Agro Based Industries ICSE Std X Geog

1. Agro Based Industries
Agro-based industries are those industries which depend
on agricultural products as raw materials . ex: cotton textile
industries use cotton as raw material and then process
them to make dresses.

2. Sugar Industries
Brazil is the largest producer of sugar cane.
India is the second largest producer of sugar cane.
Sucrose content of Indian sugar not high because
canes are thin hence tend to dry as transported to
sugar mills which are far.

3. Chief centre in Northern India
• Northern sugar cane producing states are Uttar
Pradesh, Bihar, Punjab and Haryana.
• In 1960-61 60% of total sugar produced by
Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.
Today , these two states produce only 30% of the
total sugar production

4. GorakhpurLucknow SitapurBareilly
KANPUR
Allahabad
Saharanpur
Chief centres in Uttar Pradesh

5. Reasons for localisation of Sugar industry in Bihar and Uttar
Pradesh
• Largest quantity of sugar cane produced here
• Coal for power obtained from Jharkhand
• Railway facilities available and wide spread
• Skilled labour can be secured because these
states are densely populated.
• Kanpur is the chief distributing and marketing centre for the
sugar industry in northern India.

6. Other Centres in India
Andhra Pradesh : Vijayawada, Nizamabad,
Pithapuram and Hyderabad
Punjab:
Amritsar, Phagwara
Tamil Nadu : Arcot, Madurai,
Tiruchchirapalli
West Bengal : Murshidabad, Nadia
24 Parganas

7. Centres in Maharashtra
Manmad
Sholapur
Nasik
Ahmednagar
Kolhapur
Satara Sangli
Pune
Miraj

8. PRODUCTS
Jaggery
and
Brown sugar( Khandsari)
are produced by indigeneous methods.
30% of the sucrose is used to make white sugar

9. By-products of the sugar industry
1. Bagasse : Rejected cane after crushing is used for the manufacture of
paper, cardboard and insulation board.
It was earlier used as fuel in sugar mills.
Paper
Cardboard
Insulation boards

10. 2. Molasses a dark coloured syrup is used for
plastic,
synthetic rubber
alcohol, rum
cattle feed.
chemicals ,
fertilizers
Industrial Power

11. 3. Pressmud is used for shoe polish, carbon paper and for extraction of wax
4. Sugar cane juice is a refreshing drink.

12. Problems Pertaining to North Indian Sugar Producing states.
Prices :Government fixes the prices,
Does not allow prices to come down as they restrict production.
Cultivators dissatisfied – change to growing other crops
Small cultivators hence yield is low.
Fertilization not scientifically done.
Industry seasonal in character –
sugarcane available only at harvest time,
crushing time short, hence overall cost of production is high.
Cost of transport :Great distance between factories and fields increases cost of transport thus
increasing cost of production.
Low sugar content : Poor quality of cane hence tends to dry if not crushed within 24 hours.
Machinery used are outmoded and worn-out leading to low milling efficiency and wastage
Climate : Subtropical climate of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar not suitable for growing sugar cane.
Problem in distribution: Concentration of sugar industries in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar creates problem in
distribution and ultimately leads to increase in the price of sugar for consumers.

13. Suitability of South for sugar production
• Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu in the Deccan are more suitable than Uttar
Pradesh and Bihar belt for sugar production.
• Temperature : 200
C- 300
C . Sugarcane sown between January and April.
• Rainfall : 100cm – 200cm, plenty of water during growing period provided by rainfall and irrigation
system.
• Soil : well drained and consists of Lava or black regur soil
• No frost or water logging
• Fertilizers are commonly used as sugarcane is soil exhausting.
• Sugarcane grown under scientific conditions using modern machinery.
• Wastage reduced , hence sugar content high.
• Crushing season longer
• Holdings are large
• Mills near plantations hence no loss of sucrose
• Sugar industry better organised in the south
• Mills better managed in the co-operative sector
• Factories near centres of large consumption – hence lowers cost of transportation and overall cost.
• Sugar Lobby in Maharashtra responsible for large capital, so there is vested interest in getting maximum
returns.
• Uttar Pradesh has the largest number of sugar mills second comes Maharahstra.
• Largest producer is Maharashtra 40 % of the total production in India.

