5. For writing thesis,review ,jornals ,reports etc
For working as a research assistant
For finding funding proposal or grant application
For academic work as a faculty member
For working as a professional researcher
6. Searching the literature is an essential component
of the scholarly research process
to conduct a quality literature search crucial for
academic study and professional development
to create and publish secondary analysis on a specific
topic,
for analysis of original research,
to be able to locate the best evidence to answer
clinical questions
9. Searchosteoarthritis of the knee.
13,886 articles in PubMed
Search RCTs on arthroscopic surgery for
osteoarthritis of the knee that include placebo
surgery as a control.
9 articles in PubMed
SearchRCTs on arthroscopic surgery conducted
in latino females with type 1 diabetes mellitus.
0 articles in PubMed
10. 1. Develop a search statement or question
2. Select a source
3. Choose search terms
4. Run the search
5. Apply practical screens (limits)
6. Apply methodological screens
7. Synthesize the results
11. WHY?
To guide your review
To provide you with keywords for your search
To give your research precision
1. Developing search questions
14. Broad:
• What is the prevalence of hypertension in patients with diabetes mellitus?
Narrow:
• Does ambulatory BP readings improve detection rates for hypertension in
patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus?
Very Narrow:
• What are the attitudes of general practitioners in south china to the use of
ambulatory BP readings for patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus?
17. The PICO format:
P Population
I Intervention or Interest area
C Comparison intervention or status
O Outcome
18.
19. Internet Websites, search engines, news & alert services
The Library
Look through the list of journals and browse the text books on
the shelves to find relevant ones
Digital Libraries
Need to use keyword searches to identify relevant articles
Newspaper and magazines
Text books, Guidelines, Factsheets, Databases,
Reports
21. Web Sites
can be very good for finding quality information
including primary sources, statistical information
and many more
rigorously evaluate each site for quality and
responsibility
Because anyone can post a Web page, regardless of
their expertise or intentions.
Use keyword searches in Google (which indexes PDF and
PostScript academic publications)
22. Search Engines
General Web search engines :
Google, AllTheWeb and Yahoo,baidu, altavista….
For research covered only in unpublished reports or news items, this might be the best method
of locating that information. Among the most popular search engines are:
Google http://www.google.com ,AlltheWeb http://www.alltheweb.com
Yahoo http://www.yahoo.com,
MSN Search http://search.msn.com
Bai du Search www.baidu.com
23.
24. Professional medical search engine
PubMed
GoPubMed
Pubget
eTBLAST
Cochrane Reviews, The Cochrane Library
Healia
Medical search engines
26. MedlinePlus by the U.S. NLM
Healthfinder by the U.S. HHS
Mednar
Healthline
Medstory
27. Bibliographic Databases
Medicine
PubMed (or Ovid MEDLINE), EMBASE, Cochrane Library
Multidisciplinary
Scopus
Web of Science
Nursing and Allied Health
CINAHL
Websites
Associations, Organizations & Government
WHO, American Diabetes Association, Canadian Diabetes Association, Health
Canada, Public Health Agency Canada etc...
Other
“Grey Literature”
ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, conference proceedings (i.e., AMA), etc...
28. News and Alerting Services
Government Sources Press Releases, Fact Sheets,
Newsletters
CDC "In the News" -
http://www.cdc.gov/od/oc/media/
NIH News and Events - http://www.nih.gov/news/
FDA New and Generic Drug Approval -
http://www.fda.gov/cder/approval/index.htm
FDA Medical Products Reporting -
http://www.fda.gov/medwatch/index.html
29.
30. •AMA News - http://www.ama-
assn.org/public/journals/amnews/amnews.htm
•Yahoo Health News -
http://dailynews.yahoo.com/headlines/health/
•Reuters Health http://www.reutershealth.com
31.
32. 1. Select your database
2. Break you question into concepts
3. Identify subject headings for each concept
4. Identify keywords for each concept
Tips:
Use a “target article” to help identify
search terms
Use a concept map to keep track of your
terms
33. Database Password?
High quality evidence only!
