkH;nDwdkUonf urÇmhppfMurf;tpdk;&
vufatmufü w&m;0ifppfAdkvfBuD;rsm;tjzpf ta,mifaqmifMu&if;
a&T0gjynfvGwfvyf a&;udk usKd;yrf;vsuf&SdaeMupOf &Jabmfiqdk;xufcdkifurl
rdrdajymufusm;wyfom;ausmfwdkU jzifh urÇmhppfMurf;tpdk;&udk
cyfajymifajymifwdkufcdkufvmcJUí 2 ESpfjynfhvkvktcsdefüjzpf/
AdkvfrSL;ESpfa,mufwkdUonf tjcm;&Jabmf &JbufwkdUESifhtwl a&T0gjynfvGwf
ajrmufa&;twGuf rnfodkUaom enf;y&d,m,fwkdUjzifh wdkufcdkufvQifoifhawmfrnf[k
aqG;aEG;qkH;jzwf&efESifh olUudk,fol &Jabmf[kemrnfwyfxm;aom vkyfaz:vkyfbuf
iqdk; xufcdkifudk vufeufcJ,rf;wkdU jznfhwif;ay;&ef? þiqdk;xufcdkif
aysmufusm;pcrf;odkU wdwfwqdwfa&muf&SdaeMujcif;jzpf/
&Jabmf&JbufpdwfESifh rdrdwdkUcspfcifcJUMuaom iqdk;xufcdkifonfae&mwdkif;vdkvdk
rdrdwdkUuJUodkU vlawG;rawG;bJ zDvmqefUusif awG;wwfoltrsm;ESifhrwlol
uefUvefUorm; [kAdkvfrSL;ESpfa,mufwkdUuxifMu/

36. 36
xdkUaMumifh rdrdwdkUudk taxmuftulray;bJ wdwfwdwfqdwfqdwf&Sdaeaom
iqdk;xufcdkifudk ,drf;wdkufxm;ouJUodkU NydKifwlvSnfhMunfhvdkuf/
]cifAsm;aum.....}
&Jabmfiqdk;xufcdkifu ajrUajrUrQNyKH;/ xdkUaemuftoHrxGufyJ acgif;udkajz;ajz;
&rf;cg/ AdkvfrSL;ESpfOD;wkdUu rauseyfMu/
]cifAsm;tbBuD;rSbJ vlqdkwm &nf&G,fcsuf&Sd&w,fAs}
]udk,fhvltvum;vlyg olutifrwefpnf;ysuf urf;ysufaecsifwJUvl
b,fawmhrS BudKwifowfrSwfxm;wJU twdkif;vdkufemEdkifr,fh vlrsKd;r[kwfygbl;}
þrQru ESpfa,mufom;wa,mufwayguf ajymMu/ ar;Mu/ Budrf;Mu/
AdkvfrSL;ESpfa,mufvkH; &Jabmfiqdk;xufcdkifESifh qkHpnf;&wdkif; þodkUtEdkifusifh& twif;
tMuyfjyKvkyfar;jref;&onfudk aysmf/ t&omwckjzpf/ wenf;tm;jzifh
rdrdwdkU&Jabmf udk vlvdkawG;wwfatmif
rdrdwkdUutwif;tMuyf0dkif;0ef;jyKjyifay;aeMuonf/ aumif;rI
ukodkvfwckjyKvkyfaeMuonf[k xifrSwfMu/
]uJ....ajymprf;....cifAsm; bmhaMumifh vlwa,mufvdk? aemufNyD;&if
bmawGquf vkyfr,fvdkU tpDtpOfr&Sdcsif&wmvJ....}
]tvum;ygAsm 'Dvlua&T0gjynfBuD;vGwfvyfNyD;&if iga&T0gjynfvGwfvyfatmif
vkyfwkef;u ygwJUtaumifuGqdkNyD; &mxl;awGbmawG0if,lbdkUpdwful;aewmyg....}
þonfudkawmh iqdk;xufcdkifrcHr&yfEdkif iqdk;xufcdkifrsufESmonf csmueJ
AdkvfrSL;xufrsufbufodkU a&mufoGm;/ AkdvfrSL;xufrsufuvnf; iqdk;xufcdkifudk
rsufESm&JoGm;atmif jyKvkyfEdkifvdkufojzifh 0rf;ompdwfESifhMunfh/ xdktMunfhudkjrif&rS
iqdk;xufcdkif ysufaeaomrsufESmu jyefaumif;vm/
][mAsm....'DvdkawmhrajymMueJUAsm/ cifAsm;wkdUwrif0dkif;ajymaerSef;od&ufeJUudk
em;axmifvkdUr&bl;....}
][kkwfw,f cifAsm;'DvdkawG;aerSmbJ/ 'gaMumifhuRefawmfwkdUudk
zGifhrajym0HUwmaygh/ EdkUrIwf&ifajymrSm uRefawmfvJtckrS pOf;pm;rdw,f.....}
AdkvfrSL;ivkH;nDu AdkvfrSL;ixufrsuf xda&mufaompum;udk
0ifpGufaxmufcH/ xdkUaemufESpfa,mufom; twdkif;0dkif;ar;Mu/
Mumaomfiqdk;xufcdkifupdwfr&SnfpGmjzifh AdkvfrSL;ESpfa,mufrsufESmudk armfMunfhonf/
]rkwfygbl; usaemfwkdUu bmawGBudKwifawG;awmbdkUvdkao;vJ?
tm;vkH;aoukef Mu&rSmbJrIwfvm;/
cifAsm;tbBuD;rSbJ 'DvdkawmfvSefa&;vkyforQ vlawGtm;vkH;
tukefbJaoukefMu &awmhrSmvm;? cifAsm;awmfawmf tajrSmftjrif&SdwJUvl/
]b,fheJUrao&rSmvJAs? usaemfu cifAsm;wkdUvdk uHorm;r[kwfzl;?
rD;cJudkif&ifylr,f? "g;eJUxdk;&ifaygufr,f? bdeyfcRwfyD; ql;ykHay:eif;&if pl;r,f'gbJ?
