energy

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There is a major subject that is not a part of the discussion this morning,
And could be taken some other time; which construction erection and
Building of a hotel or restaurant we now discuss the present Item.
ENERGY CONSERVATION
WHAT IS ENERGY CONSERVATION? Which is the topic of todays'
Discussion. In todays' world energy in various forms is used, it could
Be electrical energy, water energy, oil energy, coal energy, forest
Energy, energy from air, energy from light, energy from waste, bio-
Energy and many other forms of energy. Other than solar energy,
Wind and waves of the sea, which are renewable, rests are all finite
Energies that in time to come may be extinct just like many a flora
And fauna in the world. For Generation to come, it may only be
Something that is written and read in history lessons. It is definite
that
Oil, coal ect. , Will one-day will exhausted and never be able to sustain
Our greed for this source of energy. Controlled deforestation and
Afforestation if are planned and executed through government and
Other NGO support this could yet be controllable. Sun'srays, winds
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And waves will be the sources that will go on, but these are very high
Cost intensive project, although, mankind is trying to find ways of
Better and cheaper solutions.
Here we come to the point of energy conservation. Why should some one?
Waste willfully, intentionally or otherwise, these resources which cannot
be
Replaced. Our aim should be to extend its use for as long as possible,
Efficient use of these and find ways of improving the utilization for the
Benefit of all. Whatever we loose cannot be recovered and is gone forever.
This is what, conservation is all about? Where do we Begin.
We have just heard what is the best we can do, when we plan a Hotel or
Restaurant. And in todays time how energy efficient we can get. This is
not
Enough, where do we go from here .It is necessary that we need to
Operate and maintain all that we have put together, as these costs
Intensive unit, however small or large they are.
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I WILL NOW TALK ABOUT Operation and Maintenance
• We have just heard what has been said by my colleague, Mr. John
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• Joseph, the previous speaker, now we can have the best of present
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• day equipment, controls, most sophisticated modern day automation
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• with highly energy efficient methods
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The second stage is how you operate this new gadgetry. The requirement
Of trained personnel is a must. They should be able to analyze the data
Received from these controls, in todays' terms controls are basically
Microprocessors based and training in this direction for operational&
Maintenance personnel should be undertaken. This is required because
the
Most simplest and smallest of equipment in todays' time has some or other
Type of microprocessor controls in other terms has a chip inside and this
Also is changing at a great pace.
Operations requires fine-tuning of timing for systems like air conditioning,
Ventilation, lighting, plumbing and water systems steam generation,
Laundry pollution control equipment such as scrubbers, washers, sewage
Treatment plants, effluent treatment plants, and other systems such as

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Music, ECT, due to sophisticating and electronics stable power supply
Becomes very important,
To efficiently run the property it is mandatory to have a Planned
Preventive maintenance program that is to be formulated, executed, and
Monitored.
What is preventive maintenance program?
It is important that person formulating preventive maintenance should have
Knowledge as to the requirements and period at which it is to be adopted.
The simplest way is to read the manufacturers' recommendations. Keenly
Study the operations. Use only recommended lubrication, spares etc.
Penny pinching at this stage will only adversely affect the life and
Efficiency of the system. Using cheap alternatives will ruin all your
Machinery and equipments.
Hotels as an unit has multiple areas which comprise of rooms, restaurants,
Public areas, laundries, large kitchens, sewage and effluent treatment plant,
Elevators, ventilators, air conditioning system, large water handling
Systems and filteration, property management systems, building

5. Automation system, fire detection and warning systems and many other
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Gadgets and machinery. None of these are minor. You have to give the
Devil its due because each one of these goes a long way to make the total
Operation a successful one.
Here Let us take an example of a restaurant whether this is attached to a
Hotel or stand-alone operation. It has in its own way, various items of
Comfort, cleanliness and hygiene, ventilation, air conditioning,
Refrigeration, hot water, dish washing, collection and disposal of garbage,
Pest controls lighting, music, landscaping and gardening also. To run any
Operation of this sort, which is cost effective and that, may be an old
Installation. You may not be able to replace each and every piece of
Equipment and gadget with latest ones, but it is possible to look into the
Operation and maintenance I have in my days walked into many a
Restaurants and looked at the kitchens, in my opinion most of these are
Running only at 50% efficiency. I am not trying to point in any direction.
Unfortunately, most operators have a front of the house operation and may
Not visit the preparation area on a daily basis, particularly, when they are
Not busy. It is necessary that this monitoring of back of the house
Operation will defiantly lift your bottom line, when any equipment works
On the highest percentage of efficiency. Just to point out some action that

