SWM

1. SOLIDWASTE
POLLUTION AND ITS
MANAGEMENT

2. WASTE
 It is defined as:
Waste (also known as rubbish, trash,
refuse, garbage, junk) is any unwanted or useless
materials.
OR
“Any materials unused and rejected as worthless
or unwanted” and “A useless or profitless activity;
using or expending or consuming thoughtlessly or
carelessly”

4. INTRODUCTION
 Since the beginning, Human kind has been
generating waste.
 It could be in the form of:
 Bones
 Other parts of animals they slaughter
 Wood
 With the progress of civilization the waste
generated became of a more complex nature.

5. TYPES OF WASTE
 Solid Waste
 Liquid Waste
 Gaseous Wastes
 Animal by-products
 Biodegradable waste
 Biomedical waste
 Bulky waste
 Business waste

6.  Chemical waste
 Clinical waste
 Coffee wastewater
 Commercial waste
 Construction and demolition waste (C&D
waste)
 Controlled waste
 Consumable waste
 Composite

7. SOLID WASTE
 It is defined as:
“Non-liquid, non-soluble materials ranging
from municipal garbage to industrial wastes
that contain complex and sometimes
hazardous substances”.
 Solid wastes also include:
• Sewage sludge, Agricultural refuse
,Demolition wastes ,Mining residues.

8. TYPES OF SOLID WASTE
 Broadly there are 3 types of waste which are
as follows:
1. Household waste is generally classified as
Municipal waste
2. Industrial waste as Hazardous waste
3. Biomedical waste or Hospital waste as
Infectious waste

9. MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE
 Municipal solid waste consists of:
Household waste
Construction and demolition debris
Sanitation residue
Waste from streets.

11. HAZARDOUS WASTE
 Industrial and hospital waste is considered
hazardous as they may contain toxic
substances.
 Hazardous wastes could be highly toxic to
humans, animals, and plants. They are
 Corrosive
 Highly inflammable, or explosive
 React when exposed to certain things e.g.
gases

12.  Household wastes that can be categorized
as hazardous waste include:
old batteries
shoe polish
paint tins
old medicines
medicine bottles.

13.  In the industrial sector, the major
generators of hazardous waste are the metal,
chemical, paper, pesticide, dye, refining, and
rubber goods industries.
 Direct exposure to chemicals in hazardous
waste such as mercury and cyanide can be
fatal.

14. HOSPITAL WASTE
 Hospital waste is generated during the
diagnosis, treatment, or immunization of human
beings or animals
 It may include wastes like
 Sharps
 Soiled waste
 Disposables
 Anatomical waste
 Cultures
 Discarded medicines
 Chemical wastes

15.  These are in the form of disposable syringes,
swabs, bandages, body fluids, human excreta, etc.
 This waste is highly infectious and can be a serious
threat to human health if not managed in a
scientific and discriminate manner
 It has been roughly estimated that of the 4 kg of
waste generated in a hospital at least 1 kg would be
infected

16. SOURCES AND OTHER TYPES OF WASTE
Source Typical Waste
Generators
Types of solid wastes
1:Residential Single and multifamily
dwellings
 Food wastes
 Paper
 Cardboard
 Plastics
 Textiles
 Leather
 Yard wastes
 Wood
 Glass
 Metals
 Ashes
 Special wastes
(e.g bulky items, consumer
electronics, white goods,
batteries, oil, tires), and
household hazardous wastes.)

17. 2: Industrial Light and heavy
manufacturing, fabrication,
construction sites, power and
chemical plants.
 Housekeeping wastes
 Packaging
 Food wastes
 Construction and
demolition materials
 Hazardous wastes
 Ashes
 Special wastes.
3:Commercial Stores, hotels, restaurants,
markets, office buildings, etc.
 Paper
 cardboard
 plastics
 wood
 food wastes
 glass
 metals
 special wastes
 hazardous wastes
4: Institutional Schools, hospitals, prisons,
government centers.
Same as commercial.

