This document provides an overview of tunnels, including their definition, history, construction methods, design considerations, and effects of earthquakes. Tunnels are underground passages constructed for various purposes like transportation. Key construction methods include cut-and-cover, drill-and-blast, bored tunneling using a Tunnel Boring Machine, and sequential excavation. Design requires considering factors like ground conditions, water management, tunnel usage, and seismic activity. During earthquakes, tunnels can experience ground shaking, ground failures, deformations, cracking, and other effects that must be addressed in seismic design. The Gotthard Base Tunnel case study exemplifies addressing geological challenges during tunnel construction.
2. WHAT IS TUNNEL?
It is an underground or underwater
passageway, dug through the
surrounding soil/earth/rock
A tunnel may be for foot or vehicular
road traffic, for rail traffic, or for a canal.
Secret tunnels are built for military
purposes.
Special tunnels, such as wildlife crossings,
are built to allow wildlife to cross human-
made barriers safely.
3. REASONS TO BUILD A TUNNEL
When the lane encounters an obstacle such as
a mountain to avoid bypassing the obstacle
Built sometimes to overcome a water obstacle
as a replacement for building a bridge above it.
Built to connect between military posts so the
movement between them will not be visible for
the enemy
Sometimes built for infrastructure like electricity
cables, water, communication and sewerage to
avoid damage and disruption above ground
4. HISTORY
the first tunneling was done by prehistoric people
seeking to enlarge their caves.
First tunnel in Babylonia was a brick-lined pedestrian
passage some 3,000 feet (900 meters) long was built
about 2180 to 2160 B.C. under the Euphrates River to
connect the royal palace with the temple
the largest tunnel in ancient times was a 4,800-foot-
long, 25-foot-wide, 30-foot-high road tunnel (the
Pausilippo) between Naples and Pozzuoli, executed
in 36 B.C.
5. In 1681 gunpowder was first used for blasting
the tunnels
First time the ventilation system for tunnel was
developed in 1927 in Holland tunnel
In 1952 James.S.Robbins comes up with a
good idea and designs the modern tunnel-
boring machine
In 1988 Japan's 33-mile-long Seikan Tunnel, the
world's longest and deepest railway tunnel
(787 feet below sea level), connects the
islands of Honshu and Hokkaido
In 1994 after 192 years of planning and six
years of building, the Channel Tunnel runs
under the English Channel
6. TUNNELING METHODS
depends on
ground conditions,
the ground water conditions,
the length and diameter of the tunnel drive,
the depth of the tunnel,
the logistics of supporting the tunnel excavation,
the final use and
shape of the tunnel and appropriate risk.
8. 2. DRILL AND
BLAST
3. BORED
TUNNELING
Done by Tunnel Boring Machine (TBM)
It is often used for excavating long tunnels
9. 4. SEQUENTIAL EXCAVATION
METHOD Also known as the New Austrian Tunneling
Method (NATM).
The excavation location of a proposed tunnel is
divided into segments first.
The segments are then mined sequentially with
supports
11. TUNNEL LININGS
These are the permanent or temporary
support for keeping tunnel from collapse
and provide safe.
Tunnel linings are grouped into three
main forms some or all of which may be
used in the construction of a tunnel:
1. Temporary ground support
2. Primary lining
3. Secondary lining
13. 2. ROCK REINFORCEMENT
Steel bolts are frequently set in holes drilled
into the rock to assist in supporting the entire
roof or individual rock slabs that tend to fall
into a tunnel
14. 3. SHOTCRETE
Pneumatically applied mortar and concrete
are increasingly being used for the support of
underground excavations
15. 4. WIRE MESH
Wire mesh is used to support small pieces of
loose rock or as reinforcement for shotcrete.
Two types of wire mesh are commonly used in
underground excavations:
1. Chain-link mesh:- commonly used for fencing
2. Weld mesh:- commonly used for reinforcing
shotcrete
16. 5. IN SITU CONCRETING
The process of placing concrete in situ
was incompatible with timber supports.
The first uses of concrete were for tunnels
in good rock and it was only with the
introduction of steel supports that
concrete became the norm for a tunnel
lining material.
In-situ forms used for lining tunnels are,
with few exceptions, of the travelling
type, constructed of steel.
18. VENTILATION IN TUNNELS
Ventilation is required because of :
1) Dust and gas caused by drilling,
blasting, loading of excavated materials
and Shotcreting
2) Exhaust gas and smoke discharged by
diesel
3) Poison gas made from explosive or
organic solvent
4) Poison gas, flammable gas or oxygen
shortage gas in ground
5) High temperature and high humidity
19. VENTILATION DURING
CONSTRUCTION
During construction it is necessary to ventilate
a tunnel for various reasons:
To furnish fresh air for the workers
To remove the dust caused by drilling,
blasting, mucking, diesel engines, and other
operations
To remove obnoxious gases and fumes
produced by explosives
20. SEISMIC DESIGN
CONSIDERATIONS
Underground structures constitute crucial
components of the transportation
networks
Underground structures are constrained
by the surrounding medium
Compared to surface structures, which
are generally unsupported above their
foundations, the underground structures
can be considered to display
significantly greater degrees of
redundancy thanks to the support from
the ground6
21. SEISMIC DESIGN VS
CONVENTIONAL DESIGN
Seismic loads cannot be calculated accurately.
Seismic loads are derived with a high degree of
uncertainty, unlike dead loads, live loads, or other
effects such as temperature changes.
Any specified seismic effect has a risk associated
with it.
Seismic motions are transient and reversing (i.e.,
cyclic). The frequency or rate of these cyclic
actions is generally very high, ranging from less than
one Hz to greater than ten Hz.
Seismic loads are superimposed on other
permanent or frequently occurring loads.
22. GENERAL EFFECTS OF
EARTHQUAKE
1. Ground shaking
Ground shaking refers to the vibration of the
ground produced by seismic waves propagating
through the earth’s crust
It composed of two different types of seismic
waves
1. Body waves travel within the earth’s material. They
may be either longitudinal P waves or transverse
shear S waves and they can travel in any direction
in the ground.
2. Surface waves travel along the earth’s surface.
They may be either Rayleigh waves or Love waves.
23. GROUND FAILURE
Ground failure broadly includes various types
of ground instability
Such as faulting, landslides, liquefaction, and
tectonic uplift and subsidence.
Each of these hazards maybe potentially
catastrophic to tunnel structures, although the
damages are usually localized.
Design of a tunnel structure against ground
instability problems is often possible, although
the cost may be high.
27. CASE STUDY
The Gotthard Base Tunnel is a railway tunnel in the
heart of the Swiss Alps
route length-57 km
total of 151.84 km of tunnels
world's longest rail tunnel.
Detailed preliminary investigation took place in
1986.
It came to know that there are total of 90 geologic
problem zones at site.
most difficult zone for the tunnellers on the Piora
Basin stretch - a funnel-shaped formation filled with
sugar grained dolomite and water
28. A thick jet of water mixed with dolomite
shot out of the mountain and flooded
the road.
A series of 19 inclined drills were made
finally giving the engineers the all clear.
They hit on hard rock with no water
pressure.
29. geology is very important while designing a
tunnel.
The method adopted for tunneling is based on
the type of rock and geological conditions.
tunnels are safer to the earthquake from the
other on ground structures.
necessary to consider the seismic design of
tunnel,
ventilation of tunnel is very important in tunnel
during the construction and after the
construction,
CONCLUSION
30. REFERENCES
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HossamToma,Tunnel Lining Methods: Selection of an efficient method,
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20
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