2. Relevance
An ‘internet’- based society?
WORLD INTERNET USAGE AND POPULATION STATISTICS
JUNE
30,
2014
-‐
Mid-‐Year
Update
World
Regions
Popula?on
(
2014
Est.)
Internet
Users
Dec.
31,
2000
Internet
Users
Latest
Data
Penetra?on
(%
Popula?on)
Growth
2000-‐2014
Africa
1,125,721,038
4,514,400
297,885,898
26.5
6,498.6
%
Asia
3,996,408,007
114,304,000
1,386,188,112
34.7
%
1,112.7
%
Europe
825,824,883
105,096,093
582,441,059
70.5
%
454.2
%
Middle
East
231,588,580
3,284,800
111,809,510
48.3
%
3,303.8
%
North
America
353,860,227
108,096,800
310,322,257
87.7
%
187.1
%
LaCn
America/caribbean
612,279,181
18,068,919
320,312,562
52.3
%
1,672.7
%
Oceania/Australia
36,724,649
7,620,480
26,789,942
72.9
%
251.6
%
WORLD
TOTAL
7,182,406,565
360,985,492
3,035,749,340
42.3
%
741.0
%
NOTES:
(1)
Internet
Usage
and
World
PopulaCon
StaCsCcs
are
for
June
30,
2014.
(2)
PopulaCon
figures
are
based
on
data
from
the
US
Census
Bureau
and
local
census
agencies.
(3)
Internet
usage
informaCon
comes
from
data
published
by
Nielsen
Online,
by
the
InternaConal
TelecommunicaCons
Union,
by
GfK,
local
ICT
Regulators
and
other
reliable
sources.
www.internetworldstats.com.
3. Relevance
Social media and engagement
* Adapted from Macintosh, A., Tambouris, E. (eds.) ePart 2009. LNCS, vol. 5694, pp. 163–174. Springer, Heidelberg (2009)
** Grönlund, Å. (2009). ICT is not participation is not democracy. In Electronic Participation (pp. 12-23). Springer
PARTICIPATION LADDER IN EVOLUTION OF WEB-TECHNOLOGIES*
e-Empowering
e-Engaging
e-Enabling
Web 2.0
World Wide Web
TIME
USERPARTICIPATION
Social media
PROBLEMS**
A) CONCEPTS ARE
NOT CLEARLY
DEFINED AND
THEREFORE
SCALES ARE
UNCLEAR
B) THE
ASSUMPTION OF
PROGRESS I.E.
BETTER
TECHNOLOGY =
BETTER
PARTICIPATION
4. Research questions
Quality of digital participation
What is the quality of participation in a community design
effort when digital technologies are introduced?
Case studies:
• Hawthorne Park, Medford, OR
• Mirror Pond Visioning Process, Bend, OR
Data
• Indicators of participation quality (Sanoff, Hester)
• Planner’s evaluations
• Residents’ open ended responses
5. Case studies
digital participation
Case studies comparison
Medford Bend
Project size 35 acres 15 acres
Length of process 6 months 20 months
# of workshops 3 2
Workshop participants 83 300
Participants total 1590 4000
Digital/analog More analog More digital
Process goals Select plan
alternatives
Develop goals and
vision
initiator consultant municipality
Current status On hold Additional research on
ecological/financials
6. MEDFORD
BEND
= 10,000 PEOPLE
1,9
3,9
WORKSHOPS PARTICIPANTS/TOTAL POP
#
%
MEDFORD
BEND
TOTAL POPULATION
Data analysis
Digital participation stats
MEDFORD
BEND
% 0,1
0,4
ONLINE PROCESS USERS/TOTAL POP
7. Medford
Bend
low
a)
disseminate
informa?on
b)
generate
ideas
c)
iden?fy
aWtudes
d)
review
of
proposals
e)
allow
pent
up
emoCons
to
surface
high
f)
resolve
conflict
Other
func+ons
of
par+cipa+on
low
Saving
Cme
Saving
and
avoiding
costs
Informa?on
exchange
Diversity
of
viewpoints
Opening
of
process
to
stakeholders
IntegraCng
stakeholder
concerns
Enhanced
project
acceptability
Meaningful
parCcipaCon
Mutual
learning
high
Mutual
respect
• Sanoff,
H.
(2000).
Community
par?cipa?on
methods
in
design
and
planning.
Data analysis
The performance of participation*
8. Data analysis
The performance of participation**
Democratic Process Medford
Bend
Medford
Bend
1.
Has
clear,
transparent,
fair
procedure
22.