6. Could be taken to increase efficiency of existing equipment.
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COOKING RANGERS: whether electrical or gas operated, requires the
Elements or burners are cleaned on a daily basis and any droppings or
Overflowing of cooked food. That is a normally saturated on top of burner
Be cleaned, the ports in common words the holes in the burners, be horned
Or cleaned with the point instrument or burner cleaner. The flame in a gas
Burner should also be adjusted to the correct air fuel mixer. Shooty flames
Are most inefficient as these only guzzle fuel, increase you're cooking time
And mess up cooking utensils. So what do we learn from this. The extra
Time wasted in cooking could have been utilized for cooking another meal
And so extra revenue and more turn over and more efficient service. Sooty
Utensils mean extra cleaning, more manpower, more cleaning material,
and
More water. This again is reducing the efficiency of the whole operation.
All the inputs are some energy in one mode or the other. I.e. more
Electricity, more gas, more water, more cleaning material and more man
Hours in cleaning.
All restaurants use plenty of freezers, refrigerators. This is another area
That is very much neglected in general terms. Just open one of these units,
Look into the cabinets. Our general opinion is that more frost you see,
Better it is. This is a false assumption. Fridges or freezers are required to

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Defrosted on a regular basis so that unnecessary built up of frost is
Removed. If there are multiple fridges available do the defrosting in
Rotation when the stocks are low. Never use any sharp instruments such as
Knife or pointers to dislodge the cake of ice. The ice not only reduces the
Holding capacity of the fridge but also makes the refrigeration system to
Run unnecessarily for a longer time and many a cases never cut off, that is
To say the compressor runs for 24 hours a day, 30 days of a month
whereas
In a very efficient system the same thing could be achieved in an eight
Hours of the running time. We should remember one thing, that in a
Freezer, the temperature of ice cannot be brought down to much lower
than
Normal freezing temperature of near around 0 degrees C. It is good to
Know that the igloo in which the Eskimo lives has a warmer temp. Inside
Than the acute sub zero temperurs. Outside this is why many a times the
ice
Creams served have crystals in them. If you open the condensing unit or
The compressor and condenser unit, which is, like a radiator in a car and a
Fan. This item being in the kitchen always gathers a lot of grease from oil
Fumes, dust and fluff as a result reduce the heat exchange properties of this
Component of refrigeration is reduced. Net result is inefficient

8. Condensation. High head pressures which puts extra burden on the
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Compressor that which has to pump even so much extra harder and
Consume extra electricity, heavy wear and tear and every chance of a burn
Out. Many a times it is observed the control system and protection system
Stand bypassed which result in no safety for the equipment. Bypassing of
The thermostat means that the system will run continuously and will not
cut
Off. Doors and gaskets should seal correctly, or the net result is
unnecsarily
Burning off the extra electricity, wear and tear on compressor, fan etc.
Additional heat in the kitchen, which increases discomfort in the area of
Operation. This requires extra ventilation to be introduced again more
Energy required.
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MOTOR DRIVES.
Special attention requires to be given to various types of drives namely,
Direct couplings, Drive through gearbox, Drive through belt, drive
Through clutches and Fluid drive. In all cases perfect alignment and
Adjustment should be maintained to give optimum performance, failing
Which heavy wastage of energy in form of heat, slippage etc takes place,
This again reduces efficiency, increases input power and waste energy in
Other useless forms. Net result heavy loss and waste of useful energy.
STABILISATION OF POWER.
In sophisticated equipment that is currently being used stable power in all
Areas has become of paramount importance, failing to stabilize power has
Various detrimental effects, it is very unfortunate that very few areas in
India can boast of stable power supply, due to heavy loses in transmission
And other related areas, at the starting of the grid or the loop, you suffer
From high voltage, at the end of the loop you are let down by low voltage,
In both cases you are stand to loose. Both high and low voltage encourage
Burn outs, both in motors, starters, light gears etc, etc. by utilizing a
Voltage stabilizer which is automatic in nature it will improve your
Performance and reduce various maladies of high billing, low efficiency of

10. Lighting and inefficient performance of other equipment, result, loss and
Waste of energy.
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LIGHTING: is a very important part of any operation. Special emphasis
Should be given to upgrade the type of lighting as already been spoken by
The previous speaker. However, cleaning, maintenance and system checks
Should be carried out in a routine manner. This reduces unnecessary
Additional lights to be provided to make up for the inefficient lighting.
Again, additional electricity is required.
Electrical equipment: - there are two types of electrical equipment static
And dynamic. Both suffer from wear and tear of different type.
Static units are like, Transformers, Switch gear, Capacitor Banks, Starters,
Light fittings and accessories and many other such gadgets as cookers,
Rangers, water heaters.
Dynamic units: these are electro-motive driven units like motors, fans,
Pumps, compressor and elevators.
All this equipment requires proper setting up, alignment, fixation and
Constant and periodical preventive maintenance to be carried out. Here we
Could talk of an electrical motor where if there is a loose contact the motor
Could burn out or give erratic performance, if the bearings are worn out
There is every chance of mal function and extra electrical power required
to maintain the output. Even if, motor body is dirty or the entry of air to