NHS Evidence www.evidence.nhs.uk(no password)
TRIP database
www.tripdatabase.com
(no password)
Cochrane Library
www.thecochranelibrary.com
(no password)
Great General Databases
PubMed (Medline)
www.pubmed.gov(no password)
Use this version of PubMed to
see reliable links to Cambridge journals
or Available via NHS ATHENS
Embase
Available using RAVEN Login or Available
using NHS ATHENS
1. Select your database
Databases for literature searching
34. Your database will determine:
1. Your subject headings
2. Your operators (i.e., truncation
symbols)
36. Which concepts are contained in the question: Does
ambulatory BP readings improve detection rates
for hypertension in patients with type 1 diabetes
mellitus?
1. Hypertension
2. Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1
3. Ambulatory blood pressure readings
37. Concept #1 Concept #2 Concept #3
Subject
Headings
Keywords
AND AND AND
OR
Hypertension Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 Blood Pressure Monitoring, Ambulatory
OR
OR
Hypertensi$.mp. (Diabetes mellitus adj5 (type 1
OR insulin?dependent OR
juvenile?onset OR
sudden?onset)).mp.
((blood pressure OR BP) adj2
(monitor$ OR test$) adj5 (home OR
self OR ambulatory)).mp.
OR
((high OR elevated) adj2
(blood pressure OR BP)).mp.
Iddm.mp.
38. Operator Command
$ Truncation (finds alternate endings)
? Wildcard (finds alternate spellings)
.mp. Mapping Alias (tells Ovid to search for your term in the
Title, Abstract, Subject Headings, Table of Contents
and Key Phrase Identifier fields) – useful for lit. reviews
because it is broad
() Parentheses control the order of search operations
Adj Adjacency operator (can be followed by a number) tells
Ovid terms must appear adjacent to one another
AND all terms must appear in results
OR any terms will appear in results
Note: These are recommended operators for research lit reviews. There
are many, many more operators... Use Ovid‘s Help menu to locate them.
39. Concept(titles , objectives)
Searching using criterias and parameters
Screening
Synthesizing the results
40. Start with your first concept
Search for the subject headings first
Then search keywords
Combine these synonymous searches with OR using
your search history
Repeat for your second, third, and subsequent
concepts
Finally, combine large search results set with
Boolean operator or others
41. Search #2 =
Search #3 =
Search #4 =
Search #5 = #1 OR #2 OR #3 OR #4
Search #1 =
Concept 1
Search #6 =
Search #7 =
Search #8 =
Search #9 =
Concept 2
Search #10 = #6 OR #7 OR #8 OR #9
Search #11 = #5 AND #10
Results
42.
43. Two kinds: practical and methodological
1. practical screening criteria
Is to identify a broad range of potentially
useful studies
2. methodological screening Criteria
is to identify the best available studies
44. 1. Date of publication
only studies conducted between 2005 and 2010
2. Participants of subjects
only children 6 to 12 years of age
3. Publication language
only materials written in English
4. Research design and methods
The clinical trials, studies
45. some questions to ask
Is the study’s research design internally & externally
valid?
Are the data sources used in the study reliable & valid?
Are the analytical methods appropriate? (p value,
cooreation, regression, hypothesis etc)
Are the results meaningful in practical & statistical
terms?*
*Fink, A. (2005). Conducting Research Literature Reviews. London: Sage.
46. Apply practical screens
by using “limits” (may
also be called “search
options”)
Eg. Advance option, by
date, by author ,time
published etc
47.
48. Locate the reference lists for selected
articles*
Identify new articles that have cited your
articles*
Identify key journals and “hand search” their
issues
Test your search strategy by checking to see
if a few “target articles” appear in the
results
* Use Web of Science or Scopus or else
49. Export search results from each database or
website into a citation manager (i.e.,
RefWorks)
Remove duplicates
Remove inappropriate studies by applying
methodological screens
50.
51. What conclusions did these studies reach?
Which studies agreed/disagreed with the consensus?
Consider using a synthesis matrix:
www.ncsu.edu/tutorial_center/writespeak/download
/Synthesis.pdf
52. 1. Describe current knowledge about your research
topic
2. Support the need for and significance of new
research
3. Explain research findings
4. Describe the quality of a body of research*
*Fink, A. (2005). Conducting Research Literature Reviews. London: Sage.