Encourages
fact-‐based
decision
making
2.
Engages
broad
public
23.
Awakens
lay
creaCvity
3.
Helps
overcome
fear,
builds
confidence
and
self-‐esteem
24.
Emphasizes
both
raConal
and
experienCal
thinking
4.
Enhances
the
volunteer
sector
Power Distribution
5.
Supports
grassroots
change
25.
Empowers
communiCes
to
take
on
big
poliCcs
6.
Provides
forum
for
visionary
and
large
scale
change
26.
Provides
training
ground
for
democraCc
acCon
Community Considerations
27.
Ensures
freedom
of
informaCon
7.
Meets
the
needs
of
people
as
they
define
them
28.
Resolves
debilitaCng
community
conflicts
8.
Enhances
sense
of
community
29.
Helps
locality
resist
global
exploitaCon
9.
Encourages
discovery
of
unique
community
resources
30.
Exposes
hidden
power
10.
Improves
local
economy
Ecological Considerations
11.
Creates
awareness
of
unique
community,
social
paeerns
31.
Protects
ecosystem
funcCons
and
biological
diversity
12.
Uncovers
deeply
held
values
32.
Increases
ecoliteracy
Environmental Justice
33.
Overcomes
environmental
anomie
and
placelessness
13.
Provides
voice
for
those
who
cannot
speak
out
34.
Brings
primal
nature
into
city
14.
Creates
environmental
jusCce
by
distribuCon
and
access
35.
Encourages
environmental
stewardship
and
friends
of…
15.
Involves
people
usually
leg
out
36.
Makes
ecological
living
fashionable
16.
Helps
poor
communiCes
resist
destrucCve
forces
Design Outcomes
17.
Preserves
cultural
diversity
37.
Improves
everyday
environments
18.
Builds
long-‐term
partnerships
to
achieve
difficult
objecCves
38.
SCmulates
creaCve
design
Learning Opportunities
39.
Improves
design
in
pracCcal
ways
19.
Promotes
cross-‐boundary
thinking
40.
Shares
form-‐making
with
public
20.
Increases
sensual
knowledge
41.
Makes
design
experienCal
and
sensually
arousing
21.
Provides
opportuniCes
to
learn
new
skills
42.
Creates
places
for
civicness
** Hester, R. T. (2012). Scoring collective creativity and legitimizing participatory design
9. Democratic Process Medford
Bend
Medford
Bend
1.
Has
clear,
transparent,
fair
procedure
22.
Encourages
fact-‐based
decision
making
2.
Engages
broad
public
23.
Awakens
lay
creaCvity
3.
Helps
overcome
fear,
builds
confidence
and
self-‐esteem
24.
Emphasizes
both
raConal
and
experienCal
thinking
4.
Enhances
the
volunteer
sector
Power Distribution
5.
Supports
grassroots
change
25.
Empowers
communiCes
to
take
on
big
poliCcs
6.
Provides
forum
for
visionary
and
large
scale
change
26.
Provides
training
ground
for
democraCc
acCon
Community Considerations
27.
Ensures
freedom
of
informaCon
7.
Meets
the
needs
of
people
as
they
define
them
28.
Resolves
debilitaCng
community
conflicts
8.
Enhances
sense
of
community
29.
Helps
locality
resist
global
exploitaCon
9.
Encourages
discovery
of
unique
community
resources
30.
Exposes
hidden
power
10.
Improves
local
economy
Ecological Considerations
11.
Creates
awareness
of
unique
community,
social
paeerns
31.
Protects
ecosystem
funcCons
and
biological
diversity
12.
Uncovers
deeply
held
values
32.
Increases
ecoliteracy
Environmental Justice
33.
Overcomes
environmental
anomie
and
placelessness
13.
Provides
voice
for
those
who
cannot
speak
out
34.
Brings
primal
nature
into
city
14.
Creates
environmental
jusCce
by
distribuCon
and
access
35.
Encourages
environmental
stewardship
and
friends
of…
15.
Involves
people
usually
leg
out
36.
Makes
ecological
living
fashionable
16.
Helps
poor
communiCes
resist
destrucCve
forces
Design Outcomes
17.
Preserves
cultural
diversity
37.
Improves
everyday
environments
18.
Builds
long-‐term
partnerships
to
achieve
difficult
objecCves
38.
SCmulates
creaCve
design
Learning Opportunities
39.
Improves
design
in
pracCcal
ways
19.
Promotes
cross-‐boundary
thinking
40.
Shares
form-‐making
with
public
20.
