Hydrophilic- Water loving / Oil hating Hydrophobic- Water hating / Oil loving Surfactants are amphiphilic molecules composed of a hydrophilic or polar moiety known as head and a hydrophobic or nonpolar moiety known as tail. The nature and number of polar and nonpolar groups – Hydrophilic, Lipophillic or somewhere in between. Example - Alcohols, Amines and Acids Changes from hydrophilic to Lipophillic as carbons atoms increasing in their alkyl chain.

1. Mr. Sagar Kishor Savale
(Department of pharmaceutics)
avengersagar16@gmail.com
2015-016
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2. CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION
2. SURFACTANTS
3. TYPES OF SURFACTANTS
4. HLB SYSTEM
5. ADSORPTION PHENOMENON OF SURFACTANTS
6. PROPERTIES OF SURFACTANTS
7. CRITICAL MICELLE CONCENTRATION
8. APPLICATIONS
9. CONCLUSION
10. REFERENCES
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3. INTRODUCTION
1,2
oSurfactants are known to play a vital role in many processes of
interest in both fundamental and applied science.
oOne important property of surfactants is the formation of colloidal-
sized clusters in solutions, known as micelles.
oMicelles have particular significance in pharmacy because of their
ability to increase the solubility of sparingly soluble substances in
water.
oSurfactants are widely used in molecular biology in formulating new
and in modifying existing medical preparations, in the production of
proprietary medicines, in the production of chemical preparations
aimed for the domestic use, etc.
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4. SURFACTANTS
2
• Hydrophilic- Water loving / Oil hating
• Hydrophobic- Water hating / Oil loving
• Surfactants are amphiphilic molecules composed of a
hydrophilic or polar moiety known as head and a hydrophobic
or nonpolar moiety known as tail.
• The nature and number of polar and nonpolar groups –
Hydrophilic, Lipophillic or somewhere in between.
• Example - Alcohols, Amines and Acids Changes from
hydrophilic to Lipophillic as carbons atoms increasing in their
alkyl chain.
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5. TYPES OF SURFACTANTS
1,2
• Ionic
a. Anionic
1. Fatty acid salts (‘‘soaps’’)
2. Sulfates: Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), ammonium lauryl
sulfate, sodium lauryl ether sulfate (SLES)
3. Ether sulfates: Alkyl ether sulfates
4.Phosphate esters
5. Sulphonates: Alkyl benzene sulphonates
b. Cationic
1. Amine salt
• Alkyl amine salt, Alkyl diamine salt
2.Ammonium Salt
• Alkyl trimethyl ammonium salt
3.Benzalkonium chloride (BAC)
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6. c. Zwitterionic (amphoteric)
1. Quaternary amine group and a carboxyl group containing
surfactant
• Alkyl betaine
• Alkyl imidazoline
2. Quaternary amine group and a sulfonic group containing
surfactant
• Alkyl sulphobetaine
3. Phospholipids surfactant
• Phosphatidyl serine
• Phosphatidyl choline
• Phosphatidyl ethanolamine
4. Carbohydrate-based surfactant
• Alkyl Polyglucoside
• Alkyl Glucamide
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7. • Nonionic
• Alkyl ethoxylate
• Nonylphenolethoxylate
• Amine ethoxylate
• Alkyl poly(ethylene oxide)
HLB SYSTEM1,3
• HLB value – If high -> more polar –> more hydrophilic.
• E.g. polyoxyethelene derivatives of the spans
(Tweens)(9.6-16.7)
• HLB value- If low -> less polar -> more lipophilic.
• E.g. sorbitan esters ( spans)(1.8 -8.6)
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8. 4/21/2016 sagar kishor savale 8
 Types of emulsion formation
whether o/w or w/o depends on the
emulsifying agents used.
 O/W- HLB 9-12 – surfactant
Soluble in water
 W/O – HLB 3-6 – surfactant
Insoluble in water