cifAsm;pOf;pm;Munfhygvm; vufeuftiftm; vltiftm; ppfoufb,fvdkrSrwlEdkifwJU
urÇmhxdyfwef;vuf,mpGef;eJU vuf0JpGef;EdkifiHBuD;ESpfckudk wckNyD;wckqufwdkufaevdkU

37. 37
usaemfwdkUaorukefMubl;qdk&if tJ'DvlnmwmAs? wu,fwdkufrJUvludkr[kwfzl;/
tJ'Dawmhusaemhf tbdkUbmrSawG;awm aebdkUrvdkbl;? 'DwdkufyGJBuD;NyD;wJUaemuf
usaemfvJ&SdrSmr[kwfzl;/
]wu,fvdkU&Sd&ifaumAsm...}
]&Sdudkr&Sd&bl;As &Sd&ifvlnmbJ....}
okdUaomf &Jabmfiqdk;xufcdkifESifhwuG AdkvfrSL;ESpfa,muf tygt0if &SnfjrifhpGm
aygif;oif;vmcJU&aom &Jabmf&JbufokH;a,mufvkH; raocJUMuyg/
]a[;...vl.....cifAsm;raobl;aemf bmvJcifAsm;vlnmbJ.....}
ta&;awmfykHacwå&yfem;csdefü uGJuGmae&onfh cspf&JabmfwdkU awGUvQifawGUjcif;
EIwfqufvdkufMuaompum;jzpf/
avjzL;jzL;vmonfh om,maomjrpfqdyfü
tcsif;csif;trSwfrxifaemufajymif&ef pvmcJUMuonfudk rarhMu/
xdkaemufajymif&efp&mrS xGufvmaomtawG;tac:av;wpfckonf &Jabmf
&JbufokH;a,mufvkH; ESvkH;om;üepfjrKyfpGJ0ifaeMu/ xdkUaMumifh
AdkvfrSL;xufrsufonf &Jabmfiqdk;xufcdkifudkawGUvQifawGUjcif;
þokdUþES,f&efpvdkufjcif;jzpf/
][kwfw,fAsm....usaemf vlnmjzpfrSmbmvJ? tokH;rusbl;Asm? usaemf
udk,fhudk,fudk awmfawmfpdwfqdk;aew,fAs? usaemfvlnHU? usaemfaMumufwwfw,f?
wdkufyGJawGawGUwdkif; rwdkufawmhr&Sdbl;ayghAsm? 'gayrJUudk,fhudk,fudk raoatmif
wdkufaew,f? b,fawmh ESdyfrwkH;? usaemfrpGefygbl;}
&Jabmfiqdk;xufcdkifu wu,fpdwfxdcdkufpGmESifh ajymvdkufjcif;jzpf/
rsufESmavoH ESifh vIyf&Sm;rIwkdUudk jrif&jcif;jzifh þtwdkif;pdwfxdcdkufvmonfrSm
&uftawmfMumNyD[k cefUrSef;Edkif/
][m....cifAsm;[mt&l;bJAs? ppfwdkufygw,fqdkrS b,fppfom;u
udk,fhudk,fudk udk,faoatmifwdkufrvJ? wbufutaumifawGrsm;rsm;aoNyD;
udk,f&Sifusefaeatmif wdkufMurSmayghAs? cifAsm;wdkufyGJwckckjzpfr,fqdk&if rwdkufbJeJU
a&SmifvmcJUbl;vdkUvm;....}
&Jabmfiqdk;xufcdkifonf AdkvfrSL;xufrsuf rsufESmudkai;aMumifaMumifMunfh
vsuf acgif;Nidwf/ aemufrSa&mufvmí xdktar;tajzudkbmrQ rodvdkuf&aom
AdkvfrSL;ivkH;nDu vSrf;atmf/
]bmhvJAsKdU bmvJAsKdU 'DvlbmawGxyfnmaewmwkH; olajymwmbJrIwfvm;
raobJ usefae,ifvlnmqdkwm tckolraobJ usefw,f}
teD;odkUa&mufonfESifh AdkvfrSL; ixufrsufu AdkvfrSL;ivkH;nDbufokdUvSnfhvsuf
iqdk;xufcdkif cHpm;ae&csufudk&Sif;jy/ xdkUaemuf r,kHMunfEdkifaom rsufESmjzifh
iqdk;xufcdkifbufodkUvSnfh/
]aeygtkH;...cifAsm; wu,fhudkwdkufyGJawGbmawG awGUr,fqdk,if
a&SmifcJUbl;ovm;}

38. 38
acgif;idkufpdkufESifh awGa0vsuf&Sdaom iqdk;xufcdkifu yifhoufESifhtwl rsufvTm
ryifhbJ acgif;Nidwf/
AdkvfrSL;ESpfa,mufvkH; pdwfxdcdkufukefMu ]pdwf"mwfwuf<uvGef;vSaom
&Jabmf &Jbufwa,mufonf þrQaoG;aMumif nHUzsif;cJUygonf[k
0efcHaeaomaMumifh ,lBuKH;r& jzpfaeMu/
b,fvdkjzpfNyD;a&SmifcJUwmwkH;? b,fwdkufyGJawGrSma&SmifcJUwmwkH;/
iqdk;xufcdkifonf BuD;pGmaemifw&ae[ef rsufESmjzifh jznf;nSif;pGmacgif;armh/
xdkUaemuf AdkvfrSL;ESpfa,mufbufodkU rMunfhbJ a&SUwnfhwnfhodkUai;pdkufNidrfouf/
ta&;awmfykHwavQmufvkH;ygbJAsm..... wu,fawmh
usaemf[maoG;aMumifNyD; ao&rSmaMumufaewmygbJ? usaemfhajymufMum;awGeJU
usaemf[m udk,fuEdkifavmufr,fh yGJrsKd;udkrSa&G;wdkufw,f? udk,furEdkifavmuf&if
eJeJyg;yg;taESmuft,Sufay;NyD;? udk,fhvl awGa&m udk,fa&mraoatmif
a&Smifa&Smifajy;wmcsnf;bJ? udk,fhbufuvlawG aoukef r,fh wdkufyGJrsKd;qdk&if
b,fawmhrS....}
cifAsm;tbBuD;? cifAsm;tbBuD; awmfawmfaomufokH;ruswJUvl?
