present energy from waste

1. WASTE TO ENERGY
BY:
V GOPI
17031D5915

2. WHY WASTE TO ENERGY IS IMPORTANT?
• Every year, about 55 million tonnes of municipal solid waste (MSW) and 38 billion liters
of sewage are generated in the urban areas of India.
• It is estimated that the amount of waste generated in India will increase at a per capita rate
of approximately 1-1.33% annually.
• Most wastes that are generated, find their way into land and water bodies without proper
treatment, causing severe water pollution. they also emit greenhouse gases like methane
and carbon dioxide, and add to air pollution.
• These measures would reduce the quantity of wastes, generate a substantial quantity of
energy from them, and greatly reduce environmental pollution.

3. TYPES OF WASTE
Waste can be broadly classified into,
• Urban waste
• Industrial waste
• Biomass waste

4. (a) Municipal solid waste (b) Sewage (c) Fecal Sludge
 Paper, Glass, Metals
 Synthetic polymers (cables,
wires, toys and plastic
goods)
 Inerts (stones, sand , pebbles
etc),
 Hides and leather discards
 Pharmaceutical wastes
(tablets, ointments, lotion
etc),
 Kitchen wastes (Fruit and
vegetable peels, raw and
processed food ingredients)
 Bulk excretory
matters (Feces and
urine)
 Body wastes (Sweat,
oil, nails, dead tissue,
saliva, tears and hairs
etc)
 Laundry
wastes (Detergent and
soap precipitates)
Sludge removed from all
kind of on-site sanitation
systems such as septic tanks
(settled solids, scum and
liquid), bucket latrines, pit
latrines etc.

5. INDUSTRIAL WASTE
• Classification of industrial waste
• In a broad sense, industrial wastes could be classified into two types.
1. Hazardous industrial waste
2. Non-hazardous industrial waste

6. • Hazardous industrial waste:
• Hazardous industrial wastes in India can be categorized broadly into two
categories.
i) Hazardous wastes generated from various industries in India
ii) Hazardous industrial wastes imported into India from western countries
for re-processing and recycling.
• Non-hazardous industrial waste:
• In particular, it includes ordinary waste produced by companies, shopkeepers and
trades people (paper, cardboard, wood, textiles, packaging, etc.). due to its non-
hazardous nature, this waste is often sorted and treated in the same facilities as
household waste.

7. BIOMASS:
• Biomass is highly diverse in nature and classified on the basis of site of origin, as
follows:
a. Field and plantation biomass
b. Industrial biomass
c. Forest biomass
d. Urban waste biomass
e. Aquatic biomass

8. BASIC TECHNIQUES OF ENERGY RECOVERY FROM WASTE

9. • Combustion/incineration:
• In this process, wastes are directly burned in presence of excess air (oxygen) at
high temperatures (about 800°c), liberating heat energy, inert gases, and ash.
combustion results in transfer of 65%–80% of heat content of the organic matter to
hot air, steam, and hot water. the steam generated, in turn, can be used in steam
turbines to generate power.

10. ANAEROBIC DIGESTION/BIOMETHANATION:

11. PYROLYSIS/GASIFICATION
• Pyrolysis is a process of chemical decomposition of organic matter brought about
by heat. In this process, the organic material is heated in absence of air until the
molecules thermally break down to become a gas comprising smaller molecules
(known collectively as syngas).
• Gasification can also take place as a result of partial combustion of organic matter
in presence of a restricted quantity of oxygen or air. The gas so produced is known
as producer gas.
• The gases produced by pyrolysis mainly comprise carbon monoxide (25%),
hydrogen and hydrocarbons (15%), and carbon dioxide and nitrogen (60%). The
next step is to ‘clean’ the syngas or producer gas. Thereafter, the gas is burned in
internal combustion (ic) engine generator sets or turbines to produce electricity.

12. Company Headquarters Highlights
Biomethanation
M/S Asia Bio- energy Pvt Ltd
(ABIL) Chennai
Follows “Biogas induced mixing arrangement-(BIMA)”
technology for a 5.1 MW MSW to energy project
Cicon Environment
Technologies Bhopal
Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) technology and
activated sludge process are followed in installations
Bermaco/WM Power Ltd Navi Mumbai
Completed 11 MW biogas plant in Mumbai using WABIO
process.
Sound craft Industries Mumbai
Installing 12.8 MW plant at Mumbai with technology from
Ericsons, USA
Hydroair Tectonics Limited Navi Mumbai
Adopting aerated and UASB technologies for the treatment of
waste sludge and biogas generation respectively.
Ramky Enviro Engineers Ltd Hyderabad
Undertaking comprehensive biomethanation projects coupled to
secure composting and landfills. Also involved in incineration
and presently operating India's largest waste incinerator at
Taloja, Maharashtra.
Mailhem Engineers Pvt Ltd. Pune
Has adopted modified UASB technology. Has installed
about 250 waste-to-energy plants.

