Presentation on India Technology Vision 2035

1. MAKING INDIA NON-FOSSIL FUEL BASED
TECHNOLOGY VISION 2035

2. Team Members
Expert
Dr. Atul Londhekar
Areas of work: Alternate Fuel, I.C. Engine, Automobile engineering, Energy Audit, Power
Engineering, Project Management, Renewable Energy Sources.
TCET Faculty
Ms. Apurva Joshi
Mr. Satish Jadhav
Mr. Shivram Poojari
Mr. Ankush Biradar
Shivam Gadekar
Sachin Dubey
TCET Students
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3. Outline
Understanding
Challenges and possible solutions
Action Required & Integration
Conclusion
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4. Understanding
What are the FOSSIL FUELS?
Coal, crude oil, and natural gas are considered be fossil
fuels .
They were formed from the fossilized, buried remains of
plants and animals that lived millions of years ago.
Because of their origins, fossil fuels have a high carbon
content.
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5. Understanding
Problem Statement
● Harsh Environmental Effects , using fossil fuels
has lead to increase in the earth’s temperature
● They are finite and can be exhausted if overused
(Unsustainable)
● Accident-prone.
● Many health problems are also provoked due to
the harmful effects of emissions of usage of fossil
fuels on the human body
● They also linked with other problems related to
social/political factors in our country.
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6. Understanding
Current Requirement & future needs
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7. Current Requirement & future needs
Understanding
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8. Current Requirement & future needs
Understanding
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9. Challenges and possible solutions
• Coal production remains key to energy mix
• Fourth-largest consumer of oil and petroleum in the world
• Relies on imports to meet growing demand for gas
• Electricity shortages hurt industrial output
• Energy poverty and inequality spreads
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10. Challenges and possible solutions
Solutions:
• Thorium Based Nuclear Energy
• Biomass based energy(Bio-Diesel)
• Renewable energy(Solar, Wind, Tidal)
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11. Challenges and possible solutions
Thorium Base Nuclear Energy
• Scaling down energy consumption is not an option
for India.
• Currently we depend on fossil fuels like coal to
produce the bulk of our energy and its not a
reliable source to use.
• One of our great sages like Dr. Homi Bhaba had
peered through the mists of time, and given us a
blueprint for clean, plentiful energy- “Nuclear
Energy”
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12. • Lets Talk about nuclear energy
The Uranium 235 atom is quite big and unwieldy and has two major forces acting on it
i) Strong Force
ii) Electromagnetic Force
• Strong force has a very limited area of influence , When Uranium-235 grabs a neutron electromagnetic
force rips it apart it's called fission
• The fission products i.e. lighter elements and 3 additional neutrons zip away from each other at 3% of the
speed of light.
• To slow down these neutrons nuclear fuel surrounded by water
• These slow neutrons then help in fission of other Uranium-235 atoms, the process repeats and we have a
chain reaction in our hands.
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Challenges and possible solutions
Thorium Base Nuclear Energy

13. Fission of Uranium-235 creates tremendous amount of heat
Temperature just means kinetic energy of particles.
Nuclear
Fission of
U-235
The fuel
starts to
heat up
heat is
carried away
by the water
to generate
steam
The steam
turns a turbine,
and the turbine
fairy then
creates
electricity
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Challenges and possible solutions
Thorium Base Nuclear Energy

14. • Problems with Uranium-235 as Nuclear fuel in Indian Perspective
• Enrichment:
Uranium-235, comes along with non-fissile Uranium-238, which constitutes 99.3% of the mix. So,
we have to enrich Uranium-235 to around 3% to be able to use it with regular water
• Available Reserve of Uranium & Import:
We only have 2% of the world’s reserves of Uranium. And remember; only 0.7% of it is the viable.so
when it comes to nuclear fuel, India still depends on import from foreign countries
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Challenges and possible solutions
Thorium Base Nuclear Energy

