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   Presentation

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                            Prepared by
                            Mr.Rushi Prajapati
Monday, June 04, 2012   BCI A.I.E.T. Jaipur 1
Scope of presentation

Basic Idea
Generic BCI system
Types of BCI system
EEG technique
Applications
Advantages
Disadvantages
BCI Innovators
Future developments

              Monday, June 04, 2012   BCI   2
MAN AND THE WORLD
Man interacts with the world using his
five senses and limb movements




                   Monday, June 04, 2012   BCI   3
THOUGHTS faster than
    ACTIONS
   Actions are mechanical
    movements while
    thoughts are electrical
    impulses.

   Thoughts are faster than
    actions

   So direct interaction with
    the world through
    thoughts would be faster.

                          Monday, June 04, 2012   BCI   4
Brain Computer Interface

     Brain-computer interface (BCI) is a fast-growing
      emergent technology in which researchers aim to
      build a direct channel between the human brain
      and the computer.


                                                  BCI- The
                                                  Ultimate in
                                                  Human
                                                  Computer
                                                  Interfacing



                    Monday, June 04, 2012   BCI                 5
Components of BCI

                              Generation of
                               signals from brain

                              Preprocessing,

                              Feature extraction,

                              Classification,

                              Device control.



Monday, June 04, 2012   BCI                      6
Generic BCI System




           Monday, June 04, 2012   BCI   7
signal extraction techniques
Different neuroimaging methods are used to derive
meaningful interpretations from the brain signals which
are captured by microelectrodes:


EEG         - Electro encephalography
ECoG        - Electro cortico graphy
MEG         - Magneto encephalo graphy
BOLD        - Blood-Oxygen-Level-Dependent (signal)
MRI         - Magnetic Resonance Imaging


                     Monday, June 04, 2012   BCI          8
Types of BCI
Invasive-
     inside grey matter of brain
Partially Invasive-
     inside the skull but outside
     the grey matter
Non Invasive-
     outside the skull, on the
     scalp


                        Monday, June 04, 2012   BCI   9
Invasive BCI S

                                    Electrode inserted
                                    directly into grey matter

                                    Highest quality signal
                                    can obtain

                                    But are prone to scar-
                                    tissue build-up




            Monday, June 04, 2012   BCI                    10
Sensors Used in BCI-
Microelectrodes




       Silicon Microelectrode
              Monday, June 04, 2012   BCI   11
Microelectrodes
Microelectrodes are
used to capture
electrical/magnetic
signals of the brain.
Types:
Wire-type
Silicon-based
Ceramic-based
Polyimide-based.              Diagram of silicon-based
                               ACREO microelectrode arrays

                    Monday, June 04, 2012   BCI              12
Microwires emerging from the green and orange tubes connect to two
arrays of 16 microelectrodes embedded in a small mat of clear,
rubbery silicone - the larger, numbered electrodes are part of the
patient’s original surgery (Photo: University of Utah Department of
Neurosurgery)                  Monday, June 04, 2012 BCI              13
Partially Invasive BCIs

   Implanted inside the skull but rest outside the grey
    matter of the brain

   Produce better resolution signals than non-invasive
    BCIs where the bone tissue of the cranium deflects
    and deforms signals

   Carry lower risk of forming scar-tissue in the brain
    than fully-invasive BCIs.




                        Monday, June 04, 2012   BCI        14
Non-Invasive BCIs

   low signal quality due
    to electrodes are not
    directly interact with
    neurons

   It is safest as no
    surgery required.

   EEG is widely used for
    this technique


                         Monday, June 04, 2012   BCI   15
EEG Technique for BCI
   Electrodes attached to the
    scalp

   Electric signals of the brain
    are amplified.

   Transmitted to the computer

   Software converts them into
    technical control signals (
    computer commands)

   These computer commands
    controls the computer. June 04, 2012
                       Monday,             BCI   16
EEG WAVES

   There are 5 major types of EEG waves
1. Delta Waves

2. Theta Waves

3. Alpha Waves

4. Beta Waves

5. Gamma Waves

                 Monday, June 04, 2012   BCI   17
Continuous Brain Waves
      Generally grouped by frequency: (amplitudes are about 100µV max)


  Type         Frequency    Location                 Use
  Delta        <4 Hz        everywhere               occur during sleep, coma


  Theta        4-7 Hz       temporal and parietal    correlated with emotional stress
                                                     (frustration & disappointment)
  Alpha        8-12 Hz      occipital and parietal   reduce amplitude with sensory
                                                     stimulation or mental imagery
  Beta         12-36 Hz     parietal and frontal     can increase amplitude during
                                                     intense mental activity
  Mu           9-11 Hz      frontal (motor           diminishes with movement or
                            cortex)                  intention of movement
  Lambda       sharp,       occipital                correlated with visual attention
               jagged
  Vertex                                             higher incidence in patients with
                                                     epilepsy or encephalopathy

