2.  Lights are used in modern motor vehicles for a
wide variety of purposes.
 Headlights are necessary to illuminate the
highway sufficiently to permit safe night driving.

3.  These are usually provided with two or more
beams, one of which provides maximum
illumination for night driving, and the other is so
designed as to permit deflection to the ground
to the side of the road to minimize glare when
passing other cars on the road.
 When a third beam is used, it is usually of low
intensity for city driving.

4.  Tail lights are used to illuminate the rear of the
car, including the license plate, so that both
car and license plate can be seen by drivers
of other vehicles.
 Tail lights usually incorporate stop lights which
flash red when ever the brakes are applied.

5.  In addition to the head lights, low intensity
parking lights usually are provided in the front of
the car, either as separate units or as part of the
head lamps.
 The lighting system also includes lights inside the
body to illuminate the compartments in which
the passengers ride, special lamps to light the
instrument panel and sometimes special lights to
illuminate the key hole for the ignition key.

6.  Map lights, trunk compartment lights, radio dial
lights and clock lights are also provided on some
cars.
 Flashing signals on the front and rear to indicate
to other drivers the direction in which the car is
about to be turned are standard equipment.

7.  In addition one or more special lights
designed as signals to the driver, are
incorporated.
 Such special lights include a red signal light to
indicate when the high beams of the head
lamps are burning

8. TYPICAL LIGHTING
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

9.  It is a single circuit, employing one wire and
ground.
 Current is supplied to the system from the
battery or generator at 6-8V or 12-15V.
 Suitable switches and fuses or circuit breakers
to protect the system from overload are also
included in the system.

10.  The circuit begins at the battery and passes
through the ammeter or charge indicator
and a fuse or circuit breaker before it reaches
any switch.
 The stop light branch is controlled by the stop
light switch in the brake system so that when
the brakes are applied the switch is closed.

11.  The dome light is controlled either by a hand
operated pillar switch or by an automatic
door switch that completes the circuit when a
door is opened.
 All the other lights are controlled by the light
switch on the instrument panel.

12.  This switch generally has three positions.
› Parking position
› Head lamp position
› Off position

13. Parking position:
 In the parking position it completes the circuit to
the parking lights, tail lights, license plate light
and instrument lights.
Head lamp position:
 In the head lamp position the light switch sends
current to the head lamps as well as to the tail
lights, license-plate light, and instrument lights.

15.  The headlamp circuit generally contains a foot
operated dimmer switch which determines
whether the current goes to the upper or lower
beam filaments.
 In the upper beam position, it also sends current
to a small red indicator lamp on the instrument
panel.

17. Off position:
 In the off position, all the circuits except the dome
and stop light are open.
 Additional lights and switches are connected to the
same side of the ammeter.
 These may be protected by the same fuse or circuit
breaker or have their own set of fuses.
 In some lighting systems each branch is protected by
an individual fuses as well as by the main fuse or
circuit breaker.

18.  Automotive lamps are of the incandescent gas-filled type.
 A typical medium priced car has-
› two 50-40 watt headlamps,
› two 3-cp parking lights,
› one 3-cp license-plate light,
› two 21-3 cp stop lights and tail lights,
› four or more 1.5-cp instrument lights,
› one 1.5-cp map light,
› one 6-cp dome light,
› one 1-cp beam indicator,
› one 1.5-cp trunk-compartment light,
› one 1.5-cp radio-dial light,
› one 1.5-cp clock light,
› one 1-cp glove-compartment light,
› and a pair of 21-32 watt back-up lights.

19.  Of all these, the head lamps are the only ones
requiring adjustment because of their
importance to safe driving.
Sealed-beam Headlamp System:
 It is a two-beam headlamp system.
 Both these beams produce-
› a straight-ahead,
› upper or “country” driving beam and a deflected,
› lower or “traffic” beam in which the light from both
beams is deflected to the right side of the road and
slightly downward to minimize glare.

20.  The maximum intensity of country beam,
which is for use only when there is no traffic, is
specified at 75,000cp, as compared with the
traffic beam maximum of 50,000cp.
 The traffic or passing beam is directed low
enough to avoid glare and directs sharp clear
illumination to the side of the road, especially
to the right side.

21.  This traffic beam is directed downward and to
the right by locating the traffic filament in a
position slightly eccentric with the center of focus
of the parabolic reflector.
 The lenses are designed especially to direct and
distribute the light rays as desired.
 Construction of the sealed-beam headlamp, the
lens, the reflector and light source are all
assembled permanently in a sealed unit.