15. Solutions
• In India we use heavy water instead of regular light water which totally eliminates
enrichment process
• Almost a third of the world’s total supply is to be found in the form of Monazite, in
the sands of Kerala. India still has a lot of Thorium to harness.
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Challenges and possible solutions
Thorium Base Nuclear Energy

16. Challenges and possible solutions
Why to use Thorium as Nuclear Fuel in India?
• Available reserve
• Thorium is not fissile, but it is fertile
• It produces more fissile material than you initially started with.
• The fact that Thorium cannot be used for nuclear weapons as its not fissile. So
we need to use it for constructive use.
• Universal proliferation of Thorium as nuclear fuel is possible if India leads the
way.
• India can emerge as key player and exporter of Thorium based Nuclear energy
and Thorium Fuel.
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17. Action Required
Design & Implementation -Thorium Based Nuclear Energy
There are seven types of reactor into which thorium can be introduced as a nuclear fuel.
Entered into operational service
1. Water Reactors (PHWRs)
2. High-Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactors (HTRs)
3. Boiling (Light) Water Reactors (BWRs)
4. Pressurised (Light) Water Reactors (PWRs)
5. Fast Neutron Reactors (FNRs)
Conceptual /In Design Stage:
1. Molten Salt Reactors (MSRs)
2. Accelerator Driven Reactors (ADS)
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18. Proposed Indigenous Preliminary design for loop type MSBR
Here we will talk about (Molten Salt Breeder reactor) MSBR
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Action Required
Design & Implementation -Thorium Based Nuclear Energy

19. • In conventional reactors, the water has operated at 200 to 300 degrees Celsius
• As water boils at a hundred degrees, so it has to be kept under high pressure with pumps to
maintain a liquid state.
• If the pumps fail, the water will expand suddenly, flash into steam and lead to an explosion
• Molten salt reactor avoid this as the salt can remain liquid up to temperatures of 2-3 thousand
degrees Celsius.
• So this removes the need for high pressures
• There are also intrinsic safety features, like a plug of frozen salt, which melts when the reactor
overheats and drains the fuel into storage tanks where the reaction will stop.
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Action Required
Design & Implementation -Thorium Based Nuclear Energy

20. Drawbacks:
• The molten salts that act as fuels, cause corrosion in the tubes, which is a problem because then they need
to be replaced and for that the reactor would have to be shut down. But India is to be developing
countermeasures against this.
• Cost of energy is still high compared to Uranium based fuels
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Action Required
Design & Implementation -Thorium Based Nuclear Energy

21. • Biodiesel is a renewable, biodegradable fuel manufactured
domestically from vegetable oils, animal fats, or recycled
restaurant grease.
• Biodiesel is a liquid fuel often referred to as B100 or
neat biodiesel in its pure, unblended form. Like petroleum
diesel, biodiesel is used to fuel compression-ignition engines.
• Biofuel development in India centers mainly around the
cultivation and processing of Jatropha plant seeds which
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Challenges and possible solutions
Green Energy- Bio Diesel

22. It’s true. Biodiesel is the most diverse fuel on the planet. It’s made from a broad range of feedstocks including soybean oil, animal fats
and used cooking oil. Biodiesel’s ability to find new uses for fats and oils makes it an ideal advanced biofuel, reducing emissions by
more than 50 percent compared to petroleum.
1. The Most Diverse Fuel on the Planet
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Challenges and possible solutions
Why Biodiesel?

