Etymology is the study of the history of words, their origins, and how their form and meaning have changed over time. By extension, the term "the etymology of [a word]" means the origin of the particular word.

1. In the Name of Allah
The Study Of Language
Word Formation
Saeed Jafari
Researcher on Linguistics
B.A Teaching English as a Foreign Language

2. Etymology
Etymology is the history of words, their origins, and how their form
and meaning have changed over time. By an extension, the term "the etymology
of [a word]" means the origin of the particular word.

3. Greek andLatin have had
the biggest influenceonEnglish
This influence startedthousands ofyearsago…

4. Where do the words we use come from?
• Englishis a blend of words from many other languages
• These words made theirway into theEnglishlanguagein many
ways
o Occupation by other countries/cultures
o Englishoccupation of other countries/cultures
o Brought by immigrants
o Culturaltrends and fashions
The English language is always changing!

5. countryname,late 14c., from Medieval Latin Turchia,from Turcus(see Turk)+ -ia
guineafowl

9. Latin
• The Roman Empire expanded into Britain, bringing Latin
Latin
•Latin words found their way into the Anglo-Saxon language of the people in Ancient Britain their way
into the Anglo-Saxon language of the people in people in Ancient Britain
Latin word “stratum”
means “layered road”
“Stratum” became
“straets” in Anglo-Saxon
Now called “streets”
in modern English
Miles
Miles of
streets and
roads were
created
Mile is from
the Latin word
mille, which
means 1,000
The Roman
mile was
measured as
1,000 paces

10. Coinage is the word formation process in which a new word is created either
deliberately or accidentally without using the other word formation processes
and often from seemingly nothing.
Sources of coined words:
1. Trade names of commercial products that become general terms.
e.g. Google, ebay
2. New words based on the name of a person or a place.
e.g. Volt, Watt, jeans, sandwich, hoover etc.
Coinage

11. Selfie
a photograph that one has taken of oneself, typically one taken with a
smartphone or webcam and uploaded to a social media website.

12. Space Tourism
the practice of travelling into space for recreational purposes

13. Hackerspace
a place in which people with an interest in computing or
technology can gather to work on projects while sharing
ideas, equipment, and knowledge
StreetFood
prepared or cooked
food sold by vendors in
a street or other public
location for immediate
consumption
Unlike
withdraw one’s liking or approval of
(a web page or posting on a social
media website that one has
previously liked)

14. FOMO
FIL
LDR
A / W
anxiety that an exciting or
interesting event may currently be
happening elsewhere, often
aroused by posts seen on a
social media website
a person’s father-in-law (see
also MIL, BIL, SIL).
me time, n. (informal): time spent
relaxing on one’s own as opposed to
working or doing things for others,
seen as an opportunity to reduce
stress or restore energy.
(denoting or relating to fashion
designed for the autumn and
winter seasons of a particular
year). (See also S/S)

16. Borrowing
Borrowing is the process whereby new words are formed by adopting words
from other languages together with the concepts or ideas they stand for (cf.
Brun, 1983; Pei 1966). E.g., tango, mango, taco, burrito from Spanish; fiancé,
very (adapted from Old French verai), garage from French; pizza, mafia from
Italian so on. Usually, the pro-nunciation and morphology of the borrowings
( borrowed terms or loanwords ) are adapted to the phonology and
morphology of the host language (i.e., the language which adopts the terms);
e.g., guerrilla g´"rIl´ (English), ge" r@ija (Spanish); banana b´"nœn´ (English),
ba"nana (Spanish); mango (sing), mangoes (pl.) (English), mangos (Spanish).

17. Latin words borrowed before the settlement in England

18. Latin words adopted during the Anglo-Saxon period

19. 14th and 15th century 14th and 15th century

20. ENGLISHWORDS BORROWEDFROMITALIAN

21. Examples by word class
Modifier Head Compound
noun noun football
adjective noun blackboard
verb noun breakwater
preposition noun underworld
noun adjective snowwhite
adjective adjective blue-green
verb adjective tumbledown
preposition adjective over-ripe
noun verb browbeat
adjective verb highlight
verb verb freeze-dry
preposition verb undercut
noun preposition love-in
adverb preposition forthwith
verb preposition takeout
preposition preposition without
Many of our words come from our close neighbours the French
Cheque
Chef
Artist
Bureau
Café
Gallop
Nature
Restaurant
Cabinet
Justice
and so on

22. Compounding is the word formation process in which two or more lexemes
combine into a single new word. Compound words may be written as one
word or as two words joined with a hyphen. For example:
noun-noun compound: note + book → notebook
adjective-noun compound: blue + berry → blueberry
verb-noun compound: work + room → workroom
noun-verb compound: breast + feed → breastfeed
verb-verb compound: stir + fry → stir-fry
adjective-verb compound: high + light → highlight
Compounding

23. Examples by word class
Modifier Head Compound
noun noun football
adjective noun blackboard
verb noun breakwater
preposition noun underworld
noun adjective snowwhite
adjective adjective blue-green
verb adjective tumbledown
preposition adjective over-ripe
Examples by word class
Modifier Head Compound
noun noun football
adjective noun blackboard
verb noun breakwater
preposition noun underworld
noun adjective snowwhite
adjective adjective blue-green
verb adjective tumbledown
preposition adjective over-ripe
noun verb browbeat
adjective verb highlight
verb verb freeze-dry
preposition verb undercut
noun preposition love-in
adverb preposition forthwith
verb preposition takeout
preposition preposition without
English compounds may beclassified in several ways, such as the word classes orthe semantic relationship of their
components