9. ADSORPTION PHENOMENON OF
SURFACTANTS2
1) Adsorption at liquid-liquid interface-
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Fig.-Alignment Of Surfactant At A Liquid-
Liquid Interface

10. 2) Adsorption at liquid-gas interface-
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Fig.-Alignment of Surfactant At A Liquid- Gas Surface

11. Properties of surfactants
1,2
I. Wetting of Solids
II. Solubilization
III. Emulsification
IV. Dispersion of solid in solution
V. Micellization
VI. Detergency
 Wetting of solid-
Three types of wetting phenomena have been described:
1) Adhesional wetting
2) Spreading wetting
3) Immersional wetting.
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12.  Emulsification-
 This is the property of surfactants to form a stable
emulsion of two or more immiscible liquids.
 This is a little like micelle solubilization, but the resultant
solubilizing particles are much bigger.
 Emulsification have following mechanisms-
a) Interfacial tension
b) Interfacial double layer
c) Electrical double layer
Fig.-The Electrical Double Layer At En Oil Water Interface
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13. Micellization-
• A micelle is an aggregate of surfactant molecules dispersed in a
liquid colloid. The process of forming micelle is known as
micellization.
• Micelle formations in polar and non-polar solvent depend on the
concentration of the surfactant in the particular solvent.
CRITICAL MICELLE CONCENTRATION (CMC)
• The concentration of monomer at which the micelles are start
to form in solvent at particular temperature.
• Micelles form only when the concentration of surfactant is
greater than the critical micelle concentration (CMC).
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14. Micelles are divided into three types
2
I. Monomeric micelles-
Fig.-The Formation Of Micelle Form Monomer (Surfactant)
 Individual surfactant molecules that are in the system
but are not part of a micelle are called "monomers."
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15. • In micelle, the hydrophobic tails of several surfactant molecules
assemble into an oil-like core the most stable form of which has
no contact with water.
II. Reverse micelle-
• In a non-polar solvent, the lipophilic "tails" of surfactant
molecules have less contact with water or the exposure of
the hydrophilic head groups to the surrounding solvent that is
energetically unfavorable.
• Therefore, the head groups are pulls at the centre with the
tails extending out called as Inverse Reverse micelle (water-
in-oil micelle).
Fig.- Reverse Micelle
• (In Non Polar Solvent)
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16. III. In polar solvent-
The hydrophilic "heads" of surfactant molecules are always in
contact with the sequestering solvent and the hydrophobic single
tail regions in the micelle centre called normal micelle (oil-in-
water micelle).
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Fig.- Micelle In Polar
Solvent

17. Applications of surfactants
2,3,4
• Liquid systems
i. Formulation of solution
ii. Formulation of suspension
iii. Formulation of emulsions
• Formulation of aerosols
• Formulation of semisolid system
i. Formulation of ointment
ii. Formulation of shampoo
• In naturally occurring surfactants
i. Phospholipids & bile salts
• Antimicrobial activity
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18. Conclusion
• Micelle is very good solution on weakly soluble drug which enhances
their bioavailability.
• Recent work on cancer therapy shows that micelle is a good carrier
for drug used in cancer therapy.
• Micelle doesn’t harm to other system of our body and also having
patient compliances.
• By considering all things, micelle is beneficial in drug delivery
system and more research is expected in future so that this wonderful
phenomena can be used in new drug delivery system.
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19. References
• Alfred Martin,James swarbrick,Arthur Cammarata et.al,Varghese
publishing House, 3rd edition,1992,page no-355-384
• www.pharmatutor.org/articles/surfactants&it’s
Application in pharmaceuticals overview.
• C.V.S Subhramanyam, A textbook of Physical pharmaceutics,
Vallabh Prakashan, Second Edition, 2000, page no-128 to 153
• Swarbrick James,Boylan James C. “Encyclopedia of Pharmaceutical
Technology,” 2nd edition (2002), published by Mar cel Dekker,USA.
Page no.-2639-2653
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