Stampedes are the possibility with minimum crowd of 500 numbers...let us understand and avert it..

1. “Management of manmade
Dr N Sai Bhaskar Reddy disasters"
saibhaskarnakka@gmail.com from 20th to 22nd November, 2012,
CCCEA, DR MCR HRD IAP

2. A stampede is an act of mass impulse among
herd animals or a crowd of people in which
the herd (or crowd) collectively begins running
with no clear direction or purpose.

3. 18 killed in Patna stampede during
Chhath
Many of the dead are feared to be women and children.
Police say the accident happened following the collapse of a
makeshift bamboo bridge on the banks of river Ganges
where Hindu devotees were offering prayers to the setting
sun as part of the annual Chhath ritual.
In the ensuing panic, the victims were crushed to death.
Local TV channels report the structure was showing signs of
collapse early on Monday.
The bridge had recently been built to take pilgrims to the
Ganges, which has shifted course.
Police say power to the site had failed, which increased the
panic of those caught up in the crush.
Survivors have been taken to hospital in Patna, the capital of
Bihar. The condition of some is said to be critical.
The chief minister of Bihar state, Nitish Kumar, had earlier
visited the devotees on the banks of the Ganges.
The four-day Chhath puja is the biggest religious festival in
Bihar and eastern Uttar Pradesh. Tens of thousands of
people come to the Ganges to offer prayers to the sun god.
The prayer is offered both at the sunset and sunrise time.
18TH November 2012

5. Human stampedes most often occur during
religious pilgrimages and professional sporting
and music events, as these events tend to
involve a large number of people. They also
often occur in times of mass panic (e.g. as a
result of a fire or explosion) as people try to get
away.

7. Stampedes in India
1. 2011-11-08 At least 16 killed in stampede at festival
Haridwar, India
2. 2011-01-14 Stampede kills 100 Kerala, Southern India
3. 2010-10-17 10 killed in stampede at Indian temple Bihar
4. 2010-04-30 Five dead in spiritual center stampede
Haryana, India
5. 2010-03-04 More than 60 killed in temple stampede
Pratapgarh, Uttar Pradesh, India
6. 2009-09-10 Five schoolgirls die in stampede New Delhi
7. 2008-09-30 Temple stampede kills 147 Jodhpur,
Rajasthan, India
8. 2008-08-03 145 dead in India temple stampede Himachal
Pradesh, India
9. 2006-11-03 Temple stampede kills four Orissa, India

8. The worst stampede in
recorded history took
place in Chongqing,
China, during World
War II. Japanese
bombing of the city on
June 6, 1941, triggered
mass panic at an air
raid shelter, killing
approximately 4,000
people, most of them Worst stampede in the history
by suffocation.

9. In India, stampedes occur regularly during Hindu
religious holidays. Called "temple crushes" by the
local press, they are often caused by railings giving
way as pilgrims climb steep hills to reach a temple.

10. Prevention
It has been claimed that most major crowd
disasters can be prevented by simple crowd
management strategies. Human stampedes
can be prevented by organization and traffic
control, such as barriers. On the other hand,
barriers in some cases may funnel the crowd
towards an already-packed area (e.g.
Hillsborough disaster)

11. Hillsborough
disaster
The 1989 Hillsborough disaster was a human crush which
occurred during the FA Cup semi-final match between
Liverpool and Nottingham Forest football clubs on 15 April
1989 at the Hillsborough Stadium in Sheffield, England. The
crush resulted in the deaths of 96 people and injuries to 766
others. The incident remains the worst stadium-related
disaster in British history and one of the world's worst football
disasters.
a different approach was adopted whereby supporters were
allowed to enter any enclosure they wished upon arrival.
There was no mechanical or electronic means for calculating
when individual enclosures had reached capacity. A police
officer made a visual assessment before guiding fans to other
pens.
The 1990 official inquiry into the disaster, the Taylor Report,
concluded "the main reason for the disaster was the failure of
police control”.

12. Prevention
Therefore, barriers could be a solution to prevent
or the key factor to cause a stampede to
happen. A key problem is lack of feedback
from people being crushed to the crowd
pressing behind – feedback can instead be
provided by police, organizers, or other
observers, particularly raised observers, such
as on platforms or horseback, who can survey
the crowd, and use loudspeakers to
communicate and direct a crowd.

13. Prevention
At the individual level, warning signs of a crowd
crush include density of more than four people
per square meter, at which each person is
being touched on four sides. To avoid or
escape from a crowd crush, one is advised to
move sideways, particularly between swells.

14. Prevention
After the stampede of Victoria Hall
disaster in 1883 a law (still in force as
of 2008) was passed in England
which required all public
entertainment venues to be equipped
with doors that open outwards. Crash
bars are required by various building
codes.
183 children, aged between 3 and
14, were crushed to death in a
stampede for the stage when free
toys were offered. The disaster is
the worst of its kind in British
history.