18. 5:Construction and
demolition
New construction sites, road
repair, renovation sites,
demolition of buildings
 Wood
 steel
 concrete
 dirt etc.
6:Municipal services Street cleaning, landscaping,
parks, beaches, other
recreational areas, water and
wastewater treatment plants.
 Street sweepings
 landscape and tree
trimmings
 General wastes from
parks
 Beaches
 Recreational areas;
sludge.
7:Process (manufacturing
etc.)
Heavy and light
manufacturing, refineries,
chemical plants, power
plants, mineral extraction
and processing.
 Industrial process wastes
 Scrap materials
 Off-specification
products.
 Spoiled food wastes

19. SOURCES OF SOLID WASTE
 The main sources for solid wastes are domestic,
commercial, industrial, municipal, and
agricultural wastes.
 The composition of a city waste is as follows:
 Paper, wood, cardboard 53 %
 Garbage 22 %
 Ceramics, glass, crockery 10 %
 Metals 8 %
 Rubber, plastics, discarded textiles 7 %

20.  The increase in the quantity of solid waste is
due to
 Overpopulation,
Affluence (material comfort)
Technological advancement

21. EFFECTS OF SOLID WASTE
a) Health Hazard
 If solid wastes are not collected and allowed to
accumulate, they may create unsanitary
conditions.
 This may lead to epidemic outbreaks.
 Many diseases like cholera, diarrhea, dysentery,
plague, jaundice, or gastro-intestinal diseases may
spread and cause loss of human lives.
 In addition, improper handling of the solid wastes
is a health hazard for the workers who come in
direct contact with the waste

22. b) Environmental Impact
 If the solid wastes are not treated properly,
decomposition and putrefaction (decay) may take
place.
 The organic solid waste during decomposition may
generate obnoxious (intolerable) odors.

23. WASTE MANAGEMENT
4 R’s CONCEPT
 Four Rs (Refuse, Reuse, Recycle and Reduce) to
be followed for waste management.
 There are a number of concepts about waste
management which vary in their usage between
countries or regions.

24. REFUSE
 Instead of buying new containers from
the market, use the ones that are in the
house.
 Refuse to buy new items though you
may think they are prettier than the
ones you already have.

25. REUSE
 Do not throw away
the soft drink cans or
the bottles; cover
them with
homemade paper or
paint on them and
use them as pencil
stands or small vases.

26. RECYCLE
 Use shopping
bags made of
cloth or jute,
which can be
used over and
over again.

27. REDUCE
 Reduce the
generation of
unnecessary
waste, e.g. carry
your own
shopping bag
when you go to the
market and put all
your purchases
directly into it.

28. SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
 Waste management is the collection, transport,
processing, recycling or disposal, and monitoring of
waste materials.
 The term usually relates to materials produced by
human activity, and is generally undertaken to
reduce their effect on health, the environment or
aesthetics.
 Management is also carried out to recover resources
from it. Waste management can involve solid,
liquid, gaseous or radioactive substances

29.  Waste management practices differ for developed
and developing nations, for urban and rural areas,
and for residential and industrial producers.
 Management for non- hazardous waste residential
and institutional waste in metropolitan areas is
usually the responsibility of local government
authorities.
 Management for non-hazardous commercial and
industrial waste is usually the responsibility of the
generator.

30. CONTROL MEASURES
 The main purpose of solid waste
management is to minimize the adverse
effects on the environment. The steps
involved are:
Collection of solid wastes
Disposal of solid wastes
Utilization of wastes

31. COLLECTION OF SOLID WASTES
 Collection of waste includes gathering
the waste, transporting it to a
centralized location, and then moving it
to the site of disposal.
 The collected waste is then separated
into
 Hazardous
 Non-hazardous materials.

32. DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTES
 Before the final disposal of the solid wastes,
it is processed to recover the usable
resources and to improve the efficiency of
the solid waste disposal system.
 The main processing technologies are
 compaction
 Incineration
 Manual separation.