14. Research Centres in Lucknow and Coimbatore
1.New variety of hybrid cane know as Coimbatore cane
(produced at Coimbatore research centre) has been crossed with
crops like jowar to evolve better quality of cane.
2.New varieties of cane being experimented which will ripen at
different times of the year, hence provide work to sugar factories
through out the year. Thus reducing cost and increasing
production. Growing and distribution of sugarcane is thus
becoming wide spread.
3. Maximum use of by products will eventually reduce cost of
sugar.

15. Output of sugar Industry
Number of sugar mills Total Production
• 1950-51 138 1.1 million tonnes
• 1998-99 493 15.5 million tonnes
CHEERS………

16. The textile industry in India occupies a unique position in our economy contributing to
nearly a third of the country's export earnings.
It is one of the oldest and most widespread industry in India.
This industry varies in its scale of operation from handloom weavers in villages power
loom units of moderate sizes to large mills employing hundreds of workers.
This industry includes manufacturers, suppliers, wholesalers and exporters of Cotton
Textiles, Handloom, and Woollen Textiles etc.
The textile industry in India has the vast potential for creation of employment
opportunities.
The number of textiles manufacturers, suppliers, wholesalers and textiles exporters in
India has increased rapidly after independence.
Today, handloom and cotton textiles exports in India is counted among the most
important sectors.
Textiles

17. The first cotton textile mill on modern lines was started in Mumbai in 1851.
Climate in Mumbai – humid, suitable for spinning
Port - able to import machinery from United Kingdom and export yarn to China.
Up to 1930 Mumbai was the leading centre
Later the mills were started at Ahmedabad and competition increased.
The problems of the cotton industry began with the partition of the country,
to be fed with raw cotton ●81% of irrigated land -Lost To Pakistan
Retained in India
●39% of cotton yield…..were mostly in
west Punjab was Lost to Pakistan
● 30% of the market
Lost To Pakistan
Cotton Textiles
● 97% of the cotton textile mill

18. Importance of Textile Industry
• Premier Industry of India
• More than 2 crore of people - 40% of the
country’s labour force directly or indirectly
depend on this industry.
• India is the 3rd largest cotton textile
manufacturing country of the world after USA
and UK.
• India is the 3rd largest exporter of cotton
textiles after Japan and USA

19. Centres in order of their Importance
• Maharashtra : Mumbai, Sholapur, Pune, Nagpur, Amravati, Akola, Jalgaon.
• Gujarat : Ahmedabad, Vadodara, Surat, Jamnagar, Bharuch and Bhavnagar.
• Madhya Pradesh : Gwalior, Indore, Bhopal.
• Tamil Nadu : Chennai, Coimbatore, Madurai, Salem and Tirunelveli.
• Uttar Pradesh : Kanpur, Mau Nath Bhanjan.
• West Bengal : Kolkata and Murshidabad.
• Rajasthan, Kerala, Karnataka, Punjab, Bihar, Assam and Delhi are other important
states.

20. Mumbai – the Lancashire of India
• Mumbai is the most important cotton manufacturing centre in India.
• Soil - Mumbai’s hinterland – the black regur soil of the Deccan, produces the
raw cotton required.
• Harbour Facility - The long staple cotton from UAE and other countries can be easily
imported as Mumbai has excellent harbour facilities.
• Climate- The humid climate of Mumbai favours the production of yarns of finer counts.
• Water- Soft water for dyeing and bleaching is plentiful.
• Power - Cheap power is available from Tata Hydroelectric systems at Bhivpuri, Khopoli, Bhire
and Koyna.
• Labour – Abundant supply of skilled and unskilled labour from all over the country is available.
Mumbai – the
Lancashire of India

21. Manufacturing Process of Cotton
1.Washing Fibres
2.Carding and combing them to form rope-like mass
of fibres known as “sliver”
3.It is then Spun to make cotton yarn.
4. Weaving to produce Grey Cloth.
5.Bleached
6. Dyed
7.Printed

22. Kolkata – an important cotton textile centre
• Coal fields- Jharia and Raniganj are close by, hence Kolkata has sufficient power
supply.
• Capital supply abundant
• Inexpensive Labour.
• Climate – Humid climate facilitates the spinning of the yarn of finer cotton.
• Transport and communication – By road, rail and river.
• Soft Water – Water supply from the Hoogly river ensures plenty supply of soft
water for bleaching and dyeing.
• The only disadvantage is the raw material has to be brought from the distant
cotton growing areas of the Deccan.