'Dvlawmfawmf tlw,f/ ppfwdkufygw,fqdkrS
udk,fhudk,fudkaoatmifwdkufwmrSr[kwfbJ/ Edkifatmifwdkuf wmAs/ ajymufusm;qdkwm
tNyD;owftEdkift&SLH;udk tqkH;tjzwfay;EdkifatmifwdkufwJU wdkufyGJrsKd;r[kwfzl;qdkwm
cifAsm;bJajymufusm;wdkufenf;pmtkyfawG a&;cJUw,frIwfvm;}
tJ'gem;rvnfcifwkef;ua&;wm tJ'Dvdka&;wmudku usaemfhrSm rpGefU0HUbl;/
aMumufwJUoabm ygaew,f? ajymufusm;qdkwm[m axmufyHUa&;wyfwkdU o,f,lydkU
aqmifa&;wyfwdkUr&SdwJUtwGuf tvG,fwula&SmifEdkif&Sm;Edkif?
0ifa&mufwdkufcdkufEdkifatmif okH;a,mifig;a,mufq,fhig;a,mufxufrydk&bl;?
wbufwyfrBuD;awG&JU vufeuf&du©m pdwf"mwfwdkUudkysufpD;atmif
zsufqD;aESmuf,Sufa&;wyfoufoufjzpfw,f/...
tifrwefaocsmavmufwJU tcsdefeJUae&mrsKd;udk wGufom;rdrS
Edkifavmufw,fvdkU vJ wdusaocsmrS jyefUaewJUajymufusm;wyfzGJUawGtm;vkH;udk
tcsdef;tcsufay;NyD; wbuf uwyfBuD;xuf BuD;us,faomwyfzGJUBuD;udk jzpfapvsuf
tNyD;tydkifajcrIef;wdkufcdkufEdkifcGifh &Sdw,fqdkwmawG[m r[kwfbl;?
wckrSr[kwfawmhbl;? tJ'DpmawG a&;uwnf;u usaemf [maMumufvdkU
t'DtBuHrsKd;avmuf&wm....
wu,fawmhtJ'Dvdkr[kwfbl; ajymufusm;acgif;aqmifqdkwJU vlawG[m
tJ'gawG wwf&rJUtjyif wu,fht&nftcsif; tbufbufujynfh0wJUvlrsKd;jzpf&r,f?
wyfcGJvdkuf wyf&if;vdkufudk &efolrodatmif wae&muwae&mudk
tjrefqkH;a&TUajymif;o,faqmif oGm;EdkifwJUt&nftcsif;&Sd&r,f? &du©mb,fvdk&Smay;yg?
wyfudkb,fvdka&TUay;ygvdkU udk,fhbufu ppfXmecsKyfudkwdwdusus
nTefMum;tBuHOmPfay;EdkifwJU t&nftcsif;&Sd&r,f? yD;awmhwbufu

39. 39
wyfawG&JUtcsuftcsmawGudk rajrSmfvifhbJ wdkufyGJBuD;awGqifNyD; tNyD; owfatmif
ajcrIef;wdkufcdkuf? aemuf'Dae&mu csufjcif;aysmufoGm;? tJ'DvdkwdkufEdkifrS
wu,fhaysmufusm;As...tckawmhAsKdU...}
]cifAsm;tb? cifAsm;tb? cifAsm;tbBuD;tJ'Dvdkjzpfvdrfhr,f?
tJ'DvdkjzpfzdkUtwGuf tcka&T0gjynfBuD;vGwfvyfa&;&w,fxm;tkH;?
tJ'DvdkvGwfvyfa&;&NyD; tESpfESpfq,fMum wmawmif tJ'DwyfrsKd;rjzpfao;bl;?
vufeufudkzefwD;ay;Edkifw,fxm; &du©maxmufyHUEdkif w,fxm;/ o,f,lydkUaqmif;a&;
vdkovdkvkyfay;Edkifw,fxm;? usKyfwdkUtpdk;&&JU A[dkwyf rawmfXmecsKyfu tJ'gawG
vkyfay;Edkifw,fxm;/ usKyfwdkUrjzpfEdkifao;bl;/ 'DrSmudk,fhvl
tJ'DwyfrsKd;wckjzpfbdkUtwGuf wyfxJrSm OD;aqmif&rJUtMuyfu AdkvfrSL;txdppfAdkvf
ppfom;awG jynfhpkHatmifarG;,lbdkUb,favmufcJcJ,Of;,Of; a&G;cs,f&w,fqdkwm
cifAsm; em;rvnfbl;? olwkdUudk&bdkUtwGuf vlESpfq,fokH;q,favmufrSmrS
wa,mufavmuf &atmif tawmfa&G;xkwf,l&wm? yD;awmhtJ'Da&G;xkwfxm;wJU
vlawG&JUtoufuvJ q,fhav;ESpf q,fhig;ESpfavmuf&SdwJU vli,fuav;awG
aemufyD;awmh olwkdUwyfxJrSm q,fESpfq,fhESpfESpfavmuf tjyif;avhusifhay;?
uJ...tJ'Dvdkvkyf,l&wJU wyfzGJUBuD;rsKd;udk cifAsm;tbBuD;
cifAsm;zGJUvdkU&vdrfhr,f....'DrSmudk,fhvl tJ'gu tckppfBuD;wGif;rSmrS pçay:
vmwJUwyfrsKd;? urÇmay:rSmtckrS EdkifiHBuD;okH;EdkifiHavmuf prf;oyfzGJUxm;Edkifao;wm
odvm;}
&Jabmfiqdk;xufcdkifonf bmrQjyefrajymaomfvnf; rodromacgif;&rf;ae/
rsufESmüvnf; rauseyfaom toGiftjyifay:ae/ AdkvfrSL;xufrsufu &Jabmf
iqdk;xufcdkifpdwfxdcdkufaeonfudkod/
uJygav-'gawGvGefcJUMuygNyD? 'DvdkvGefvmNyD;cJUwJUudpöxJrSm
igrao&aumif;vm; qdkwJU &l;aMumifaMumiftawG;rsKd;vJ awG;raecsifprf;ygeJU?
cifAsm;em;vnfxm;bkdUu ppfqdkwmao&atmifwdkufwmrIwfzl;? Edkif&atmifwdkufwm
udk,fhudk,fudkaocsif&kHeJUawmh 'gavmuftyifyef;cHNyD; ppfwdkufaebdkUrvdkygbl;?