15. 1954 Kumbh Mela stampede
1954 Kumbh Mela stampede was a stampede that
occurred in 1954 at Kumbha Mela on 3 February
1954 in Allahabad in Uttar Pradesh state in India.
It was main bathing day of Mauni Amavasya (New
Moon), when the incident took place, and during
the festival 4-5 million pilgrims had taken part that
year, which was also the first Kumbh Mela after
the Independence.[1]
The figures for the tragedy varied according to different
sources. While The Guardian reported more than
800 people dead and over 100 injured,[2] the TIME
reported "no fewer than 350 people were trampled
to death and drowned, 200 were counted missing,
and over 2,000 were injured".[3] According to the
book Law and Order in India over 500 were
dead.[4]
What triggered the tragedy was that surge of crowd
broke the barriers to witness a procession of
sadhus and holy men of various akharas, which
ended up in a stampede.[6]
Note: The subsequent Kumbh Mela organization
remained event free after that, and grew
considerable in size, so much so that around 60
million people took part in 2001 Kumbh Mela,
making it the largest gathering anywhere in the
world.[8][9][10]

16. CROWD DISASTERS
The lethal potential of crowds is illustrated by
descriptions of major crowd incidents. This
sampling shows that crowd incidents occur in a
wide variety of venues and different
circumstances. Minor incidents resulting in crowd
induced falls and other injuries occur much more
frequently.

17. Air Raid Shelter
In 1943 during World War II,
173 persons died of
compressive asphyxia and
92 injured in a London
Underground air raid
shelter after someone fell
on a lower level entry stair.
Excited by the sounds of
bombing, people at the
surface continued to press
forward. This resulted in
tangled mass of humanity
on the stair that took
rescuers 3 hours to
unravel.

18. Funeral Procession
Untold hundreds, and possibly
thousands, were killed in
Moscow, Russia during a
massive procession of 3
million people viewing the
body of Joseph Stalin after
his death in 1953. Army tanks
and trucks to control
movement of the crowd
blocked side streets along the
route to Stalin's bier. Police
and military, some on
horseback, beat people with
clubs to further control the
crowd, even as people were
fatally crushed against
building walls, the parked
tanks and trucks. Horses
were lifted off their feet by
crowd surges, and also
crushed to death.

19. Sporting Event Egress
Major crowd incidents occur in
soccer stadia occur with
deadly regularity. Those
involving United Kingdom
fans have been the most
thoroughly documented. In
1971, 66 people were killed
and many injured at the Ibrox
Park Stadium in Glasgow,
Scotland. Fans began to
leave the stadium in the last
moments of a scoreless
match. As the game ended, a
goal was scored. The roar of
the crowd caused some to
attempt reentry, while the
mass exited. The resulting
conflict caused a pile of
bodies "about 10 feet high".

20. Sporting Event Egress
In 1981, 24 Greek soccer fans were killed in the Athens stadium as a
capacity crowd of 45,000 attempted to leave shortly before the end
of the match. The fans in the front ranks found the exit gates were
locked, but those in the rear continued to press forward. In 1982,
340 people were reported killed at a match in Moscow's Lenin
Stadium.
In 1991, nine persons were asphyxiated in a pileup at the bottom
landing of a gymnasium stair at the City University of New York. [5]
A celebrity basketball game was scheduled in the gymnasium, and
an excess of people arrived for the well promoted event. Doors at
the lower landing entry to the gymnasium opened only outward, in
compliance with fire codes. People precariously queued on the stair
were driven into the restricted landing and closed doors by crowd
pressures from above. Police in the street outside the venue did not
establish communications with inside security, and were unaware of
the evolving disaster, even though the stair could be seen from the
street.

21. Riot
In 1985 a riot by
English and Italian
fans in the stands at
a European Cup
final at Heysel
Stadium in Brussels,
Belgium precipitated
a flight of spectators
that resulted in 38
deaths by asphyxia
and 437 injured.

22. Weather
In 1988 more than 100 persons died and 700
others were injured at Nepal's National
Stadium in Katmandu. A sudden violent
hailstorm caused 30,000 spectators to flee the
open grandstand but found the exit gates were
locked.

23. Religious Events
In 1990, 1426 people were killed in
a crowd crush during the annual
pilgrimage of 2 million at Mecca,
Saudi Arabia. The crush
occurred in a 500 m long tunnel
joining Mecca and the Tent City
of Mina. Temperatures at the
time were 44 deg. C outside the
air-conditioned tunnel. It is
speculated that someone fell in
the tunnel blocking movement.
In 1986, 46 pilgrims died in
Hardwar, India on a crowded
bridge across the Ganges River.
At the 12-year cycle of the
Khumb Mela festival as many as
4 million Hindus gather to bathe
in the Ganges.
During the 1980 world tour of the
Pope, 13 people were killed in
two African cities in crowd
rushes.

24. Power Failure
 In 1981 45 persons
died 27 of them
children, in the Quitab
Minar tower, New New
Delhi, India. The 800-
year-old tower is a
popular tourist
attraction and museum.
A blackout, combined
with what some
witnesses said were
cries that the tower was
falling, triggered a
sudden exodus of 300
to 400 people.