23. Cotton textiles in the south
• Tamil Nadu has the largest number of cotton mills.
• Most manufactures yarn only to meet the needs of the
handloom weavers.
• The Madurai-Coimbatore-Bangalore Region is situated
in the cotton growing tract of South India, therefore
dominate by the cotton textile industry.
• Proximity to a vast local market
• Cheap skilled labour
• Hydel Power
• 40% of the new productive units have sprung up here.

24. • Cotton is facing stiff competition from synthetic fibres.
• Large demand for textiles in the country as well as in foreign markets -
UK, Indonesia, Sudan, Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania, Iran and Iraq has led to an
increase in production and widespread distribution of textile mills.
• Today India holds the third place among the cotton textile producing
countries of the world.
• Many mills have imported sophisticated modern machinery and are using
the latest technology in the production of yarn as well as finished products.
• It provides employment to a large number of people and also helps to earn
foreign exchange.
Extra’s…..

25. Extra’s cont’d…..
• Gujarat and Maharashtra states, lead the country in cotton textile production.
• Mumbai and Ahmedabad are the important centres.
• Mumbai offers excellent financial and credit facilities.
• Mumbai has the largest number of cotton textile mills. It is the main cotton
textile centre in India.
• Maharashtra produces mainly medium and short staple cotton, imports long
staple cotton.
• Mumbai is called the Lancashire of India.
• Gujarat specialises in weaving.
• Ahmedabad is called Manchester of India.
• Ahmedabad is the largest centre of cotton textile industry in Gujarat.
Gujarat
Maharashtra

26. Some problems of the Textile Industry
• Inadequate supply of good quality raw material.
• Low productivity of workers – frequent strikes.
• Outdated machinery, plants need to be replaced
leading to inefficient and uneconomic units.
• There are 30% sick mills in the country.
• Stiff competition from synthetic fibres like
rayon, Terylene, Dacron, nylon, polyester
etc., which are cheaper and durable.

27. Significance of the Textile Industry
• Textile Industry largest in India in terms of
the value of industrial output,
number of persons employed and
the value of exports

28. Textiles
Two important factors that are responsible for decentralization
of cotton textile mills in India are :-
•Availability of raw material.
•High demand of cotton textile throughout India.
The largest proportion of workers is found in the textile industry’
because:
•It is spread all over the country.
•It is labour intensive.
•Demand is found all over India.

29. 4. Mention any three challenges faced by cotton industry in India.
The challenges faced by cotton industry are:
· Fluctuations in the production of raw material: Production of cotton is uncertain.
It fluctuates depending on the climatic conditions. It makes the supply of raw
material irregular.
· Poor Quality of Cotton: Fine quality of cotton is not produced in India. For
manufacturing fine and costly cloth, we have to import fine quality cotton from
other countries.
· The textile industry in our country had suffered badly for want of adequate and
unfailing supply of Power. The inadequacy of coal supplies had also affected the
progress of the industry.
· Competition in global market: The Indian cotton textile industry has been facing
increasing competition in world markets, especially from countries like
Japan, Korea, the USA and Taiwan, both in cost and quality This is largely due to
low productivity and high cost and consequently high prices of Indian cotton
textile.
· Old and outdated machinery and need for modernization : Cotton textile
industry is one of the oldest industries of India. So it has a major problem of old
and outdated machinery which are inefficient and , hence, uneconomic.
· Rivalry: Strikes, lock-outs and market rivalry have also made the industry sick.
· The invention of synthetic as a substitute for cotton has resulted in the decline of
cotton industry.

30. 5. Explain why cotton textile industry is largely concentrated in Maharashtra/Mumbai.
Cotton textile industry is largely concentrated in Maharashtra for the following reasons-
· AVAILABILITY OF RAW MATERIALS- Cotton is the basic input of cotton textile industry and
Maharashtra is the leading producer of cotton.
· TRANSPORT AND EXPORT FACILITY– Mumbai has excellent transportation network. It is also a port
city and so export facilities are available. Therefore through it, good quality cotton, machines and the
raw material are easily imported and finished products can be easily exported.
· LABOUR AND MARKET – Maharashtra has high density of population . So skilled and unskilled
labour is easily available. Due to high density of population, demand for the products is also high.
· FAVOURABLE CLIMATE – this region has equitable climate which ensures the production of cotton.
· SOURCE OF POWER: The Western Ghats provide suitable conditions for the generation of cheap
hydro-electricity required for this industry. The power is available from Khapoli centres of the TATA
Hydro-electric power station.
· FINANCE: There is no dearth of financial and banking institutions to make available finances for the
growth of this industry.
6. Which cotton textile centres of India are known as ‘Lancashire of India’ and
Manchester of India’?
Mumbai and Ahmedabad are known as the Lancashire of India and Manchester of India
respectively. Kanpur in Uttar Pradesh is known as the ‘Manchester of Northern India.’