'Dtwdkif;owfaoypfvdkufvJ&w,f? 'gbJ? tJ'Dawmh cifAsm;&JU tawG;tac:awG[m
eJeJaMumifaew,f aq;pm;tkH;/
okH;a,mufom;awGUonfESifh xkH;pHtwdkif; &Jabmfiqdk;xufcdkifESifh jiif;MuckefMu
onf/ &Jabmfiqdk;xufcdkifudk rcHcsifatmifajymMuonf/ þodkUvQif
awmfawmfESifhpum; aumif;odkUra&mufbJ qlqlnHjzpfaeMu/
xdkUaemufrS ,ckrdrdwdkUqufvufvkyfMu&rnfh vkyfief;taMumif;udk aqG;aEG;Mu
onf/ vlxkBuD;w&yfvkH;u ppf'Pfudkqufvuf rcHEdkifMuawmhbJ
NiD;aiGUvmMuNyDjzpfaom aMumifh vufeufudkifwdkufyGJudk acwå&yfqdkif;NyD;vQif
a&T0gjynfwckvkH;udk jyefvnfpnf;&kH; &effvlxkudk tkH<uatmifvIHUaqmfí
EdkifiHjcm;om;wdkUqufvuftkyfcsKyfrIudk rauseyfaMumif; qE´jyoydwfarSmuf&ef

40. 40
xdkokdUr&ygrS rdrdwkdUtajctae rdrdwkdUESifhwdkufyGJqif&rnfh wbuf u&efoltajctae?
urÇmhtajctaewkdUudk csifhcsdefvsuf vufeufudkifpGJ&ef ponfwkdUudk wdkifyifMu/
xdkokdUwdkifyifMuNyD;aemuf xkH;pHtwdkif; azmufvmMujyef/ AdkvfrSL;ivkH;nDu
vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;vQif bmvkyfrvJ[k&Jabmfiqdk;xufcdkifudkar;/ ,ckwBudrfawmh
&Jabmf iqdk;xufcdkifujyefajzonf/
a&T0gjynfBuD; vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;&if usaemft&yfom;vkyfr,f/ tckwm0ef&Sd&SdeJU
£ajE´odu©mBuD;awGvkyfae&orQ tJ[dktcsdefrSm &dk;&dk;a&T0gjynft&yfom;
atmufwef;pm; wa,mufvdk rl;r,f &rf;r,f vGwfvGwfvyfvyfaer,f? udk,fh0rf;pm
udk&Smpm;r,f? usaemf 0goemygwJUxrif;iwfwwfwJU yef;csDa&;wJUtvkyfwkdU
pma&;wJUtvkyfwkdU vkyfpm;r,f? cifAsm;wkdUeJUtaygif;toif;rvkyfawmhbl;}uJ/
tJ'gvlaygpDrHudef;ayghAs? cifAsm;ajymwJUtxJrSm....bmwdk;wufrIygovJ?
wdkif;jynf twGuf vlrsKd;twGufbm&SdovJ? a[musKyfwkdUu opfyifpdkufr,f
arG;jrLa&;vkyfr,f? teJqkH;Asm awmifay:om;awG? ukef;jrifhom;awG &Sd&mudkoGm;NyD;
olwkdUudkzGHUNzdK;atmifvkyf r,f? aq;ukay;r,f...uJcifAsm;eJUruGmvm;/
][kwfwmayghAsm uGmwmaygh...cifAsm;wkdUESpfa,mufu wu,fhvlawmfwu,fh
rsKd;cspfyk*¾dKvfBuD;awGbJ? usaemfuolvdkigvdkvlrsKd;xJu vlwa,mufyJ/
usaemftJ'grsKd;awG vkyfay;Edkifvdrfhr,fvdkU b,fwkef;urS usaemfhudk,fusaemfrxifbl;/
,ckwcsDürcHcsifatmif pçvmMuaom AdkvfrSL;ESpfa,mufwkdU
rcHr&yfEdkifjzpfoGm;Mu / jyefacsí rNyD;EdkifbJ&SdoGm;Mu/ þvdkESifhvlcsif;uGJMujyefum
rdrdwkdUwm0eftoD;oD;udk rdrdwdkUaqmif&GufMujyef/
pnf;&kH;Mu vIHUaqmfMu qE´jyMu &mZoHay;Mu ajcvGefvufvGefjzpfMuNyD;onfh
aemuf a&T0gjynfBuD;udk wESpftwGif; vGwfvyfa&;ay;ygawmhrnf[k ab;MuyfeHMuyf
jzpfae&aom ukvm;jzLwkdUu uwdpmcsKyf csKyfMu&onf/ okdUaomf ravQmhao;bJ
aemufqkH;xdk;aom tjyif;qkH;vufoD;csuftjzpfESifh a&T0gjynfom;OD;aumufuspfudk
ukvm; jzLwkdUu ajrmufay;Mujyef/ a&T0gwjynfvkH; ausmfMum;aom
awmfvSefa&;acgif; aqmifwOD;wnfwefUudk,SOfNydKifwdkufcdkifapjyef/
þwGifab;&efxifjyif;aom a&T0gjynf vGwfvyfa&;wdkufyGJ
rkefwdkif;BuD;twGif; ü a&T0gjynfacgif;aqmif....OD;wnfwefUonf
a&T0gjynfom;OD;iaumufuspf vkyfBuH rIudkcHvdkuf&&Sm/
þowif;udkMum;odvdkufMu&aom a&T0gjynfol jynfom;wkdUonf
[,f...[laom toHudkjyKvsuf aoG;&l;aoG;wef;wkdUjzifh
tdrfa&SUvrf;rodkUajy;qif;Mu/ xdkUaemuf ]'dkU b,fES,fvkyfMurvJ}[laom
rsufESmrsKd;jzifh tcsif;csif;pdwfxdcdkufpGmMunfhMu/
wdkufyGJütcsdefjynfhyg0ifaeMu&aom a&T0gjynfom;awmfvSefa&;orm;wkdUurl