33.  The appropriate solid waste disposal method
has to be selected, keeping in view the
following objectives:
1. Should be economically viable
2. Should not create a health hazard
3. Should not cause adverse environmental
effects
4. Should not result in unpleasant sight, odor,
and noise

34. UTILIZATION OF WASTES
 The solid wastes can be properly utilized to
gather the benefits such as:
Conservation of natural resources
 Economic development
Generate many useful products
 Employment opportunities
Control of air pollution

35. METHODS OF DISPOSAL
 Landfill:- Disposing of waste in a landfill involves
burying the waste, and this remains a common
practice in most countries. A properly designed
and well-managed landfill can be a hygienic and
relatively inexpensive method of disposing of waste
materials.
 Landfills were often established in
Abandoned or unused quarries,
Mining voids
 Borrow pits

36. ADVANTAGES
Landfill site is a cheap waste disposal option for the local
council.
Jobs will be created for local people.
Lots of different types of waste can be disposed of by
landfill in comparison to other waste disposal
methods.
The gases given off by the landfill site could be collected
and used for generating power.

37. DISADVANTAGES
The site will look ugly while it is being used for landfill.
Dangerous gases are given off from landfill sites that cause
local air pollution and contribute to global warming.
Local streams could become polluted with toxins seeping
through the ground from the landfill site.
Once the site has been filled it might not be able to be
used for redevelopment as it might be too polluted.

38. INCENERATION
 Incineration is a disposal method in which solid
organic wastes are subjected to combustion so as to
convert them into residue and gaseous products.
 This process reduces the volumes of solid waste to
20 to 30 percent of the original volume.
 Incineration and other high temperature waste
treatment systems are sometimes described as
"thermal treatment".

39. ADVANTAGES



Minimum of land is needed compared to other
disposal methods.
The weight of the waste is reduced to 25% of the
initial value.
No risk of polluting local streams and ground
waters as in landfills.


Incineration plants can be located close to
residential areas.
Gases are used to generate power.





40.  DISADVANTAGES
 Expensive
 Required skilled labour.
 The chemicals that would be released into the
air could be strong pollutants and may destroy
ozone layer (major disadvantage).
 high energy requirement.

41. RECYCLING
 Recycling refers to the collection and reuse of
waste materials such as empty beverage
containers.
 The materials from which the items are made can
be reprocessed into new products.
 Material for recycling may be collected separately
from general waste using dedicated bins and
collection vehicles, or sorted directly from mixed
waste streams.

42.  The most common consumer products recycled
include:
Aluminum such as beverage cans
Copper such as wire
Steel food and aerosol cans
Old steel furnishings or equipment
Polyethylene and PET bottles
Glass bottles and jars
Paperboard cartons
Newspapers, magazines and light paper
Corrugate fiberboard boxes.

43. BIOLOGICAL PROCESSING
 Waste materials that are organic in nature, such as
 plant material
 food scraps
 paper products
 Can be recycled using biological composting and
digestion processes to decompose the organic
matter

44.  The resulting organic material is then
recycled as compost for agricultural or
landscaping purposes.
 In addition, waste gas from the process
(such as methane) can be captured and used
for generating electricity and heat
maximizing efficiencies

45. AVOIDANCE AND REDUCTION METHOD
 An important method of waste management is the
prevention of waste material being created, also
known as waste reduction.
 Methods of avoidance includes:
Reuse of second-hand products.
Repairing broken items instead of buying new.
 Designing products to be refillable or reusable
(such as cotton instead of plastic shopping bags).

46. INSTITUTIONAL, LEGALAND MANAGEMENT
ASPECTS
Under the recently devolved local government
system, the Town/ Tehsil Municipal Administration
(TMAs) are responsible for the solid waste
collection, transportation and disposal.
However, TMAs are unable to cope with
continuously increasing volumes of municipal
waste due to inadequate funds, lack of rules,
regulations and standards, lack of knowhow on the
subject, lack of expertise and lack of collection
vehicles and equipment

47. RECOMMENDATIONS
 Following recommendations are proposed for
sustainable SWM:
1.The involvement of people and private sector
through NGOs could improve the efficiency of
SWM.
2.Public awareness should be created especially at
primary school.
3.Littering of SW should be prohibited in cities,
towns and urban areas.
4.Moreover, house-to-house collection of SW should
be organized

48.  The collection bins must have a large enough
capacity to accommodate 20% more than the
expected waste generation in the area.
 Municipal authorities should maintain the storage
facilities to avoid unhygienic and unsanitary
conditions.
 Proper segregation would lead to better options
and opportunities for scientific disposal of waste.