31. 7. What makes Khadi and Handloom sector of the textile industry still very important
even in this modern large-scale industrial era? Give two reasons.
Khadi and handloom sector of textile is competing with modern industry with its
innovative colours, styles, diversification, choice, rate and corporate ethics. The following
are the reasons of its importance:
· It is a widespread industry which provides large employment and contributes about
one-fifth of the total cloth production.
· They can be started with low investment by using local raw material and local talent
encouraging optimum use of national resources.

32. SILK Industry
India has been making exquisite silk fabrics in BENGAL and KASHMIR for
centuries.
Sericulture – the rearing of silkworms is called sericulture.
Labour-intensive industry and provides employment to people in the rural areas.
India produces mulberry silk .
and other non-mulberry varieties such as
Tusser, Eri, Muga produced in Madhya
Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Orissa, Bihar, Jharkhand, Assam and Meghalaya.
Bihar and Madhya Pradesh specialise in Tusser
Assam produces mainly Eri and Muga varieties of silk.

33. Silk weaving centres:
Uttar Pradesh Varanasi, Mirzapur, Shahjahanpur
Bihar Bhagalpur
West Bengal Murshidabad
Tamil Nadu Salem, Tanjore, Tiruchchirapalli
Maharashtra Pune, Solapur and Nagpur
Gujarat Ahmedabad
Karnataka Bangalore

34. Prevalence of silk industry in Bangalore- Mysore region
1. Climate : favourable climate 16.0°C -30.0°C for plantations on which
Bombyx mori worms feed on.
2. Water : Enough fresh water free from alkaline salts for the processing of
silk fibre.
3. Technology : New scientific technology in silk processing.
4. Skilled labour : The art of silk making has been passed down from generations
and hence have captured a sizeable share of the market.
5. Primary occupation: Sericulture provides employment to a large number of people
in Karnataka and is the primary occupation in many districts in south Karnataka.
Kashmir, Varanasi, Mysore, Bangalore and Kanjeevaram silks are internationally
famous and exported.
Goods are exported to USA, UK, Sri Lanka, Hong Kong and the Middle East.

35. Rayon Textiles.
The Man made fibres of Rayon, terylene, Dacron and nylon are collectively
known as synthetic fibres.
The raw materials for these are from
Wood pulp Rayon
Coal Nylon
Oil Terylene
Nylon yarn is made at Rayonpuram Kerala
Kota Rajasthan
Hyderabad Andhra Pradesh.
Rayon weaving centres are
Mumbai
Kalyan
Ahmedabad
Surat
Vadodara
Gwalior
Hyderabad
Coimbatore
Kolkata and
Amtrisar.

36. Facilities and Prospects
1. Raw Material : India has bamboo, grass and cotton waste which are necessary
for the production of pulp.
2. Chemicals : Chemicals are available in sufficient quantity.
3. Water supply : Ample river water supply is also available in many places, other
places have plenty soft water too.
4. Labour : Skilled and unskilled labour is available.
5. Research and training centres for the production of synthetic silks have been put
up in most of these rayon production cities.
6. Rayon is cheaper, durable and easy to maintain.

37. Woollen Industry
The Woollen Industry is one of the oldest textile industries in India.
It was an important industry during old times.
The first woollen mill was setup in Kanpur in 1876.
Today the main centres are Punjab, Amritsar and Ludhiana.
Maharashtra, UP and Gujarat also manufacture woollen products.
The woollen industry is not so well developed as the cotton industry in India.

38. Requirements
.
1. Animal Fibres : Raw materials consist of Wool from animal fibre. The animal
fibre comes from sheep found in the states of Jammu and
Kashmir, U.P, Punjab.
2. Chemicals :Chemicals for dyeing and colouring are manufactured in the
large cities in these states.
3. Fresh water :Fresh water is available from the numerous mountain streams
along the foothills of the northern mountains.