0dkif;vmonfhrsufa&udk ajcmufcrf;apvsuf wdkufyGJudkt&Sdefra&SmUap&eftwGuf
acgif;aqmifOD;wnfwefUae&mü odu©morm"d&Sdaom OD;uHay;udktpm;xdk;wifMu/
þwGifa&T0gjynfvli,fawmfvSefa&;orm;wkdUu raMureyfjzpfMuonf/

41. 41
a&T0gjynfvli,fawmfvSefa&;orm;wkdUonf vli,fNyDNyD uav;tawG;awG;í
uav;tjrifESifhqkH;jzwf/ xdkvli,fwkdUonf NyD;vGefcJUaomppfBuD;twGif;u
OD;uHay;udk vlaysmhvlnHUwa,muftjzpfESifhomjrifMu/ ,ckvdk wdkufyGJrsKd;ü
OD;uHay;udkwifvdkufjcif; onf ppfbk&ifupm;&mü ewf&kyfw&kyfxyfwifvdkuf&ouJUokdU
&Sdvdrhfrnf[kqdkMu/
vlBuD;ydkif;url ,ckvdkESvkH;&nfjzifh wdkufae&onfhtcsdefrsKd;ü OD;uHay;onf
OD;wnf wefUxufydkí oifhavQmfao;onf[k ,kHMunfaeMu/
,ckOD;uHay;jyKvkyf&rnfh tvkyfonf tqifoifhykHqGJNyD; ypönf;pkaqmif;NyD;
jzwfawmufNyD; pa&G;xGif;NyD;&Sdaeaom t&m0w¦KwdkUudk ykHwGifMunfhvsuf olUae&mESifhol
wyfqifí vGwfvyfa&; AdrmefBuD; jzpfay:vmatmif apckdif;ay;&kHrQjzpf/
xdkaqmif&GufcsufrsKd;twGuf pdwfjrefudk,fjref yk*¾dKvfwdkUxuf
OD;uHay;uydkrdkoifhawmfonf[k qdkMu/
xdktqdkudk vli,fydkif;trsm;pku vkH;0rBudKuf? a&T0gjynfvli,fydkif;onf rdrdwkdU
ppfbk&ifckHü t&kyfwck jyefwif&rnfhtwGuf ewf&kyfxuf ppfuJ&kyfudkom wifvdkMu/
xdkolwkdUtxJwGif &Jabmfiqdk;xufcdkifvnf;yg/ tmabmftwdkif;azmfjy&aomf...
]'D ixpfeJUawmh &SifjzpfbdkU cJ,Of;vScsnf...wJU....}
AdkvfrSL;xufrsufu &Jabmfiqdk;xufcdkifudk axmufcHNyD; AdkvfrSL;ivkH;nDurl
&Jabmf iqdk;xufcdkifwkdUESifhrwlay/
odkUaomf AdkvfrSL;ivkH;nD awG;xifcsufu ydkrSef/
&Jabmfiqdk;xufcdkifwkdUonf b,fvdkrSajrSmfvifh,kHMunfrIr&SdbJ
wu,fvGwfvyfa&;&Muawmhrnf[kodvmMu/ a&T0gjynfBuD;udk a&T0gjynfom;rsm;u
vGJajymif;,lí vGwfvyfaoma&T0gjynftjzpf urÇmodkU ausnmrnfhtcsdefyif
owif;pmxJüygvm/
&Jabmfiqdk;xufcdkifonf &ifwckHckHjzifhxdkowif;udkbwfae/ owif;pmbwfí
rqkH;rDüyif ppfAdkvfrSL;BuD;rsm;jzpfMuaom &Jabmfiqdk;xufcdkif rdwfaqGESpfa,mufwkdU
a&mufvm/
olwkdUonfwa,mufESifhwa,muf NAKH;ueJpum;rajymEdkifMubJ ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm
uJGuGmaeMuaom cspfoltcsif;csif; rajrSmfvifhbJawGUvdkufMu&bdodkU wa,mufrsufESm
wa,mufMunfhvsuf ai;pdkufaeMu/ olwkdUrsufESmonf NyKH;aeMu/
olwkdUrsufvkH; onf ta&mifawmufvsuf rsuf&nfrsm;&pf0JaeMu/
olwkdU&ifwGif;ü vIyf&Sm;aeMu/
twefMumatmif þodkUMuufaoaoovdk &SdMu&mrS &Jabmfiqdk;xufcdkifu
a&S;OD; pGmvIyf&Sm;vdkuf/
]vmAsm txJ0ifxdkifMuAsm? xrif;Murf;eJUyJjyKwfvJ&Sdw,f tqifoifhbJ? a[h
vbuf&nfMurf;,lcJUygawmh...}
&Jabmfiqdk;xufcdkifu wbufodkUvSnfhí vSrf;atmfvdkuf/ 0ifvmaom
AdkvfrSL; xufrsufwkdUu rxdkifMu? ae&mrSra&GUMu/

42. 42
]usKyfwdkUcifAsm;vmac:wm um;ygvmw,f vkyfAsm tusø0wf}
&Jabmfiqdk;xufcdkifonf rnfodkUrQ ar;jref;ppfaq;raebJ &Syftusø0wf&i;fqif;
vdkufoGm;/ okH;a,mufom;pum;wcGef;rQ rajymMubJ a&T0gjynf
&efEdkifaejynfawmf BuD;rS vrf;BuD;vrf;i,f toG,foG,fwkdUudk [dk0if'DxGuf
vrf;aphavmufatmif vSnfhywf armif;/
vrf;wavQmufvkH; udk,fhtawG;ESifhudk,f NidrfoufaeMu/
okH;a,mufom;vkH;wkdU &ifonf azmfrjyEdkifonfh vIyf&Sm;rIrsKd;jzifh vIyf&Sm;aeMu/
um;onf&efEdkifaejynfawmf qdyfurf;wae&müxdk;qdkuf&yf/ okH;a,muf
om;vkH;um;xJrS a&SUqifhaemufqifhxGufvm Mu/
&efEdkifaejynfawmfjrpfonf rD;cdk;rsm; jrLrsm;jzifh &Da0ae/