22.  These lighting devices are affixed to the front
side of an automobile, whose main function is
to light the road ahead of you.
 These lights are really powerful and have
reflectors as well. Its usage is not only
restricted during nights but can also be used
in the foggy conditions as well.

23.  Headlights are the intrinsic parts of the
vehicle, which are affixed to the header
panel assembly at the front side of your
automobile.
 These lights comprise of three basic
components: reflectors, filament and special
lenses that are melded closely in an airtight
unit.

24.  Headlights come in variety
of shapes, designs, colours,
materials and sizes but round
is the common shape
as it is easy to manufacture.
 They are mostly made of plastic, Headlights
usually come in pairs and are operated
electronically.

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 These bulbs are very expensive but they worth
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28.  The Volvo Headlights are usually attached to the front
of the car, with the purpose of illuminating the road
ahead during periods of low visibility, such as night or
precipitation.
 The Volvo Headlights are electrically operated,
positioned in pairs, one or two on each side of the
front of a vehicle.
 A headlight system is required to produce a low and
a high beam, which may be achieved either by an
individual lamp for each function or by a single
multifunction lamp.

29.  It is, however, very important that you check your
headlights.
› First, pop open the hood. Behind the headlight assembly, the
bulb holder must be examined.
› It will have 3 wires coming from a trapezoid shaped plug.
› Next the wiring harness must me removed.
› The plug will be held into place by one of three methods, a
plastic catch, a metal clip, or a screw cap.
› A plastic catch will have a small lever sticking out from the plug.
› By pressing it down with thumb it should come right off.
› A metal clip can be simply pulled right off into the hand easily.
› Finally, a screw cap can be unscrewed.

31.  Tail lights are the lamps,
usually covered by a red
or translucent body, which
are installed at the rear end
of an automobile.
 Taillights are mounted at the backside of a
vehicle and usually come in pairs.

32.  The common types of tail lights are:
› Signal Lights or Turn Lights: are usually yellow in colour
and are used for indicating whether the vehicle is
moving towards left or right.
› Reverse lights are installed to warn others about the
backing up of the vehicle. Reverse lights switches on
automatically when the driver puts the vehicle in
reverse gear.
› Park lights are used for warning or signalling the drivers
about the presence of another vehicle at the time of
foggy, rainy or dark weather. These lights are also used
as brake lights.

33.  Sidelights are often
regarded as directional
lights, which are enclosed
in a plastic shell or frame
and are affixed to the
front side of an automobile.
 The sidelights are especially designed to
improve greater visibility and for safety

34.  Interior Lights comprises of
different types of powerful
lighting devices used in the
interior portion of a vehicle.
 Interior lights mostly consist
of key light and instrument displays.

35.  Key lights are very powerful mini flashlights
that are installed inside the head of a bow or
door lock.
 While instrument display comprises of small
mechanical devices like dual tachometer,
altimeter, air speed, vertical speed indicator,
ammeter, engine instrument cluster used for
measuring air, speed, pressure and flow of a
fuel in a vehicle.

36.  Auxiliary Lights are the devices, which are exclusively
created to offer long range illumination forward of
the vehicle that improves and increases the visibility
of distant objects in the night.
 These lights are fitted just
above the bumper of an
automobile or on its grill.
 These lights are used along
with headlamps to enhance
the visibility of various distant objects coming in
contact while driving during nights.

37.  A vehicular lighting control system for controlling the
illumination of a vehicle's external directional/turn
signalling and/or hazard lighting, by controlling
continuous illumination of pairs of the brightest filaments
of single or dual filament bulb designed vehicles.
 The system controls to operate the brightest filaments
when the operator wishes to draw attention to the
vehicle for safety, or for visibility purposes, without the
same system negatively affecting normal operation of
existing turn signal/hazard warning systems.

38.  The system automatically and manually controls
o the light output as desired,
o incorporates the vehicle's internal turn signal bulb-failure
indication subsystem to continuously monitor the target
bulbs for any failure event,
o and employs a dynamic safety reconnect feature,
o an attribute which reconnects factory wiring with factory
bulbs instantaneously with any signalling or hazards
activation.
 The device employs a zero-system current drain,
actual dual bulb activation/current consumption
notwithstanding, for minimum environmental
impact/maximum fuel conservation.