This document discusses various modes of transportation including air, sea, road, railways, and other systems like ropeways and pipelines. It provides details on air transportation, items transported by air, and its advantages and disadvantages. For sea transportation, it describes water transportation systems, liner conferences, freight rates, tramp shipping, and procedures for booking cargo. Modes of cargo shipments by ships and bills of lading are also outlined. Inland water transport, pipeline movement, and ropeways transportation are briefly described along with their advantages and disadvantages.

1. SEA & OTHER TRANSPORTATION
SYSTEM
BY:-
KUMAR JYOTIRADITYA

2. MODES OF TRANSPORTATION
• AIR
• SEA
• ROAD
• RAILWAYS
• Other transportation system such as
Ropeways, pipe line etc.

3. AIR TRANSPOTATION SYSTEM
• Used wherever fast delivery required
• IATA acts as medium fixing the tariff for
airlines
• Constituents of IATA rate structure-
General cargo rates (GCR)
Specific commodity rates(SCR)
Freight all kind rates(FAK)
Govt. Mandatory rates

4. Items transported by air
• High value products
• Perishable products
e.g. short shelf life as cheery, strawberries.
• Emergency products
e.g. medical & spare parts for machinery
• Live animals
e.g. race horses
• Fashion items
e.g. short sales life items

5. Advantage & disadvantages
ADVANTAGES
• Faster
• Broad service range
• Increasing capabilities
Disadvantage
• High cost
• Weather condition affect flights
• Limitation for heavy products

6. WATER TRANSPORTATION
• Used for low value to weight ratio products as
timber
• Offers less cost per ton kilometer for bulky
products like iron ore, coal, chemical,
petroleum products ,cements etc
• Water transportation uses Ships.Two types of
shipping service-
Liner (fixed schedule)
Tramp(not fixed)

7. WATER TRANSPORTATION CONTD…
CLASSIFICATION:-
• Inland waterways –rivers,canals,lakes
• Domestic coast ways
• Seaways

8. LINER CONFERENCE
• Group of two or more vessel operating carriers
providing international liner service for carriage
of cargo on defined routes within specified
geographical limit on mutually agreed terms &
conditions at common freight rates.
• Over 360 liners conferences working in world
• It has its own constitution & organization setup
• Freight rates determined by the committees

9. Advantages of Liner service
• Regularities of sailing to scheduled
• Uniform rates for all shippers
• Cover wide range of ports
• Sometimes give rebates based on loyalty
agreements
• Stable freight rates

10. FREIGHT RATES FOR LINER
CONFERENCE
• Conference rate system
• Loyalty agreements
Deferred payment system
The dual rate system
Immediate rebate system

11. Conference rate making
• Conference determine tariff with its rules &
regulation.
• Rate fixation is based on characteristics,
density,volume,distance, storage, DC & IDC ,
insurance charges etc
• Two other factors are competitiveness &
economic viability of the proposition.

12. Loyalty agreements
• Some rebates offered on Freight rates
determined by conference rate system for
exclusive patronage of the conference
members.
• Three rebate system are in practice

13. Contd….
• Deferred rate system- Given for shipper who
utilizes the vessels of member lines of
conference for carriage b/w ports receive
certain %(~10% )for his freight
payment.Rebate is computed for a period
called shipment period but paid after deferred
period on the condition that shipper has
supported conference line during shipment
&deferred period.

14. Contd…
• The dual rate system- Shippers who are
exclusive patronage with conference get
benefit of lower rate than others.
• Immediate rebate system –Given immediate
rebate or cash(~9.5%)for their cargoes.

15. Tramp shipping
• Chartering of ships on an “ad hoc” or special
purpose basis.
• Tramp ship operate in all parts of world
without a fixed shipping route & sailing
schedule.
• Ships are chartered either in voyage charter
or time charter form or demise charter.

16. Contd…
• Voyage charter- ships are charted for specific
voyage.eg 10000 ton iron from china to Japan.
• Time charter- ships charted for specified
period of time. Charterer may employ ship in
voyage acc. to his requirements.
• Demise charter- Normally opted by a ship
owner bcoz he has to equips the ship with
fuel, floating personnel & other necessities &
operate the ship.

17. Mode of cargo shipments by ships
• General cargo
• Containerization- It may be flat or collapsible or
open top or tank container or refrigerated or
specific designed container.
• Tankers
• Multi purpose vessels
Liner type vessel
Boro vessels
Barge system
Combination container & RO/RO vessels

18. Procedure for booking of cargo by sea
• Goods forwarded by clearing & forwarding agent.
• Preparation of shipping bill.
• Pay export duty if any
• Obtain carting order from shipping company
&carts down goods from godown to docks.
• Receiving of Mate’s Receipt by port authorities
after shipper pays the port charges on the cargo.
• Move to shipping company,takes Bill of Lading,fill
it & submit the Mate receipt.

19. Bill of lading
• It is the carrier’s receipt in ship transport.
• It is negotiable & contains- Name of ship, flag
of nationality, shipper's name, no. of
packages, description of goods, freight rates,
net weight, order & notified party.
• B/L should be clean, any remark on Mate
receipt should be indicated on B/L.
• It is prepared at port of shipment.
• It is prepared by shipping company.

20. Inland water transport
• Started in India in 1823 but gradually losing tariff
over the years due to lack of clarity,lack of
expertise,devlopment of waterways,lack of
awareness about waterways.
• National transport policy committee then later
declares some rivers as national waterways &
develops viable policy.
• Advantage- mass movement of bulk material, low
cost, large capabilities.
• Disadv.- suitable for specific items,not quicker
transit

21. Pipe line movement
• Ideal for transporting large qty. of fluids over
long distance.
• Also for solids in slurry forms iron
ore,coal,limestone etc.
• Now a days best mode for petroleum
products,gases,crude.

22. Advantages of pipe line
• Reliable,continuous,all weather means of
transport
• Low cost due to low energy consumption
• Low maintenance &operating cost
• No space occupied
• Losses in transit minimum
• Safe method
• Traverse difficult terrain
• Economic

23. Disadvantage
• Not suitable for solids &heavy equipments.
• Initial cost of laying pipeline is very high

24. Ropeways transportation
• Connects two places with large difference in
altitude easily
• Rate of rise or altitude gain within a horizontal
distance is much higher
• Least damage to the ecology of region
• Capable of transporting bulk materials over
short distances
• Ideal for hilly region

25. Advantages & disadvantage
Advantage-
 Suitable for hilly & Inaccessible areas
Bulky items transportation
 Short haulages(less than 50km)
Areas for which other transportation method
uneconomic
Disadvantages
Heavy initial investment
 Limitation as to size & qty.of haul.

26. ANY QUESTION ?

27. THANK YOU