jrpfwGif;rSavonf urf;qDodkUwjzL;jzL;wdkufcwf/
]usaemfwkdU a&T0gjynfBuD;vGwfvyfNyDaemf....}
&Jabmfiqdk;xufckdifu vIyf&Sm;aomtoHjzifh csKyfcsKyfwD;wD;ajymvdkuf/ AdkvfrSL;
xufrsufu ]av;&ufaeUreufav;em&DavmufrSyg}[k 0ifaxmuf/
AdkvfrSL;ivkH;nDu bmrQrajymbJ &Jabmfiqdk;xufcdkifESifhAdkvfrSL;xufrsufwdkU
rsufESmudkMunfhíae/ okH;a,mufom;wkdU rsufvkH;ü tNyKH;ESifhtwl
rsuf&nfrsm;&pf0JaeMu/ 0rf;omMunfEl;rI onf&ifxJü
aqGUaqGUckHatmifvIyf&Sm;aeMu/
]at;Asm usaemfwkdUa&T0gjynfom;awGtaeeJU wm0efausMuNyD
'ku©at;oGm;yD.....}
&Jabmfiqdk;xufcdkifrsufvkH;xJrS rsuf&nfaygufawGvdrfhusvm/
toHuvnf;qdkU epfovdk0ifae/ iqdk;xufcdkifonf
rsuf&nfudkokwfvdkufNyD;aemufNyKH;/
]usaemfvJ aemufqdk,if usaemfr,m;orD;om;pkHeJUvGwfvGwfvyfvyfaeEdkifNyD;
bmwm0efrSr&Sdawmhbl;}
AdkvfrSL;ESpfa,mufu &Jabmfiqdk;xufcdkifudk NyKH;íMunhfMu&if;
rsuf&nfokwfvdkuf Mu/ xdkUaemufwa,mufujrpfbufodkU vufnTefvdkufonf/
][dk oabFmBuD;eJUjyefrSmbJ? usKyfwkdUa&T0gjynfrSm vmpdkufxm;wJU olwkdUtvHudk
tJ'D oabFmBuD;eJU olwdkUwdkif;jynfudk olwkdUjyef,loGm;MurSmbJ....}
okH;a,mufom;wkdU oabFmBuD;udk ai;armNidrfoufaeMu/
wufopfpaevkvif onf xdkolwkdUMunfhaeqJüyif jrLrIHa0ha0htay:rS oabFmBuD;udk
a&T&nfzsef;ay;/
zdwfusoGm;aom a&T&onf oabFmBuD;ab;jrpfxJodkU usa&mufcg
wjzwfjzwf vIyf&Sm;aeMuonfh vIdif;MuufcGyfuav;rsm;udk pdefem;uGyfay;xm;vdkuf/
xdkMunfarmbG,ftvSrS okH;a,mufvkH;owd&vmonfESifh yifhoufBuD;rsm;
NydKifwl rIwfxkwfvdkufMu/ avuav;wjzL;jzL;wGif uRef;urf;ezl;ü
touf&SL&onfyif ,ckrS t&omwrsKd;csnf;vdkjzpfae/

43. 43
'DuaeUreufcifAsm;wkdUudk usaemfwckckauR;rvdkU? 'gaMumifhwrifvdkufac:wm?
[dka&mufrS pm;&if;aomuf&if; pum;ajymMuaygh/
AdkvfrSL;ivkH;nDu um;&Sd&modkUvufjyvdkuf/ xdkUaemuf crf;em;aom qdkifwck
twGif;odUa&mufMuonf/
vlawGMunfh&onfrSm tm;vkH;NyKH;&TifopfvGifaeMu/ aps;a&mif;olwkdUudkMunfh&
onfrSmvnf; aysmfp&mBuD;jzpfae/ pm;bG,faomufbG,fwdkUuvnf;
t&om&SdvSygbd awmif;/ rdrdudk,fü0wfxm;onfht0wfyifvQif
,aeUrSydkíoufoufomom acsmifacsmif csdcsd &SdaeMu/ vlcsif;awGUwdkif;
wa,mufESifhwa,muf rcHcsifatmifajymavh pavh&SdMu aom xdkokH;a,mufwkdUonf
xdkaeUtbdkU wOD;ESifhwOD; &efpbdkUyifowdr&Muawmh/ okH;a,mufvkH; 0rf;ajrmufrIjzifh
rl;,pfaeMu/ NrdKUbk&m;yGJodkU awm&GmrS wufvmonfh olrsm;yrm
xdkaeUwaeUvkH;tcsdefukefrS tdrfjyefa&mufMu/
&Jabmfiqdk;xufcdkifonf yifhoufudk rIwfxkwf/ xdkUaemuf
rdrdwa,mufwnf; NyKH;aerdonfudkowd&/ vGefcJUonfhtwdwfonf
&Jabmfiqdk;xufcdkifudk cPwmNyKH;ap Edkif/
rdrdwdkUonf a&T0gjynfBuD;udk trsm;enf;wl udk,fwdkifwdkufcdkufcJU,kHomru
a&T0g jynfBuD; vGwfvyfawmhrnf[kod&aomtcg rsuf&nfvnfatmif
pdwfvIyf&Sm;0rf;omcJUbl; / &ifüxdwfxdwfzdkvsuf wrsKd;wzkHcsnf;jzpfcJUbl;yg/
,ckrdrdawGUBuKHaeMu&aom a&T0gjynfoljynfom;wkdUum;...
5/
aeUq,fem&DcefU&SdavNyD/
iqdk;xufcdkifonf yef;csDq&m OD;ixifjrifh tdrfcef;usOf;uav;odkU eHeuf7-
em&D cGJcefUuwnf;u a&muf&Sdpum;ajymae&m ,cktxd tjrifrjywfMuao;/
trSefrSm iqdk;xufcdkifu em;axmiform; yef;csDq&m OD;ixifjrifhu
tajymorm;?
,cktcsdefü iqdk;xufcdkifonfeHeufpm eHeuf? npmn &SmazGpm;aomufae&/
rdrdwwfajrmufaomyef;csD'DZdkif;a&;qGJ&onfhtvkyfrsKd;udk &wvSnfh?
