This document provides a historical overview of the development of surgical anatomy from ancient Greece to modern times. It discusses early anatomical depictions and dissections in Greece, Italy, and England and how they progressed from drawings and woodcuts to modern 3D digital models and animations. Religious restrictions initially limited dissections, but over time anatomy advanced, especially in Italy and England, as depictions became more detailed and realistic through various artistic mediums. The modern field incorporates areas like histology, radiology, and digital reconstruction.

1. Surgical anatomy through the ages Dr Sanjoy Sanyal Consultant surgeon and Professor Medical University of Americas, Nevis St. Kitts-Nevis, W.I. [email_address] Introductory presentation for 1 st year medical students

7. Vesalius’ Fabrica

9. Surgery in 16 th century Holland

11. Early craniotomy

20. Modern cadaver dissection table

21. Autopsy dissection in progress

22. Early anatomy depictions Early anatomy depictions

23. Woodcut Wood engraving

24. Hand coloring Metal etching with acid

25. Metal mezzotint Copperplate Lithography

27. Thoracic viscera Thoracic viscera

28. An old depiction of thoracic cage (left) vs. a modern depiction of same (right)

29. Photography

30. Synthetic model of brain

31. Skeleton – student demonstration

32. Plain X-ray mandible / cervical spine lateral view – a bullet is lodged inside!

33. DICOM chest x-ray

34. Visible Human Project – National Library of Medicine

35. 3-D digital reconstruction University of Colorado

36. Animated depiction Animated depiction

39. "You've made it this far. Keep going a little longer and you'll see the sun rise on a beautiful new day." --Ralph Marston