2. Market Scenario
Building block of an economy are :
Taste : What and for whom ?
Technology : Influence Cost, price and availability of a new product/ services
Markets are like weather
Sometimes stormy, sometimes calm : but always changing
To forecast prices and output in market , as a manager
You must first master the analysis of demand and supply.
Depending on factors like : government regulations, new technology and competition
etc.
E.g. Demonetization, GST, E- commerce companies etc.
Subsidy of LPG (DBT) had opened a new market for induction plates
3. Definition- Demand
Total Number of Goods or services required by customers at a given point of
time indicates demand. E.g. : Demand of Nokia/Samsung phones, Maruti cars
in October 2018.
It is an economic principle that describe a consumer’s willingness/desire to pay
a price for specific goods/ services.
Holding all other factors constant increase in price leads to decrease in demand
and vice-versa.
Phenomena of Demand : Need → Necessity → Demand
4. Demand curve/ Schedule
The relationship between price
and quantity bought (of a
product/ Service) is called
demand curve. It depicts the
graphical representation between
price and quantity of a product.
Law of Demand :
State that demand is inversely
proportional to the price, i.e.
demand for a product/ service
will increase with decrease in
price and vice – versa.
5. Law of downward sloping demand curve
It states that when the price of a commodity is increased (all
other factors held constant), buyers tend to buy less of
commodity and vice – versa.
Reasons for downward sloping demand curve
Spread Effect
Substitution effect
Income Effect
Psychological effect
Flipkart sold 1 million smart phones, surpassed benchmark of 4300 crores in just
two days i.e. October 12-13,2018.
6. Spread Effect and Substitution Effect
A Consumer will increase the usage of a product as its price goes down,
due to its multiple uses.
e.g. Milk
Labourer : Newborn baby (P ↑), wife, himself, curd , butter (P ↓)
Internet connection of mobile phone
Substitution Effect :
States that consumer will tend to shift their preferences/ taste towards
other goods available as substitute of a product whose price has been
increased.
E.g. 3G vs 4G,
bus fair vs room at rent,
Maggi vs yapee,
Petrol cars vs electric cars
7. Income Effect
When the price change, the consumer real income or purchasing power of
his money income changes, leading to a change in quantity demanded.
Income effect can be the change in quantity demanded that arise because
of price change. Higher price generally reduce quantity demanded and
vice – versa through income effect.
Which means a consumer will buy less of a product as prices goes up to
keep him financially stable.
E.g. Decreased consumption of petroleum with increase in its prices
8. Factors on which Demand Depends
D = f (P, PR, I, T, N, O)
P = Price of product
PR = Price of related goods
I = Income of customers/ Consumers
T = Taste and Preferences
N = Number of buyers
O = Other factors
Future price expectations
Environmental factors
Culture / festival - Kasol
Religion
9. Difference between shift of demand curve and
Slope (movement along) of Demand Curve
Slope : technological
advancement
Shift : other factors
10. Exceptions to the law of demand
Veblen Effect :
Different from the crowd
High priced goods are purchased more
Hair styles, Luxury cars, diamond jewelry
Bandwagon Effect
Like the crowd
psychological phenomenon in which people do something primarily
because other people are doing it
Conspicuous Necessity
Giffen goods :
Generally inferior goods
11. The different types of demand
Individual and Market Demands
Direct and Derived Demands
Domestic and Industrial Demands
Autonomous and Induced Demand
Perishable and Durable Goods’ Demands
New and Replacement Demands
Total Market and Segmented Market Demands
Company and Industry Demands