Monday, June 04, 2012      BCI                                             18
Electrode Placement

 Standard “10-20 System”
 Spaced apart 10-20%
 Letter for region
  • F - Frontal Lobe
  • T - Temporal Lobe
  • C - Center
  • O - Occipital Lobe
 Number for exact position
  • Odd numbers - left
  • Even numbers - right

                    Monday, June 04, 2012   BCI   19
Electrode Placement

  A more   detailed view:




                Monday, June 04, 2012   BCI   20
Area of implementation

Medical science
 Enabling disabled people
   o Vision and hearing

   o   Paralysis treatment

   o   Prosthetic devices (legs, hands etc)

   o   Provide a means of communication to completely
       paralyzed patients

   o   Surgically implanted devices used as replacement
       for paralyzed patients 04, 2012 BCI
                      Monday, June                     21
General application

Control a robot

Playing games

For physically weak persons to handle the computer

Cursor control

    o Allow those with poor muscle control to
    o communicate and control physical devices

                    Monday, June 04, 2012   BCI       22
Example of BCI
application




                                         A phsically
                                         handicapped
                                         man operates
                                         a BCI
                                         wheelchair


           Monday, June 04, 2012   BCI                  23
More examples




                                        Japanese student
                                        walking in the virtual
                                        world with the
                                        character controlled
                                        by his brain waves.
A single handed man
interfaced with BCI
                      Monday, June 04, 2012   BCI                24
ADVANTAGES

• BCIs will help creating a Direct communication
  between a human or animal brain and computers.

• Also it provides better living, more features, more
  advancement in technologies etc.

• High Precision (can be used reliably)

• Low bandwidth




                     Monday, June 04, 2012   BCI        25
Difficulty in Implementation
of BCI:

 COST require for BCI is very high.

 It is RISKy, because it operates with brain.

 Effective BCI technique requires invasive method.

 Requires magnetically shielded room and special
  kind of helmet.

 It is SLOW

                     Monday, June 04, 2012   BCI      26
BCI INNOVATORS

   Pioneers


   Nasa


   Cyberkinetics             neurotechnology system,

   Japanese            reaserch team

Monday, June 04, 2012   BCI                     27
Future developments
 Better   signal detection

 Shortening    training time

 Improvinglearning (neurobiological and
 psychological basis)

 New   recording methods (NIRS, ECoG)

 Broaderrange of applications (interface to
 commercially available assistive devices;
 treatment of diseases)
                    Monday, June 04, 2012   BCI   28
Conclusion

   BCI is highly promising.

   Provide high standard of
    living.

   Extend our limits.

   Impart a new level to the
    popular quote-
    “I think therefore I am!”

