This document discusses key concepts in physiology including structure-function relationships, homeostasis, adaptation, and feedback control systems. It explains that physiological function is determined by structure on multiple levels of organization from molecules to ecosystems. Homeostasis refers to maintaining internal stability despite external changes through various physiological processes. Adaptation occurs over generations through natural selection to match animal physiology with their environments. Feedback control systems like negative and positive feedback help regulate homeostasis.

1. BS Level
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Physiology of Coordination, Dr
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2. 2
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3.  Structure – Function relationship
 Adaptations, acclimatization and acclimation
 Homeostasis
 Conformity and regulation
 Feedback control systems
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4. 4
STRUCTURE – FUNCTION
RELATIONSHIP
Function is based on structure
at all levels of organization
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5. 5
LEVELS OF
ORGANIZATION IN
FUNCTION
Molecules
Cells
Tissues Organs Organ-systems
OrganismPopulationCommunityEcosystem
Atoms and subatomic particles
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6. 6
Hierarchy of Life
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-Life starts from an atom that
makes molecules and
macromolecules.
- Macromolecules makes
organelles, cells and tissues.
- Tissues makes organs and
systems.
- Systems makes organisms.
- Organisms makes populations,
communities, ecosystems.
- Ecosystems makes the
planet Earth and who knows
more planets.

7.  The figure is
showing
action of
muscles from
organism to
molecular
level
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URL:
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Skeletal_mu
scle.jpg

8.  Frog catches a passing fly by a leap (skeletal
muscle)
 After eating fly, frog’s stomach mixes and
massages the contents (smooth muscles)
 The nutrients absorbed into the blood are
propelled by the beating of heart to the body
(cardiac muscle)
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9.  Movement (leap) of a frog from organism to
molecular level
 Reflex arc
 Nutrition and digestion
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10.  Adaptation is a physiological, biochemical or
anatomic change that typically occurs in a gradual
manner over generation. Generally it is not
reversible.
 Physiology of an animal is usually well matched
with the environment. Evolution by natural
selection is the explanation of the process called
adaptation.
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11.  Acclimatization is a physiological, biochemical
or anatomic change within and individual animal
during its life that results from the animals chronic
exposure in its native habitat to new, naturally
occurring environmental conditions.
 Acclimation is same process but when the same
changes are induced experimentally in laboratory
or in wild habitat by researcher.
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12.  Adaptation is a change in genotype that result in
a change in phenotype
 Migration of a bear from low-lying valley to high
mountain
◦ increased ventilation
◦ RBC’s increase in
◦ This is called Acclimatization.
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13.  If the conditions of mountain (hypobaric) are
developed in laboratory for any animal, same
response could be seen, but it is called
Acclimation.
 Bar-headed goose fly up to the peaks of
Himalayas, which if other animals do, they die.
This is adaptation of the goose selected via
process of natural selection to survive in this
extreme environment.
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14.  It could be difficult to know that whether a
physiological characteristic is of adaptive value or
not.
 A physiological process is adaptive if it is present
at high frequency in a population.
 The reason is that it results in a higher probability
of survival and reproduction.
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15.  How to prove certain
character is adaptive?
Comparative
approach tells us how
is it possible.
 Llama and camel’
blood have same
affinity for oxygen
(which is very high).
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Hilly &
cold
area
Low
lands
Llama
Camel
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16.  Adaptation is produced by mutation that is
spontaneous.
 Adaptation is transferred to the next
generation.
 Adaptation is produced in the germline
DNA.
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17.  Genetic material (DNA) is passed from parents
to offspring's
 Germ line is derived from the parents germ line,
to continue the germ line DNA.
 Evolution is centered on the survival of DNA,
since information it have defines a species.
 Failure to reproduce its DNA leads to extinction
of a species.
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 Homeostasis is defined as “consistency of internal
environment”. This is a concept first recognized by
a French pioneer of modern Physiology, Claude
Bernard.
 Animals live in quite hostile environments
◦ Aquatic animals face more dilute (fresh water) or more
salty (sea water) than their body.
◦ Terrestrial animals face too hot or too cold temperature
◦ Aerial mode of life have resistance to flight etc
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19.  Also most environments have fluctuations, i.e.
changes over time and in seasonal changes.
 To survive animals have to cope with these
changes.
 Homeostasis is the mechanism for dealing with
the hostile environment.
 Various physiological processes and anatomic
structures are adapted to maintain homeostasis.
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20.  For example:
◦ pH in human blood (around 7)
◦ Temperature of the human body (37°C)
◦ Hormone and blood levels of glucose
◦ Search for examples of homeostasis, yourself.
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21.  Homeostasis is maintained by the
feedback control systems:
◦ Negative feedback: a hormone after produced in a
specific amount decrease its own production.
◦ Positive feedback: Oxytocin when produced in a specific
amount enhance its own production.
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23.  Conformors are the organisms that change their
internal environment when the external
environment change, e.g., oxyconformers worms.
 Regulators on the other hand maintain their
internal environment despite changes in external
environment, e.g., human body maintain a specific
pH in blood.
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