24. Similar to compounds, but parts of the words are deleted.
Blends are the compression of two words into one
Examples:
Motor + hotel  Motel
Breakfast + lunch  Brunch
Wireless + Fidelity  Wi-Fi
* They will obey the phonological rules of the language
smoke + fog ≠ sfog
Blending

25. Some blending patterns become so common that they
seem to create new morphemes
1. Watergate
2. Nannygate
3. Monicagate
4. -gate looks like a suffix meaning ‘scandal’
Blends

26. television marathon telethon
breakfast lunch brunch
motor hotel motel
frozen cappacino frappacino
situation comedy sitcom
cranberry martini crantini
Blends

27. Cliping
Clipping means cutting Off the beginning or the end of a
word or both Leaving a part to stand for The whole ;lab ,
Dorm , Prof , exam
The back-clipped words are those words that lose their
forepart , like plane and phone.
*The converse of backformation
*Clipping does not assume a rule but deletes material
while obeying the phonological rules of the language

28. Abbreviations (Clipping)
• Definition: A word which is clipped
• Examples:
– Facsimile  fax
– Hamburger  burger
 Gasoline 
 Advertisement 
 Omnibus 
Gas
Ad
Bus

29. Clipping
professor prof
disrespect diss
gymnasium gym
mathematics math
memorandum memo
attitude tude

30. Backformation
A new word is created by removing what is mistakenly
considered to be an affix
edit from editor;
peddle from peddler;
enthuse from enthusiasm
orientate from orientation

31. Backformation
burglar burgle
beggar beg
enthusiasm enthuse
hamburger burger

32. Derivation is the forming of new words by combining derivational affixes or
bound bases with existing Words , as in misadvise
Re-ask
They are immediately Understandable because You know the meaning of
the parts.
Derivation stands in contrast to the process of inflection, which means the
formation of grammatical variants of the same word, as with
determine/determines/determining/determined.
Derivation

33. Examples of English derivational patterns and their suffixes:
adjective-to-noun: -ness (slow → slowness)
adjective-to-verb: -ise (modern → modernise) in British English or -
ize (archaic → archaicize) in American English and Oxford spelling
adjective-to-adjective: -ish (red → reddish)
adjective-to-adverb: -ly (personal → personally)
noun-to-adjective: -al (recreation → recreational)
noun-to-verb: -fy (glory → glorify)
verb-to-adjective: -able (drink → drinkable)
verb-to-noun (abstract): -ance (deliver → deliverance)
verb-to-noun (agent): -er (write → writer)

34. Definition: Assigning an already existing word to a new syntactic category.
Examples:
butter (N)  to butter the bread
permit (V)  an entry permit
empty (A)  to empty the litter-bin
Conversion

35. Acronomy is the process whereby a word is formed from the
initials or be-ginning segments of a succession of words.
Examples:
severe acute respiratory syndrome
 SARS
Self-contained underwater breathing apparatus
 SCUBA
Acronyms

36. Acronyms
constable on patrol cop
radar detection
and ranging
radar
aquired immune
deficiency
syndrome
AIDS
Acronyms

37. Prefixes and suffixes are sets of letters that are added to the beginning or
end of another word. They are not words in their own right and cannot
stand on their own in a sentence: if they are printed on their own they
have a hyphen before or after them.
Prefixes and suffixes
Word creation with prefixes and suffixes
Some prefixes and suffixes are part of our living language, in
that people regularly use them to create new words for
modern products, concepts, or situations. For example:
word prefix or suffix new word
security bio- biosecurity
clutter de- declutter
media multi- multimedia
email -er emailer

38. word prefix or suffix new word
security bio- biosecurity
clutter de- declutter
media multi- multimedia
email -er emailer
word suffix new word
child -ish childish
work -er worker
taste -less tasteless
idol -ize/-ise idolize/idolise
like -able likeable
Suffixes
Suffixes are added to the end of an existing word. For example:
word prefix new word
happy un- unhappy
cultural multi- multicultural
work over- overwork
space cyber- cyberspace
market super- supermarket
Prefixes
Prefixes are added to the beginning of an existing word in order to create a new word with a different meaning. For
example:

39. An infix is an affix inserted inside a word stem (an existing word). It contrasts
with adfix, a rare term for an affix attached to the end of a stem, such as a
prefix or suffix.
Infix

40. Portuguese
There is an infix construction for the future and conditional tenses:
Eu fá-lo-ei amanhã. Literally: I will ma-it-ke tomorrow. Meaning: I will make it tomorrow.
Eu fá-lo-ia ontem. Literally: I would ma-it-ke yesterday. Meaning: I would make it yesterday.
Spanish
In Nicaragua and neighboring countries, the Spanish diminutive affix becomes an infix ⟨it⟩ in
names: Óscar [ˈoskar] → Osquítar [osˈkitar] (cf. standard Oscarito); Edgar → Edguítar; Victor →
Victítor.
Arabic
Arabic uses a common infix, ⟨t⟩ ‫ت‬for Form VIII verbs, usually a reflexive of Form I. It is placed
after the first consonant of the root; an epenthetic i- prefix is also added since words cannot
begin with a consonant cluster. An example is ‫اجتهد‬ijtahada "he worked hard", from ‫جهد‬jahada
"he strove". (The words "ijtihad" and "jihad" are nouns derived from these two verbs.)

41. Here you will find one or more explanations in English for the word kamhmu. Also in
the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the
word kamhmu and, of course, kamhmu synonyms and on the right images related to
the word kamhmu.
Khmu [kʰmuʔ] is the language of the Khmu people of the northern Laos region. It is
also spoken in adjacent areas of Vietnam, Thailand and China. Khmu lends its name to
the Khmuic branch of the Austroasiatic language family, the latter of which also
includes Khmer and Vietnamese.
kamhmu