39. Important Centres for woollen Industry
Punjab : Important centres in Punjab are Dhariwal, Amritsar and Ludhiana.
Punjab accounts for 50% of the total production.
It has the ad-vantage of a large market, cheap hydel power, prox-imity of raw
wool and enterprising entrepreneur.
Others : Agra,
Mirzapur and
Kanpur in Uttar Pradesh

40. The woollen industry is not so well developed as the cotton industry in India.
Reasons :
1. Not much demand : India is a tropical country hence there is not much
demand for the product. Woollen clothes are required only in northern India
during the winter months, hence there is not much demand.
2. Costly : Good quality woollen garments are very expensive as the raw
materials are imported.
3. Indigenous wool is of poor quality. India produces inferior quality woollen
products mainly blanket, Kamblis and carpets. For superior quality wool, India
has to depend upon countries like UK , Australia where the woollen industry is
highly developed.
4. Joint effort for improvement and development is difficult as the industry is
decentralised. Srinagar, Kanpur, Mumbai and Bangalore are far from one
another.(Kashmir Is famous for carpet making as raw material from sheep is
easily available. Besides the Kashmir carpet makers are well experienced since
craftsmanship has been handed down for generations.)
5. The capitalists in India are attracted towards the cotton industry as it is more
profitable . Cotton goods are much cheaper, and more comfortable to wear in a
tropical region.

41. Problems of woollen Industry
1. Shortage of raw materials : Productivity of Indian sheep is low, and
India does not produce sufficient quantities f fine wool.
2. Lack of market : India has a very small market as it has a
tropical climate. The market is also seasonal in the north, as winters
are short. Our armed forces are the main buyers of woollen clothes.
3. Lack of modern equipment: The machines used are old ,outdated
and obsolete. Thus India cannot cope with the changing designs of
the international market.
4. Low quality products : Quality of wool not of high quality
hence Indian goods cannot be considered in the international
market.

42. Jute Industry
• The second most important textile industry in India.
• Mainly exists in West Bengal.
• Kolkata is one of the most important centres of production.
• Andhra Pradesh another important producing state.
Most of the Jute mills are situated along the Hugli river. This 100km long and
3km wide belt stretches from NAIHATI in the north to BUDGE BUDGE in the
south.

43. Factors favouring West Bengal
• Raw material is easily available, most grown in the ganga- Brahmaputra
delta.
• Coal for power is available from DVC and Raniganj.
• Cheap Labour is available from the densely populated region in West
Bengal and Bihar.
• Cheap water transport is available.
• Transport :Good network of roads ands railways
• Abundant water is available for processing, washing and dyeing jute.
• The port city of Kolkata helps in the import of machinery and export of
finished jute products.
• Capital is easily available as banking and insurance facilities are easily
available.
• Kolkata also has the advantage of an early start as the British merchants
helped in setting up the industry here.

44. Other Centres in India having Jute Mills
Andhra Pradesh :Guntur, Vishakhapatnam and Ongole .
Uttar Pradesh : Kanpur and Gorakhpur.
Bihar : Purnea, Katihar, Samastipur and Gaya.
Orissa, Assam, Madhya Pradesh and Tripura also have Jute Mills.
Centres of Production:
West Bengal : Kolkata, Bally, Rishra, Sirampore, Budge
Budge, Naihati, Agarpara, Birlapur, Bansberia,
Shtamnagar, Salkia, Uluberia, Titagarh.
Bihar : Purnea, Katihar, Samastipur and Gaya.
Uttar Pradesh : Kanpur and Gorakhpur.
Andhra Pradesh :Guntur, Vishakhapatnam and Ongole .
Orissa : Cuttack.
Chhattisgarh : Raigarh.

45. Problems faced by the Jute Industry
1. Shortage of Raw Materials: After Independence most of the Jute-growing areas
went to Bangladesh resulting in shortage of raw materials.
2. International Competition : Jute Industry facing tough competition from synthetic
packing material, which are cheaper and long lasting.
Competition from Philippines, Japan, Bangladesh, countries of North America and
Europe. The market for Indian packing materials have shrunk.
3. High Prices: Indian Jute is produced using obsolete machinery and in inefficient and
uneconomic units, as a result the prices of Indian jute is high. Raw Jute supply is
also unreliable.
4. Less Demand : Due to synthetic substitutes in the domestic as well as international
market the overall demand for jute products is gradually decreasing .
The End…