r&wvSnfh&SmazGvkyf udkif/
rmeBuD;oljzpfapumrl tcgaygif;rsm;pGm rdrdESifhwdkufcJUcdkufcJUbl;aom&Jabmf
&Jbuf wkdU twif;tMuyfay;urf;axmufyHUrIudk vufcHvdkuf&onfhtBudrfrsm;&Sd/
pifppfiqdk;xufcdkifonf tcgaygif;rsm;pGm xrif;&ufcsef a&&ufrSefESifh
aecJUonf csnf;jzpf/ rdrdomvQifr[kwfrdrdr,m; tdkxufvSudkvnf;
þtwdkif;aeap/ orD;i,f tdkjzLvGudkvnf; þtwdkif;iwfap/

44. 44
iqdk;xufcdkifwdkUtdrfodkU vma&mufvnfywfMuaom todrdwfaqGwdkUonf
iqdk;xufcdkif tajctaeudk tuJcwfrdMuaomtcg a&SUOD;pGmiqdk;xufcdkifudk
tvkyfwckvkyf&ef wdkufwGef;Mu/ tvkyfrvkyfavaumif;vm;[k tjypfwifMu/
usaemf tvkyfvkyfaewmbJrIwfvm;? usaemfvkyfwwfwJUtvkyfeJU
usaemfxrif; pm;bdkUtwGuf aeUwdkif;&SmaewmbJ? 'ghxufb,fheJUvkyf&tkH;rwkH;/
iqdk;xufcdkifaygif;a[mif; oif;a[mif;rdwfaqGwdkUu iqdk;xufcdkifudk tvGef
xlaomxdkif;aom vltçvltewa,muftaejzifh MunfhMu/ tawmfnHUaomvl
wa,muf[k rSwfcsufcsMu/
]cifAsm;awmfawmfa&SmfwJUvlbJ? cifAsm;wkdUvufeufudkifwdkufcdkufaeMuwkH;u
xrif; uav;vmydkU? awmufwluav;eJUwzufurf;ydkUay;/
vrf;uav;jyay;vkyfcJUbl;wJUolawG awmif tckppfAdkvfBuD;awGjzpfEdkifNyD; cifAsm;bmrS
rjzpfEdkifwmawmh rvkyfvdkUayghAs/ uJygAsm cifAsm;tJ'gawG bmvdkUrvkyfwmvJ...
iqdk;xufckdifonf þvdktajymrsKd;cHvdkuf&wdkif; &l;oGm;rwwfa'gowBuD;jzpf/
ajymvmoltm; &dkufawmhESufawmhrnfh rsufvkH;jzifhMunfhcg yufyufpufpuf
armif;vTwf wwf/ xdktcg ajymrdolwkdUu rnfodkUrQ
rpOf;pm;wwfonfhrsufESmrsKd;jzifh jyL;aMumifpGm Munfhvsuf ta0;odkU
xGufcGmoGm;&onfcsnf;jzpf/
iqdk;xufcdkifomvQif þodkUr[kwf iqdk;xufcdkiforD;i,f tdkjzLvGçuvnf;
þenf;ESifESifjzpf/
iqdk;xufcdkifwkdUtajctaeudk odaom&Jabmf&JbufwkdUu iqdk;xufcdkifudk
ay;urf;axmufyHUvQif vufrcHrnfpdk;aomaMumifh tdrfüokH;avmufpGJavmufonfh
aiGwkdU udk uav;i,ftm;rkefUbdk;ay;onfyrm uav;i,fvufxJodkUxnfhay;/
þokdUay;rdonfESifh uav;i,fonf a'gowBuD;atmf[pf/
aMumuf&GHUbG,fwck udk vufxJodkUxnfhvdkufonfES,f
xdwfvefUwMum;vTifhypfwwf/ rdcif&Sd&modkU ajy;0yf ykef;uyfaewwf/
tcsKdUtwGif;odjzpfMuaom &Jabmf&JbufwkdUurl iqdk;xufcdkiftdrfodkU acwå
wnf;cdkouJUodkU a&mufvmwwf/ xdkUaemufrdrdtwGuf iqdk;xufcdkifwkdUtm;
'ku©ray; vdk[kqdkum qefqDNiKyfMuuftef ponfwkdUudk
wvpmESpfvpmcefU0,fvmwwf/
xdkUaemuf okH;av;&ufcefU twlaexdkifpm;aomufNyD;vQif taMumif;wpkHwckjy
vsuf ta&;BuD;av[efjzifh jyefoGm;wwf/
þodkUjzifh iqdk;xufcdkifonf tjcm;a&T0gjynfom;rsm;ESifh rwlaomtawG;tac:
taetxdkifwdkUjzifh qif;&JNidKjiifpGmae/
,aeUeHeufvnf; iqdk;xufcdkifonf rdrd&ayguf&vrf;&Sdonfh tvkyfXmersm;odkU
aiGaus;&Sm&ef xGufcJU/

45. 45
tdrfü iqdk;xufcdkifjyefrS xrif;csuf&rnfjzpfonf/ aeom;usvsuf&Sdaom
iqdk; xufcdkifr,m; ]tdkxufvS}onf iqdk;xufcdkifjyefcsdefü rjyefvQif
rnfonfhtcgrQ arQmfavhr&Sd taMumif;rnDnGwfí jyefrvmjcif;jzpfonf[kod/
xdktcg uav;i,fESifhtwl a&aEG;BudKaomufjcif;?
uav;i,fqmavmifonfudk arhaysmufap&ef twlupm;jcif;?