13. Combustion /Incineration
A2Z Group of Companies Gurgaon
RDF based combustion technology with scope for cogeneration of
heat and power.
Hanjer Biotech Energies Mumbai
Developing 15 MW combustion power plant in Surat District with
MSW based RDF pellets as fuel.
SELCO International Limited Hyderabad
SELCO setup the first commercial Municipal Solid Waste-
processing unit in India in 1999. Have installed 6.6 MW using RDF
pellets as energy source.
East Delhi Waste Processing
Company Pvt Ltd New Delhi
Implementing 10 MW incineration power plant with MSW derived
RDF pellets as fuel.
Gasification
Zanders Engineers Limited Mohali
Has a collaborative gasification technology to process multiple
feedstocks including MSW for power
UPL Environmental Engineers
Pvt Ltd Vadodara
Advanced gasification technology with destruction efficiency of
99.9% and emissions well below thresholds.

14. INDIAN GOVERNMENT SUPPORT FOR WASTE TO ENERGY
• MNRE has promoted the national programme for the recovery of energy from industrial
and urban wastes. since this programme seeks to promote setting up of waste-to-energy
plants, various financial incentives and other eligibility criteria have been proposed by the
MNRE to encourage the participation in waste-to-energy projects. These are listed below:
• Financial assistance is provided by way of interest subsidy for commercial projects
• Financial assistance is provided on the capital cost for demonstration projects that are
innovative in terms of generation of power from municipal/ industrial wastes

15. • Financial assistance is provided for power generation in STPs
• Financial incentives are given to municipal corporations for supplying garbage
free of cost at the project site and for providing land
• Incentives are given to the state nodal agencies for promotion, co-ordination and
monitoring of such projects
• Financial assistance is given for carrying out studies on waste to energy projects,
covering full costs of such studies
• Assistance is given in terms of training courses, workshops and seminars and
awareness generation

16. LOCAL ADVANTAGES
• Reduces costs and risks associated with landfills.
• Additional source of revenue.
• Stimulates your local economy.
• Creates jobs. money stays at home.
• Reduces petroleum dependence.
• Helps meet alternative fuel mandates.
• Research

17. ENVIRONMENTALADVANTAGES
• Eliminate landfills.
This process does not generate residual waste, thereby eliminating the need
for new landfills
• Groundwater.
The risk of contaminated ground water is eliminated.
• Render incinerators obsolete.
Existing incinerator plants can be retrofitted into our process, eliminating
the ash disposal and emissions problems inherent with incinerators.
• Air and water emissions are reduced
• Recovered energy
The energy produced by the process (electricity or ethanol) is recovered
from discarded materials.

18. A CASE STUDY OF ELURU, A.P,
INDIA
• It is understood by physical weighment that 59 to 65 tones of MSW in Eluru is
being generated every day.
• The conservancy staff of the corporation collects wet waste from house hold daily
and dumps it in low lying areas / dumping grounds as shown in figures 1 a) & b).
Images of present collection of MSW at MCE

19. • A sample of waste by quartering system is collected from dump yard and the
estimation of MSW constituents in Eluru corporation is as below.

20. • HOUSE HOLD SURVEY:
• In collecting sample there must include all the type of constructions like schools,
colleges, factories, hostels, hospitals etc., the samples are collected separately i.e.,
wet (vegetable waste, kitchen waste etc.) & dry waste (papers, room waste, bags,
boxes etc). this sampling process is continued for seven days so that one can
predict the average value of MSW generation/house hold.
• The results from the survey reveal that the per capita MSW generation rate is
nearly 0.12 kg/capita/day. the per capita generation rate for various divisions in
Eluru city is calculated.

21. • For 60 tons,
• Power generation potential = 1.16 x NCVx W /24
= 1.16 x 1030 x 60/24
= 2987 kW
• By the above value we can predict that by using solid waste in Eluru, nearly
3MW of power can be generated.

22. CONCLUSION
• The weakest link in the chain of waste management in Indian situations is the
collection of waste. this analysis shows that recycling impact is of importance in
the prediction of solid waste generation.
• While the Indian government’s own figures would suggest that the cost of waste to
energy is somewhat higher than other renewable sources, it is still an attractive
option, as it serves a dual role of waste disposal and energy production.

23. REFERENCES
• Porteous, energy from waste incineration – a state of the art emissions review with
an emphasis on public acceptability, April 2001.
• UPS-5- accessed in April 2010 ,waste to energy ,summary report online
www.asme.org.
• UPS-6- accessed in April 2010, ministry of new and renewable energy, Govt.of
India, national programme on energy recovery from urban wastes online at
www.mnes.nic.in