23. Green Energy- Bio Diesel
2. Scientifically Proven Carbon Reducer
The science is clear: Biodiesel Greenhouse Gas (GHG) reductions are on average
80 percent below petroleum diesel including land use impacts. Government
agencies and national laboratories have determined that biodiesel has significant
lifecycle greenhouse gas reductions. Over time, these studies have more accurately
quantified additional impacts such as Indirect Land Use Change (ILUC).
3. Job Creator, Economy Driver
Agriculture sector and Industry
So, as these fuels grow – so does its job-creating
ability.
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24. Green Energy- Bio Diesel
4. Simple Solution with Proven Performance
• Biodiesel is a simple solution for users. It fits seamlessly with today’s diesel infrastructure. In other words, it fits in existing
vehicles and technologies.
• Typically blended with petroleum diesel, biodiesel blends provide performance characteristics similar to diesel, such as:
• Fuel economy
• Biodiesel and/or renewable diesel can provide additional economic benefits to include (depending upon fuel type and
concentration)
• Enhanced lubricity, which can extend engine life
• Improved combustion from higher Cetane Number values
• Improved emissions over petroleum-based fuels
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25. Jatropha biodiesel in India
• Biofuel development in India centers mainly around the cultivation and
processing of Jatropha plant seeds which are very rich in oil (40%).
• The drivers for this are historic, functional, economic, environmental,
moral and political.
• Jatropha oil has been used in India for several decades as biodiesel for
the diesel fuel requirements of remote rural and forest communities;
jatropha oil can be used directly after extraction (i.e. without refining) in
diesel generators and engines.
• Jatropha has the potential to provide economic benefits at the local level
since under suitable management it has the potential to grow in dry
marginal non-agricultural lands, thereby allowing villagers and farmers to
leverage non-farm land for income generation.
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Action Required
Green Energy- Bio Diesel

26. • As well, increased Jatropha oil production delivers economic benefits to
India on the macroeconomic or national level as it reduces the nation's
fossil fuel import bill for diesel production (the main transportation fuel
used in the country); minimizing the expenditure of India's foreign-
currency reserves for fuel allowing India to increase its growing foreign
currency reserves (which can be better spent on capital expenditures for
industrial inputs and production).
• And since Jatropha oil is carbon-neutral, large-scale production will
improve the country's carbon emissions profile.
• Finally, since no food producing farmland is required for producing this
biofuel (unlike corn or sugar cane ethanol, or palm oil diesel), it is
considered the most politically and morally acceptable choice among
India's current biofuel options;
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Action Required
Green Energy- Bio Diesel

27. Jatropha Life Cycle
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Action Required
Green Energy- Bio Diesel

28. • The Indian Railways has started to use the oil (blended with diesel fuel in various ratios) from the Jatropha plant to power its
diesel engines with great success.
• Currently the diesel locomotives that run from Thanjavur to Nagore section and Tiruchirapalli to Lalgudi, Dindigul and Karur
sections in Tamil Nadu run on a blend of Jatropha and diesel oil.
Indian Railways
We can definitely find productive employment for all the 36 million people by launching
certain missions like Bio-Diesel generation through plants such as , Pongamia Pinnata on
Dry Land and Herbal Farming in the available 33 million hectares of waste land earmarked
for cultivation.
Dr. ABDUL KALAM
The Ex-President of India, Dr. Abdul Kalam, was one of the strong advocators of jatropha cultivation for production of bio-diesel.
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Action Required
Green Energy- Bio Diesel

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Action & Implementation
plan include….
• Research & Development of totally
indigenous Thorium based Nuclear reactor
well suited for Thorium as nuclear fuel
• Production & Distribution of Bio-Diesel based
on Jatropha plant.

30. Action Required
Integration with Engineering Curriculum
Major R&D areas for Indian MSBR
The MSBR technology is quite different from the currently existing reactor systems in India. Hence, design and
development-related activities are being initiated and to accelerate further integration with Engineering
Curriculum is required.
1. Fuel salt studies
2. Reactor physics
3. Reprocessing scheme
4. Structural materials
5. Component development and power cycle
6. Evolution of safety philosophy
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31. Action Required
Integration with Engineering Curriculum
Major R&D areas for Bio-diesel
1. Crop Enhancement
2. Large scale extraction
3. Logistics and distribution
4. Engine compatibility
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32. Conclusion
One of the of Grand Challenge of India is to be free from heavy dependence on fossil fuel energy and to achieve this
objective Thorium based nuclear energy ,Biodiesel, renewable energy like solar, wind ,tidal is quite favourable, also
as the world increasingly looks to decarbonize, nuclear technology, Biomass based energy & renewable energy is our
best bet for a cleaner air and a safer India.
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