Forms of Communication
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This document discusses verbal and non-verbal communication. It defines verbal communication as using speech and writing to communicate through language. Non-verbal communication refers to communicating through behaviors without using words, such as body language, proximity, tone of voice, and artifacts. Both forms of communication can serve functions such as reinforcing messages, regulating interactions, and establishing relationships. The document provides examples and characteristics of different types of verbal and non-verbal communication.
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Forms of Communication
- 1. VVeerrbbaall && NNoonn--VVeerrbbaall PPrreesseenntteerr:: MMrrss.. SScchhaaaaffffee--MMccFFaarrllaannee
- 3. Verbal Communication Section 1
- 4. Verbal Communication This involves the use of speech and writing to communicate. (Lord Et. Al., 2012) Verbal communication refers to the use of sounds and language to relay a message. It serves as a vehicle for expressing desires, ideas and concepts and is vital to the processes of learning and teaching. http://www.livestrong.com/article/150573
- 5. Verbal Communication Oral/Spoken • Oral communication consists of all spoken exchanges. In oral communication, verbal feedback typically follows the initial message whether in the form of a question or comment. • Casual conversations among friends as well as political debates fall into this category.
- 6. Verbal Communication Written Another form of verbal communication which requires no speech. Written communication, while technically nonverbal, commonly falls under the umbrella of verbal communication for the use of words (language) to convey ideas. Books, letters, email, texts, memos, magazines, newspapers and personal journals are all examples of verbal communication.
- 8. Verbal Communication Formal • Meeting strangers • Within a business or legal setting. • Official corporate communications such as • meetings • speeches • conferences • letters and • Memorandums
- 9. Verbal Communication IInnffoorrmmaall Casual spoken and written exchanges. Informal conversations between friends, co-workers and even strangers. It requires a common bond; therefore, it takes place most frequently between close friends and family members.
- 10. Characteristics of Verbal Communication Language is symbolic – By themselves, language elements usually have no meaning: the symbols are arbitrary(randomly selected). Meanings are in people not in words. Language is governed by rules Phonological rules –govern how sounds are combined to form words Semantic rules – define the meaning of specific words Syntactic rules – govern the structure of the language, the way symbols can be arranged Pragmatic rules – govern the appropriateness of words in given contexts
- 11. Functions of Verbal Communication Verbal communication satisfies basic functions such as: describing ideas Making requests solving problems
- 12. Functions of Verbal Communication Verbal Communication shapes attitudes: attitudes towards others and ourselves. It is manifested through naming It influences our credibility It influences our status It informs issues of racism and sexism
- 13. Functions of Verbal Communication Verbal Communication reflects our attitudes: Power (feelings of control) Affiliation (establishing relationships) Attraction Responsibility
- 14. Types of Verbal Communication Verbal includes both spoken and written communication: Equivocal language – language that allows for the possibility of several different meanings. Relative terms – words that do not have one exact/specific definition. They gain meaning by comparison and can change depending on context. Slang – non standard words and phrases in a given language.
- 15. Types of Verbal Communication Jargon – language used by personnel in a particular field. Argot – secret language used by various groups e.g. Schoolmates, prisoners Overly abstract language – Abstract language is used to discuss ideas. Overly abstract language leaves too much room for interpretation and hides details from others.
- 16. Types of Verbal Communication Emotive language – the deliberate choice of words to elicit emotion in others. e.g. The men were killed. The innocent man was executed in cold blood in front of his two year old son. Evasive language – language that is used to avoid a situation.
- 17. Non-verbal Communication Section 2
- 19. Non-verbal Communication Non-verbal communication refers to a wide array of behaviours by which we communicate messages without the use of the voice (McDermott, 2008). Non-verbal communication is when information is transferred from sender to receiver without the use of words (Lord Et. Al., 2012).
- 20. Non-verbal Communication According to McDermott, 2008 such behaviours are also termed communicative behaviours since they consistently and inevitably convey meaning. It can be conscious and deliberate or unconscious and accidental.
- 21. The Characteristics of Non-verbal Communication It exists It has communicative value It is primarily relational It is ambiguous It is culture –bound
- 22. Non - Verbal Communication The most obvious non-verbal behaviours are seen in our: Vocalics/paralanguage Proxemics Chronemics Artefacts Movement Use of our five senses
- 24. Non-verbal Communication Vocalics/ Paralanguage Refers to the use of: volume tone pitch rate of speaking to give additional meaning or emphasis to what is spoken.
- 25. Non-verbal Communication Activity Say “come here” using a variety of tone, volume and pitch to highlight different meanings.
- 26. Proxemics
- 27. Non-verbal Communication PPrrooxxeemmiiccss Refers to the use of space to convey an idea or image. Our use of space or proximity is a significant indicator of how close or intimate we feel toward others.
- 29. Proxemics Everyone observes the space around them, this is called personal space. The concept of personal space is determined by cultures. Eastern cultures: a kiss on the cheek is a common form of greeting Western cultures: a handshake is the common form of greeting.
- 30. Chronemics
- 31. Non-verbal Communication CChhrroonneemmiiccss This is the use of and attitude to time which discloses information about: our status relationship with others our self-concept
- 33. Chronemics Being late for appointments duties and responsibilities is almost always read as a sign of disrespect or lack of commitment.
- 35. Chronemics To be punctual suggests that one is: focused on and committed to the task at hand, or that one respects those with whom one is meeting.
- 36. Artifacts
- 37. Non-verbal Communication Artifacts The things we own, use, wear and even discard all convey messages about us: Our preferences Tastes Resources Or lack of resources
- 42. Movement
- 43. Non-verbal Communication Movement Posture Gestures Facial expressions and Body language are perhaps the most obvious in communicating messages about our attitudes and feelings.
- 47. Functions of Non-verbal Communication Section 3
- 49. Functions of Non-verbal Communication Substituting A word is replaced or substituted by an action or movements may be used to build sentences and communicate sophisticated concepts. E.g. Traffic officers, Traffic signs
- 50. Come here…
- 51. Functions of Non-verbal Communication RReeiinnffoorrcciinngg The use of non-verbal communication to complement or add to our verbal sounds. E.g. pointing and nodding head while speaking
- 53. Functions of Non-verbal Communication Regulating The use of non-verbal signs to show interest or regulate the flow of interaction. E.g. hand signal of drivers, raising of the hand to show that you want to say something, traffic cop
- 55. Functions of Non-verbal Communication CCoonnttrraaddiiccttiioonn To change or contradict your verbal message you can display an opposite non-verbal behaviour. E.g. Sarcasm, facial expression – bored but you nod and keep eye contact.
- 57. Functions of Non-verbal Communication Managing Impressions The creation and control of the way others perceive you by the way in which you dress, speak, walk. The use of a car, dog, house, and jewelry to create an impression about yourself.
- 59. Functions of Non-verbal Communication Establishing Relationship Non-verbal messages are used to establish or reveal a relationship. If, when, how and where you touch someone will communicate information about the relationship you have.
- 60. Further Readings McDermott, H. (2008) CAPE Communication Studies. Pg. 158 – 163 Lord, L. et. al. (2012) CAPE Communication Studies. Pg. 130, 139-140.