25. Food Distribution
In Bangkok, Thailand 19 persons died as crowd
of 3,000 assembled to obtain packages of free
food. The crowd was attempting to press
through a gate approximately 4m (13 ft.) wide
into a meeting hall where the food was being
distributed. A contingent of 20 police officers
assigned to control the crowd was
overwhelmed by the crush.

26. Escalators and Moving
Walkways
Passenger conveyors have the
characteristic of continuously
delivering people without regard to
outlet conditions. When restrictions at
the outlet limit the discharge rate, a
pileup will occur. These incidents are
of interest because they are not
attributable to crowd behavior.
In 1964 one child was killed and 60
children injured at the outlet end of a
Baltimore, Maryland Stadium
escalator. The escalator was set up
for egress the day before with a one
person wide gate at the top. The
escalator was reversed for entry the
next day, but the gate was not
removed. A pileup resulted at the
exit, with many severely lacerated by
the moving escalator steps.
At the 1970 Japanese World Exposition,
42 people were injured at a moving
walkway exit when a passenger fell
and others were driven into the
pileup.

27. Entertainment Events
In 1979, 11 young rock music fans were asphyxiated in
a crowd crush outside the Cincinnati, Ohio Coliseum.
After 10,000 persons had entered the venue, 8,000
were still waiting to enter the general admission event.
Many were waiting for hours with inadequate lavatory
facilities. A warm-up band started playing, and the
fans outside thought the concert had begun. Only two
doors were opened for entry.
In 1991, 3 rock music fans died of compressive asphyxia
at a festival seating event in Salt Lake City, Utah.
Fans standing in an open area in front of the concert
stage pressed forward, causing some to fall, and
others to be forced on top of them.

28. Love Parade music festival in the western
German

30. Emergencies, disasters
and the human response
 Issues around exit decision-making
 What are the factors determining when people
actually exit? Key predictors:
 Information on the nature of the threat (rather than a
simple siren)
 Personalization of the warning (i.e. from friends/family
rather than a p.a. system)
Important! The biggest predictor of survival is time
taken to recognize the emergency and move!

31. The ‘panic’ model
 The panic model
suggests that the
crowd:
 Is less intelligent than
the lone individual
 Will be driven by
simple emotions
 Responds with
irrational behaviour
 Is a source of
‘contagion’
 Survival instincts
overcome
socialization and
collective bonds →
‘every man for

34.  Statistical correlations:
Threat  we-ness  helping

35. Research on emergency evacuations: General
conclusions
 The image of the panicking crowd is overdone
 The ‘panic’ model should not be used in design,
engineering and emergency procedures
 The evidence is that people exit quicker when
kept informed
 When people don’t help each other it is often
due to physical constraints rather than
‘selfishness’.

36. conclusion
 Don’t say ‘don’t panic’!
 A well-practiced drill
 WTC bombings of 1993 and 2001: after 1993 they had a well-
practiced drill (which should include fire wardens who know the
building and its exits)
 In turn: owners/managers need to take the possibility of
emergency seriously
 The formal certification of crowd manager for venues of
500 persons or more is recommended.

37. REFERENCES
[1] Dunne, Laurence R. - Report on an Inquiry into the Accident at Bethnal Green Tube Station Shelter on the 3rd. March, 1943. Min. Home Security
[2] Pozner, Vladimir. - Parting With Illusions. Atlantic Monthly Press, 1990, 324pp.
[3] Canter, D. (et al) - Football in its Place. Routledge, 1989, 173pp.
[4] The Hillsborough Stadium Disaster. Interim report Aug. 1989, HM Stationery Office, 71 pp.
[5] Mollen, Milton. - A Failure of Responsibility - Report to Mayor David N.Dinkins on the December 28, 1991 Tragedy at City College of New York. Jan. 1992.
[6] Wertheimer, P. - Crowd Management- Report of the Task Force on Crowd Control and
Safety. City of Cincinnati, July 1980.
[7] Fruin, J. - Escalator Safety - An Overview. Elevator World, Aug. 1988, pp.42-48.
[8] Fruin J. - Crowd Disasters - A Systems Evaluation of Causes and Countermeasures. Inc. in
U.S. National Bureau of Standards, pub. NBSIR 81-3261, July 1981 146 pp.
[9] Fattal, S.G., Cattaneo, L.E. Investigation of Guardrails for the Protection of Employees From Occupational Hazards. Nat. Bur. Stds. NBSIR 76-1139, July
1976, 114 pp.
[10] Horizontal Loading on Handrails. NBTC Tech. Rec 514, Nat.Tech. Centre, New South Wales.
[11] Goldaber, Irving. Stop Violence Before it Begins. Auditorium News, Oct.1983, pp. 8,9.
[12] Lathrop, James - Life Safety Code Handbook. Nat. Fire Protection Assoc. 1991, 1038 pp.
[13] Fruin, J. - Pedestrian Planning and Design. 2nd. Ed., Elevator World, Mobile AL. 1987,
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