Pharmacology is the study of drugs and their effects on the body. It includes pharmacodynamics, which studies how drugs act on the body; pharmacokinetics, which examines how the body affects drugs; and pharmacotherapeutics, which focuses on using drugs to treat diseases. Drugs can come from natural sources like plants and animals or be synthesized. They are prepared and administered in different forms like tablets, solutions, or creams through various routes such as orally, intravenously, or topically. Common ocular medications treat conditions like infections, inflammation, glaucoma, and allergies.

1. Introduction to pharmacology

2. Outline
• Introduction
• Drugs sources
• Drug preparation
• Routes of administration
• Common ocular medications

3. Introduction
Pharmacology is the study of drugs and their effects on life processes
Pharmacodynamics Pharmacokinetics
• is concerned with the processes that
determine the concentration of drugs in
body fluids and tissues over time,
including drug absorption, distribution,
biotransformation (metabolism) , and
excretion .
• is the study of the actions of drugs
on target organs
Pharmacotherapeutics
• Pharmacotherapeutics is the medical science concerned
with the use of drugs in the treatment of disease.

5. • Clinical pharmacology is the study of drugs in human patients
• Toxicology is the study of harmful rather than therapeutic effects
• Pharmacy involves manufacture, preparation, and dispensing of drugs
• Pharmacoepidemiology investigates the effects of drugs on populations
• Pharmacoeconomics examines the cost-effectiveness of drug treatments
• Pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics study the influence of genetic
variation on pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties of drugs

6. DRUG SOURCES
Natural Sources of Drugs Synthetic drugs
• Plants= alkaloids
• Microbes= antibiotics
• Animal tissues= hormones
• Minerals= lithium compounds
• Synthesized from naturally occurring
drugs

7. Drug Preparations
Crude Drug Preparations Pure Drug Compounds
Pharmaceutical Preparations
• Tablets and capsule
• Solutions and suspensions
• Aerosols
• Ointments, creams, lotions and suppositories

8. Morphine extract

9. Routes of administration
Enteral Administration
• Sublingual ,
• Buccal
• Oral
• Rectal routes
Parenteral Administration
• Intravenous
• Intramuscular
• Subcutaneous
Transdermal Administration
Inhalational Administration
Topical Administration

10. Drug names
Chemical name
Generic name
Brand name

11. Common ocular medications

12. Anaesthetic agents

13. Dyes

14. Anti infective

15. Anti-inflammatory agents

16. Mydriatics and cycloplegics

17. Glaucoma medications

18. Decongestant,vasoconstrictive
and anti-allergy agents

19. Lubricating medications

20. Summary

21. Thank you