11. The Cooling fan is reduced due to this the motor will over heat and due to
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This There will be leakage of lubricants and unnecessary impact on the
Windings. I do not say that they will stop working with immediate effect,
But definitely they will not work to the full capacity and if the efficiency is
Low the power input will automatically increase. The power input and
Hence unnecessary waste of power
Power Factor. This is a very important item of energy conservation which
Is conveniently forgotten or nor taken into account during operation. It is
Very essential and should be monitored like temperature of a sick patient.
Due to poor power factor, the utilization of power available to you is
Reduced. This wasteful loss is paid by you in inflate your bills.
Overloading takes place into your circuitry, which again reduces the
Efficiency of operation. Power factor correction should be carried out at
The utilization point in small installation or at the main incoming point in
Your electrical sub station. In this case it is preferred it is automatically
Controlled. Correction to the extent of 0.95 is comfortable enough so that
No unnecessary additional cost is required. In todays' day and age this
Very little load, which has a unity power, factor, and the point to be noted.
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VENTILATION: Cleaning of ducts, hoods, fan blades, motor is similarly
Very important aspect. Take a simple example, ducts are choked with oil
And other particles. This is a very serious fire hazard and this also
Decreases the efficiency of the system. Fan blades clogged with foreign
Matter increases the weight of the rotating part and its efficiency, net result
Is the motor has to work so much harder and also discomfort in the areas
of
Operation, the total result of this inefficiency is the extra power is required.
To drive these units, and extra cost.

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WATER SYSTEMS: It is a normal practice to leave running taps, the
Result is, water, which is a major energy, is dumped down the drain
Without Performing its work may be it cleaning or any thing else. Hot and
cold Water alike is wasted. Hot water lines and generators should be
insulated. This prevents the unnecessary waste of heat energy.
Boilers, and any other types of heat exchangers be it condensers,
Evaporators, fan coils ECT. Require keen attention, these items are
Normally hidden out of site and are forgotten, they are the ones, which
ruin
You're operating cost. Let us have a look at what really happens in unit
like This. Most of these units are in contact with gases hot or cold, water
again Hot or cold in a constant cycle of work. If the purity of water is not
Maintained, either by treatment or any other process ,the suspended
Particles and desolved chemicals that are present in the water.
During processing are deposited on tubes and plates and form layers of
Deposits, they form an insulated layer and reduce the heat exchange
Properties, block the passages simerally in boiler tubes the same reaction
Happens. The net result is inefficient operation. Let us see the resultant

14. Effect, Passages chocked, due to scaling - higher resistance to flow of any
media Likes liquid gases, ECT. Higher energy is required to perform the
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same Amount of work,
Scaling - heat exchange or conduction of heat is reduced in most cases the
ecscess heat is
Dumped into the atmosphere just waste of energy. Increases cost of
Operation. In all these cases preventive maintenance is most essential.
Regular descaling be it chemical or rodding ECT is a must the frequency
will
Depend. In order understand these phenomena it is essential that at the
time
Of first commissioning of any equipped that all readings may it be, elect.
Loads, pressures, temperatures, speed ECT. Should be recorded and kept
For future ref. As these will help in analyzing performances when
required.
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WATER TREATMENT: A very important factor in hotels or restaurants.
As everyone knows that proper water treatment and bacteriological control
Is a must as?
Water is the media for all cleaning, preparation of food and beverages. It
Becomes important that this water be filtered if necessary deoredonised
and Treated. Filtration is a medium by which we remove suspended solids
in Simple words any minute particles that may be visible or invisible to
naked Eyes and that cause turbidity are removed. It is not a one way street
what Muck that is put inside should be regularly removed by process of
backwash in Sand and similar filters. If, cartridge filters are used they
require to be Periodically replaced. Treatment for bactericidal, control
should Be monitored, tested and recorded. From time to time sample
should be Drawn and tested in labs in house or in the market and these
records Should also be maintained. The purpose of emphasizing is the
further Softening and treatment if The need be gains importance because
water is not only used For cooking, drinking, bathing . and other purpose ,
such as make up for Various systems Etc. If the water is not treated

16. constantly Water in various Systems tends to build up scaling and
corrosion. This in Turn reduces the Passage of water resulting in extra
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back pressure being Developed at the Same time reducing the quantum of
water passing through which may be Used for purposes of heat exchange.
This reduction reduces overall efficiency Reacting in not one but in
multiple cases as a
Boilers and Water Heating: - This is another area that needs a lot of
Energy, unintentionally lot of waste takes place here, the causes being no
Proper water treatment, bad fuel/air mixture poor preventive maintenance.
The causes as discussed are remedial. We have spoken about water
Treatment, which in case of steam boilers requires further treatment to
Reduce Hardness, which is brought down by softening methods. And and
increase the alkalinity. Correct additives for boiler Water should be used
with expert consultation.
This should monitored Regularly and corrective measures should be taken
with advice.
Setting of air and fuel mixture is a very important aspect in case where fuel
Oils are used. The best fuel in todays' time and age is gas based.
However, This too is required correct adjustment of ratio so as not to

