3. Background
ï” The incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has
continued to rise in recent years.
ï” This increase has been attributed to alcohol-induced
liver diseases, metabolic syndrome, and the rising
number of hepatitis B and C viral infections.
ï” Treatment options are evolving. With better
understanding of liver anatomy and physiology surgical
treatment emerges as the main curative option
4. Case Discussion
ï” 68 years old male, Diabetic/ hypertensive/ IHD ( on medical
management)
ï” RUQ discomfort - 2-3 months
ï” generalized weakness, fatigue, exertional breathlessness
ï” No addictions, No H/O hepatitis infection.
ï” GPE - pallor ++, BMI-35, otherwise normal, good performance
status
ï” Abdomen examinationâ unremarkable
6. Investigations
ï” UGI scopy â normal study of stomach
ï” Colonoscopy â small Haemorrhoids. Occasional
uncomplicated left colonic diverticulae +
ï” CT abdomen â for evaluation of bleeding
20. Further Evaluation ?
ï” Tumour markers
ï” AFP â 423 IU/dl
ï” DCP/CEA/CA 19 9 - normal
ï” ?Biopsy
ï” Decision on curative treatment
21. Biopsy â to do or not to do!!!!!
ï” Risk of biopsy in liver tumors:
ï” False negative â targetting error
ï” Bleeding
ï” Intrahepatic dissemination
ï” Peritoneal dissemination
ï” When to biopsy??
ï” Resectable lesion â NO BIOPSY
ï” Typical radiological features +/- raised AFP â NO BIOPSY
ï” Atypical radiological features + raised AFP â NO BIOPSY
ï” Atypical radiological features + normal AFP + nonresectable - BIOPSY
22. How to manage this case ?
Diagnosis conformed by Imaging and AFP
25. Which patients should undergo resection?
Performance status
Associated Medical Diseases
Stage of Disease
Size /Number of lesions
Extrahepatic disease
Portal vein status
Functional hepatic reserve
34. TOTAL LIVER VOLUME: 1256 CC
RESIDUAL LIVER VOLUME: 1256-
440CC = 816CC
PERCENTAGE
RESIDUAL LIVER
VOLUME = 64%
35. TOTAL LIVER VOLUME: 1256 CC
TUMOR VOLUME = 220 CC
TOTAL FUNCTIONAL LIVER VOLUME = 1256-220:
1036 CC
RESIDUAL LIVER VOLUME: 1036-440 = 596 CC.
PERCENTAGE RESIDUAL
LIVER VOLUME =
596 / 1036 : 57%
36. Assessment
ï” Patient â Good performance status, fit for surgery; medical
factors well controlled
ï” Disease related â Localised disease; no evidence of spread
ï” Liver Status ârt Posterior sectionectomy, Segment 6,7; Good
residual volume
ï” Facilities â Intraoperative USG; Dissecting tools â Waterjet;
Hemostatic tools â harmonic and Aquamantys
ï” Surgeon and team
40. Post operative Course
ï”No major morbidity
ï” Discharged on Day 6
ï” Follow up- doing well
41. FNAC OR BIOPSY FOR DIAGNOSIS?
ï” Malignant tumours of liver can be confidently
diagnosed on FNAC. However, FNAC has limitations
and diagnostic challenges in benign lesions and well-differentiated
HCC.
ï” Biopsy allows architectural, cellular and
immunohistochemical evaluation.
ï” A combined approach of biopsy with clinical findings,
tumour markers and ancillary techniques is preferred.
43. Results of Biopsy in Suspected HCC
ï” Sensitivity of FNA 67-100%
ï” Specificity of FNA 80-100%
ï” Risk of needle track seeding 2.7% overall, 0.9%/year
ï” Median time for seeding: 17/12 (3-48/12)
Silva MA et al.Gut 2008;57:1592-1596
44. Pathology of HCC
ï” Histopathology of this patient
ï” Prognostic factors
45. Histology of HCC
ï” Well-differentiated HCCs are those where the tumour
cells closely resemble hepatocytes.
ï” Poorly differentiated HCC are those where the
hepatocellular nature of the tumour is not
very evident from the morphology.
46. CORE DATA ITEMS IN PATHOLOGY REPORT
ï” Size
ï” Number
ï” Grade
ï” Vascular invasion
ï” Capsular invasion
ï” Resection margin
ï” Type (fibrolamellar variant better prognosis)
ï” Background liver
ï” Lymph node status
47. Outcome of Surgery
ï” Good risk patient(Non Cirrhotic, Child A CLD)
ï” Disease Status
ï” Surgical expertise
ï” Strict intra op measures â monitoring, less blood loss
ï” Good residual liver volume
ï” Complete resection with good margin
ï” Favourable pathology
48. Take home messages
ï” HCC - increasing diagnosis due to awareness
ï” Should be evaluated by an experienced team âto select
the best treatment option for increased chance of cure
ï” Do not needle all liver lesions!
ï” Age and size of tumour really do not necessarily rule out
curative surgery
ï” A meticulously planned surgery with intraoperative and
perioperative care results in excellent outcome
ï” Treatment should be undertaken at centerâs with
experience and facilities