6. Bypass Diodes and Partial Shading
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No bypass diodes
Shade knocks out
entire string of modules
One bypass diode
Shade knocks out single module
Three bypass diodes
Shade knocks out single cell string
7. Submodule-Level Modeling
• Most granular model to capture partial shading, bypass diodes, and cell string-level
power electronics in modern PV systems
– Compute irradiance (S) on and temperature (T) of every cell string in the array
– Model each cell string as a circuit, adjust params given (S,T) at a given hour
– Solve for MPP by solving (larger) nonlinear circuit
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8. Initialize site and panels
in 3D space
Compute sun position
Calculate intersections of
rays from sample points
to sun with objects
Create sample points
along every cell string
Compute plane of array
(POA) irradiance
Compute cell string
temperature from
ambient temp. and
incident irradiance
For every daylight hour
Update equivalent circuit
parameters of each cell
string
(De Soto model)
Solve for cell string
voltages and string
currents; compute output
power P
Choose initial load on
solar array; initialize Pmax
= 0
P ≤ Pmax?
Done: MPP found at Pmax Adjust load on solar array
Yes No
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16. Accuracy
16
NREL Site
Average
Annual %
Error
Andre Agassi Prep Academy 2.16%
Sanyo Mono Test Array 1.26%
RSF1 2.35%
RSF2 0.2%
Science and Technology Facility 1.8%
Month
Percent
Error [%]
Jan 1.9
Feb 0.6
Mar 1.3
Apr -0.1
May -1.0
Jun -0.1
Jul -0.4
Aug -0.4
Sep -0.7
Oct 0.0
Nov 0.4
Dec 3.4
17. Takeaways
• Cell string-level simulation
important for assessing
performance implications of:
– Bypass diodes
– Unique cell string
configurations
– Cell string-level optimizers
• 1-3% improvement in
accuracy can have significant
impact on financial results
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