17. Effect system where they are used with excess heat or very low heat. The
Flue gas areas should be regularly cleaned to remove any collection of
Soot and gum. Economizers should also be cleaned to maintain to correct
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Heat exchange Properties and recovery of waste heat. Ducts and chimneys
Also should be Regularly cleaned and maintained.
Electrical Boilers also requires maintenance whereas plates and heaters
and
Elements require regular descaling etc.
CLEANING SYSTEMS: Cleaning all round done on shift bases should
Be Practiced. A clean environment around working places increase all
Round Efficiency of personnel. This encourages other good practices. And
Becomes a safe practice.
AIR CONDITIONING: It is very much necessary that proper priority be
Given to this energy guzzler. Most of the system runs at a very low
Efficiency due to (a) filters being choked (b) condenser coils and cooling
Coils also choked or defaced and packed with foreign particles (c)
Inoperative thermostats, each of these is a Cause of inefficiency, the net
Result being ,musty atmosphere, low cooling, Again, waste of energy.
Preventive maintenance in these areas will go a Long way to achieving
Efficient operation and long life of equipment. In Larger units proper

18. refrigerant pressures, clean condensers, fans, coils, correct modulation of
controls valves and settings will make the system more efficient
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Cooling Towers: -these is another set of equipments those that are
Normally forgotten due to remote locations. This is a very important
Integral part of any cooling system is it for air conditioning, refrigeration,
Engine or boiler cooling. In these cases of cooling tower it is paramount
Importance that the cooling media normally water should be soft and
Properly treated with necessary additives to take care of ALGEE control,
Hardness built up etc. The cooling tower fans should also be maintained in
Peak working order and also the baffles or deflector inserts should be
Always in a very clean state. Any built up of foreign matter of Algae only
Reduce the passage both for the cooling media and air, this reduces to a
Great extent the heat exchange properties which is the very purpose of
These units. The net result being inefficient operation, higher power
inputs
To perform the required task and higher energy bills.
In an old restaurant or hotel or restaurant an energy audit is required and
Should be conducted professionally. Some results that may be found of
This audit will be that the old incandescent lights may have to be replaced
By energy efficient and long life compact florescent, preferably with the

19. Electronic control gear. Presently, many of these are available in the
Market. I would not like to mention any by name. Similarly, fans and
Other electrically operated equipment should be serviced on a regular
basis.
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The reason being, any wear and tear on bearings and bushes will reduce
The efficiency and increase power consumption.
Doors and their closures also help in maintaining the efficiency of a place
Because this will prevent unnecessarily loosing treated air and inviting
Insect etc. into the premises. Air curtains can also be introduced where
required
Building Management Systems: - this system is provided with best of
Intentions. The operation of which tells the entire story. Personnel
Entrusted with the operation and upkeep of the system should understand
What the system is all about? Maintenance and operation team should be
Conversant with what system can do to them in the terms of energy
Conservation. Precise setting of parameters will help in optimizing energy
Conservation. Let us take an example, of controlling the energy guzzler,
Viz. air conditioning systems and water heating systems. Air conditioning
Plant is running to generate chill water or any medium of heat transfer,
May be gas. At the end use point we have air handing unit which converts

20. This chill water into chill air. System is provided with BMS or BAS. This
System can be tuned and set to precise timing which this AHU should run
And when it should go off. It could detect to the modulating value how
Much it should open. It could take input from the thermostat and set your
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Room temperature. This modulation can be any number of times through
The BMS system. This in turn will reduce unnecessary cooling when not
Required. The systems are so efficient that multiple parameters could
Introduce to take care of various ambient temperatures, occupancy,
Intensity of internal heat and many other inputs. The system is also
Designed to take care of clogging of filters and coils that reduces flow of
Air and in turn reduce the performance of this particular piece of
Equipment. Net result, low efficiency, and unnecessary lengthy operation
When not required ultimately loss of energy which could be conserved.
The system is as good and effective as a person who has contemplated and
Set the parameters is. It is very important that the parameters are looked
Into and set at a regular basis to suit the conditions of a season, type of end
Use etc.
Stores and inventory,
There is tendency of operational personals to be over cautious and stock
Items, which may not be required for a long time to come, these will age
And may not be suitable when required. This is in particular in case of oils,

21. Electrical spares ECT. And in this case a stores inventory should be
Conducted.
At this time I am available to your Questions
Thank you