                         Monday, June 04, 2012   BCI   29
Monday, June 04, 2012   BCI   30

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BRAIN COMPUTER INTERFACE

  • 1. A Presentation On Prepared by Mr.Rushi Prajapati Monday, June 04, 2012 BCI A.I.E.T. Jaipur 1
  • 2. Scope of presentation Basic Idea Generic BCI system Types of BCI system EEG technique Applications Advantages Disadvantages BCI Innovators Future developments Monday, June 04, 2012 BCI 2
  • 3. MAN AND THE WORLD Man interacts with the world using his five senses and limb movements Monday, June 04, 2012 BCI 3
  • 4. THOUGHTS faster than ACTIONS  Actions are mechanical movements while thoughts are electrical impulses.  Thoughts are faster than actions  So direct interaction with the world through thoughts would be faster. Monday, June 04, 2012 BCI 4
  • 5. Brain Computer Interface  Brain-computer interface (BCI) is a fast-growing emergent technology in which researchers aim to build a direct channel between the human brain and the computer. BCI- The Ultimate in Human Computer Interfacing Monday, June 04, 2012 BCI 5
  • 6. Components of BCI Generation of signals from brain Preprocessing, Feature extraction, Classification, Device control. Monday, June 04, 2012 BCI 6
  • 7. Generic BCI System Monday, June 04, 2012 BCI 7
  • 8. signal extraction techniques Different neuroimaging methods are used to derive meaningful interpretations from the brain signals which are captured by microelectrodes: EEG - Electro encephalography ECoG - Electro cortico graphy MEG - Magneto encephalo graphy BOLD - Blood-Oxygen-Level-Dependent (signal) MRI - Magnetic Resonance Imaging Monday, June 04, 2012 BCI 8
  • 9. Types of BCI Invasive- inside grey matter of brain Partially Invasive- inside the skull but outside the grey matter Non Invasive- outside the skull, on the scalp Monday, June 04, 2012 BCI 9
  • 10. Invasive BCI S Electrode inserted directly into grey matter Highest quality signal can obtain But are prone to scar- tissue build-up Monday, June 04, 2012 BCI 10
  • 11. Sensors Used in BCI- Microelectrodes Silicon Microelectrode Monday, June 04, 2012 BCI 11
  • 12. Microelectrodes Microelectrodes are used to capture electrical/magnetic signals of the brain. Types: Wire-type Silicon-based Ceramic-based Polyimide-based. Diagram of silicon-based ACREO microelectrode arrays Monday, June 04, 2012 BCI 12
  • 13. Microwires emerging from the green and orange tubes connect to two arrays of 16 microelectrodes embedded in a small mat of clear, rubbery silicone - the larger, numbered electrodes are part of the patient’s original surgery (Photo: University of Utah Department of Neurosurgery) Monday, June 04, 2012 BCI 13
  • 14. Partially Invasive BCIs  Implanted inside the skull but rest outside the grey matter of the brain  Produce better resolution signals than non-invasive BCIs where the bone tissue of the cranium deflects and deforms signals  Carry lower risk of forming scar-tissue in the brain than fully-invasive BCIs. Monday, June 04, 2012 BCI 14
  • 15. Non-Invasive BCIs  low signal quality due to electrodes are not directly interact with neurons  It is safest as no surgery required.  EEG is widely used for this technique Monday, June 04, 2012 BCI 15
  • 16. EEG Technique for BCI  Electrodes attached to the scalp  Electric signals of the brain are amplified.  Transmitted to the computer  Software converts them into technical control signals ( computer commands)  These computer commands controls the computer. June 04, 2012 Monday, BCI 16
  • 17. EEG WAVES There are 5 major types of EEG waves 1. Delta Waves 2. Theta Waves 3. Alpha Waves 4. Beta Waves 5. Gamma Waves Monday, June 04, 2012 BCI 17
  • 18. Continuous Brain Waves  Generally grouped by frequency: (amplitudes are about 100µV max) Type Frequency Location Use Delta <4 Hz everywhere occur during sleep, coma Theta 4-7 Hz temporal and parietal correlated with emotional stress (frustration & disappointment) Alpha 8-12 Hz occipital and parietal reduce amplitude with sensory stimulation or mental imagery Beta 12-36 Hz parietal and frontal can increase amplitude during intense mental activity Mu 9-11 Hz frontal (motor diminishes with movement or cortex) intention of movement Lambda sharp, occipital correlated with visual attention jagged Vertex higher incidence in patients with epilepsy or encephalopathy Monday, June 04, 2012 BCI 18
  • 19. Electrode Placement  Standard “10-20 System”  Spaced apart 10-20%  Letter for region • F - Frontal Lobe • T - Temporal Lobe • C - Center • O - Occipital Lobe  Number for exact position • Odd numbers - left • Even numbers - right Monday, June 04, 2012 BCI 19
  • 20. Electrode Placement  A more detailed view: Monday, June 04, 2012 BCI 20
  • 21. Area of implementation Medical science  Enabling disabled people o Vision and hearing o Paralysis treatment o Prosthetic devices (legs, hands etc) o Provide a means of communication to completely paralyzed patients o Surgically implanted devices used as replacement for paralyzed patients 04, 2012 BCI Monday, June 21
  • 22. General application Control a robot Playing games For physically weak persons to handle the computer Cursor control o Allow those with poor muscle control to o communicate and control physical devices Monday, June 04, 2012 BCI 22
  • 23. Example of BCI application A phsically handicapped man operates a BCI wheelchair Monday, June 04, 2012 BCI 23
  • 24. More examples Japanese student walking in the virtual world with the character controlled by his brain waves. A single handed man interfaced with BCI Monday, June 04, 2012 BCI 24
  • 25. ADVANTAGES • BCIs will help creating a Direct communication between a human or animal brain and computers. • Also it provides better living, more features, more advancement in technologies etc. • High Precision (can be used reliably) • Low bandwidth Monday, June 04, 2012 BCI 25
  • 26. Difficulty in Implementation of BCI:  COST require for BCI is very high.  It is RISKy, because it operates with brain.  Effective BCI technique requires invasive method.  Requires magnetically shielded room and special kind of helmet.  It is SLOW Monday, June 04, 2012 BCI 26
  • 27. BCI INNOVATORS  Pioneers  Nasa  Cyberkinetics neurotechnology system,  Japanese reaserch team Monday, June 04, 2012 BCI 27
  • 28. Future developments  Better signal detection  Shortening training time  Improvinglearning (neurobiological and psychological basis)  New recording methods (NIRS, ECoG)  Broaderrange of applications (interface to commercially available assistive devices; treatment of diseases) Monday, June 04, 2012 BCI 28
  • 29. Conclusion  BCI is highly promising.  Provide high standard of living.  Extend our limits.  Impart a new level to the popular quote- “I think therefore I am!” Monday, June 04, 2012 BCI 29
  • 30. Monday, June 04, 2012 BCI 30