ykHajymjyjcif;paomenf;trsKd;rsKd;jyKvkyfí aemufqkH;wGif uav;i,ftm;tdyfaeap/
xrif;qmvQif rsm;rsm;tdyfay;u xrif;qmrSef;rod[lao oifcef;pmudk udk,f
awGUodae/ qefaygaoma&T0gjynfü ppfBuD;tNyD;vGwfvyfa&;t&wGif
iqdk;xufcdkifwkdU vifr,m;om;orD;pkonf þtwdkif;
xrif;r0aomolrsm;jzpfaeMu/
,ckvnf; eHeufuwnf;uxGufvmaom iqdk;xufcdkifonf
eHeufpmbdk;&Edkif&ef twGuf &SmazGír&aomtcg rdrdbmvkyf&ygrnfenf;[k
acgif;ylatmifpOf;pm;/ rnfodkUrQ &&m&vrf;rjrifaomtcg xdktjzpfqdk;udkarhazsmuf&ef
yef;csDq&mOD;ixifjrifhtdrf odkU0ifí pum;ajym/ OD;ixifjrifhajymjyaom
yef;csDESifhywfoufonfh ynm&yfrsm; taMumif;udk em;axmif/
þokdUem;axmifaejcif;jzifh iqdk;xufcdkiftbdkU rdrdvkyfudkifpm;aomufae&aom
yef;csDynm&yftwGuf todw&m;vnf;wkd;/ tdrfüusef&pfMuaom r,m;
tdkxufvSESifh orD;wdkU qmqmavmifavmif apmifharQmfaeMurnfh
taMumif;udkvnf;awG;awm&ef tcsdef r&aomaMumifh pdwfcsrf;om/
iqdk;xufcdkifonfb,furS &ayguf&vrf;rjrifwdkif; þvdk tcsdefjzKef;wwf/
þodkUtcsdefjzKef;NyD;aemuf vla&mpdwfygtem;&NyD;aomtcg iqdk;xufcdkifonf
aemufwpfBudrf tBuHtpnftopfxkwfí xGufjyef/ &SmazGjyef/ tenf;qkH; tjcm;
aomyef;csDjzifh toufarG;0rf;aMumif;jyKonfh qdkifrsm;odkUvSnfhvnfvsuf aeUpm;jzpfap
ykwfjywfjzpfap tvkyfvkyf/
xdkodkUtvkyfvkyfojzifh&vmaom vkyfconfrvkHravmuf&Sdaeonfhtcg
rdrdbmrQ rpm;bJ r,m;ESifhorD;pm;aomuf&ef xrif;ausmfxkyfponfwdkUudk
0,fvmauR;/
rdrdrlum; qmojzifhpm;aumufcJUonf/ odkUr[kwftjcm;olu
auR;arG;aomaMumifh pm;vmcJU&onf ponfjzifh ajymvsuf tiwfcHaewwf/
þodkUjyKzefrsm;aomtcg iqdk;xufcdkifr,m;u rdrdvif iqdk;xufcdkifonf
yef;csD q&m OD;ixifjrifhwkdUtdrfü tcsdefjzKef;wwfaMumif;udkvnf;od/
tcgaygif;rsm;pGm tiwf cHaewwfaMumif;udkvnf;od/
xdkUaMumifhrdrdudk,fwdkifwbufwvrf;rS ta&mif;t0,f jyKvkyf&ef aiGaMu;pkaqmif;/
þodkUaiGaMu;t&if;tESD;pkaqmif;wdkif; tdkxufvSESfih
iqdk;xufcdkifwkdUpum;rsm;& onfcsnf;jzpf/ iqdk;xufcdkifum;
t&if;tESD;pkaqmif;jcif;udkrBudKuf/

46. 46
iqdk;xufcdkifrBudKufonfhtwdkif; tdkxufvStbdkUvnf; t&if;tESD;pkaqmif;í&
onfr&Sd? taMumif;rlt&if;jyKvkyf&ef rvkHavmufrSDyif 0ifaiGr&SdonfhaeU&ufwkdUESifh
BuKHBudKufcg okH;pJGypfvdkuf&onfcsnf;jzpf/ ,aeUtbdkUum;
xdkodkUokHpJG&efyifr&Sdawmhay/
iqdk;xufcdkifonf yef;csDq&mOD;ixifjrifh pum;pjywfoGm;onfESifh
rdrdxGufoGm; &ef oifhavQmfavNyDvm;[k cg;qefUvdkuf/
xdktwGif; tdrfa&SUü um;wpD; qdkufvmvsuf um;ay:rS r,m;tdkxufvS
qif;vm/
iqdk;xufckdifwdkUvufeufudkif vSnfhvnfusufpm;cJUaome,frSjzpfvsuf
iqdk;xufcdkifudk tvGefawGUvdkonfqdkaom olu ,ckvdkuf&Smay;yg&ef ajymaeojzifh
vdkuf&Smay;onf[kajym/
xdkpOf um;ay:rSqif;vmolESpfa,mufudk awGU&/ wa,mufum;
iqdk;xufcdkif wkdUvlpkudk tNrJwef; auR;arG;jyKpkcJUbl;onfh apwem&Sif tzGm;BuD;jzpf/
wa,mufum; iqdk;xufcdkifppf&Jabmfa[mif; aus;&Gmwm0efcH wOD;jzpf/
oref;wufaeaom ajcaxmufjzifh tvGefvrf;oGm;jrefvsuf
uRJyckH;xaomvuf BuD;jzifh tvGefavSavSmfaumif;oljzpfaom aus;&Gmwm0efcH
jynfolUppf&JabmfBuD;onf ,ckarmfawmfum;udk udk,fwdkifarmif;ívm/
][m;...tmp&d usaemfwkdUjzifh awGUrSawGUyghrvm;vdkU}
vlykHygwaoG;warG; jzpfvmaom &JabmfBuD;onf
pum;tokH;tEIH;ygwrsKd;wrnf jzpfvm/
iqdk;xufcdkifonf xdkvlBuD;*sydk;qefqef awmom;vlv,fqefqef ajymvdkfuf
aomtokH;tEIef;udkodyfrBudKufvS/
odkUaomf tzGm;BuD; ,ciftcsKd;tpm;twdkif; aysmhnufNyKH;csKdaom rsufESmudk
jrif&onfhtwGufabmufajymrnfh pum;vkH;rsm; wefU&yfoGm;/ tzGm;BuD;onf iqdk;
xufcdkifteD;odkUa&mufvm/
]igharmif eJeJydefoGm;w,faemf vluawmht&ifykHyef;rysufbl;
trjzifhtJ'DvdkawGU& wm 0rf;omvdkufwm....
tzGm;BuD;onf rnfonfh&Jabmfudkrqdk tvGefMuifem,k,aomavoHjzifh
,cifuwnf;u þtwdkif;ajymwwf/ xrif;yGJa&SUa&muf auR;arG;wwf/ &Jabmf
&Jbufrsm;tay:ü aqGrsKd;&if;csmuJUodkU tvGefapwemo'¨gw&m;&Sdaom
tzGm;BuD;jzpf/
,ck &Jabmf&Jbufa[mif;rsm;u tvGefawGUcsif&SmMuojzifh
tdrfrSapmifhaeMuonf [k tzGm;BuD;uqdk/ iqdk;xufcdkiftdrfokdUjyefa&mufaomtcg
tzGm;BuD;ajymonfhtwdkif; apmifhaeMuonfh &Jabmf&JbufawGudk
tdrfuav;ESifhwvkH;tjynfhawGU/ awmom; v,form;rsm;awmNrdKUuav;ay:rS
ausmif;om;rsm; aps;o,frsm;ponfwkdUjzpfMu/ odkUaomf xdkolwkdUonf
,cifykH[efrsKd; ,cif0wfpm;qif,ifykHrsKd; r&SdMuawmh/