Increases
sensual
knowledge
41.
Makes
design
experienCal
and
sensually
arousing
21.
Provides
opportuniCes
to
learn
new
skills
42.
Creates
places
for
civicness
** Hester, R. T. (2012). Scoring collective creativity and legitimizing participatory design
Data analysis
The performance of participation**
“Thank you for presenting the
options for the different park
designs online for the people to
view and study.
“I personally would like to see a
bit of all of the choices. Lighting
is so important , pool and
playground with seating for
parents to keep eyes on kids.
And a dog area is needed as well
the area has a vast amount of
dog lovers!!!
I also wanted to say how much I
appreciated having the
opportunity to view and voice
my opinions online about the
Park. This was a great new tool
[…] I hope to see in future
projects of this kind.”
10. Democratic Process Medford
Bend
Medford
Bend
1.
Has
clear,
transparent,
fair
procedure
22.
Encourages
fact-‐based
decision
making
2.
Engages
broad
public
23.
Awakens
lay
creaCvity
3.
Helps
overcome
fear,
builds
confidence
and
self-‐esteem
24.
Emphasizes
both
raConal
and
experienCal
thinking
4.
Enhances
the
volunteer
sector
Power Distribution
5.
Supports
grassroots
change
25.
Empowers
communiCes
to
take
on
big
poliCcs
6.
Provides
forum
for
visionary
and
large
scale
change
26.
Provides
training
ground
for
democraCc
acCon
Community Considerations
27.
Ensures
freedom
of
informaCon
7.
Meets
the
needs
of
people
as
they
define
them
28.
Resolves
debilitaCng
community
conflicts
8.
Enhances
sense
of
community
29.
Helps
locality
resist
global
exploitaCon
9.
Encourages
discovery
of
unique
community
resources
30.
Exposes
hidden
power
10.
Improves
local
economy
Ecological Considerations
11.
Creates
awareness
of
unique
community,
social
paeerns
31.
Protects
ecosystem
funcCons
and
biological
diversity
12.
Uncovers
deeply
held
values
32.
Increases
ecoliteracy
Environmental Justice
33.
Overcomes
environmental
anomie
and
placelessness
13.
Provides
voice
for
those
who
cannot
speak
out
34.
Brings
primal
nature
into
city
14.
Creates
environmental
jusCce
by
distribuCon
and
access
35.
Encourages
environmental
stewardship
and
friends
of…
15.
Involves
people
usually
leg
out
36.
Makes
ecological
living
fashionable
16.
Helps
poor
communiCes
resist
destrucCve
forces
Design Outcomes
17.
Preserves
cultural
diversity
37.
Improves
everyday
environments
18.
Builds
long-‐term
partnerships
to
achieve
difficult
objecCves
38.
SCmulates
creaCve
design
Learning Opportunities
39.
Improves
design
in
pracCcal
ways
19.
Promotes
cross-‐boundary
thinking
40.
Shares
form-‐making
with
public
20.
Increases
sensual
knowledge
41.
Makes
design
experienCal
and
sensually
arousing
21.
Provides
opportuniCes
to
learn
new
skills
42.
Creates
places
for
civicness
** Hester, R. T. (2012). Scoring collective creativity and legitimizing participatory design
Data analysis
The performance of participation**
One of the problems with
downtown Bend is that it
seems that the buildings have
their "back" to the pond […].
This plan (hopefully) will
encourage businesses to face
the pond and create a "front
yard" for downtown.
The first image I have when
someone says "Bend" is Mirror
Pond. I am now a retiree living
in Bend […] . I remember the
joy I felt as a child picnicking
alongside the edge of Mirror
Pond. I hope all future
generations will be able to enjoy
Mirror Pond as I did in my
childhood.
11. Democratic Process Medford
Bend
Medford
Bend
1.
Has
clear,
transparent,
fair
procedure
22.
Encourages
fact-‐based
decision
making
2.
Engages
broad
public
23.
Awakens
lay
creaCvity
3.
Helps
overcome
fear,
builds
confidence
and
self-‐esteem
24.
Emphasizes
both
raConal
and
experienCal
thinking
4.
Enhances
the
volunteer
sector
Power Distribution
5.
Supports
grassroots
change
25.
Empowers
communiCes
to
take
on
big
poliCcs
6.
Provides
forum
for
visionary
and
large
scale
change
26.
Provides
training
ground
for
democraCc
acCon
Community Considerations
27.
Ensures
freedom
of
informaCon
7.
Meets
the
needs
of
people
as
they
define
them
28.
Resolves
debilitaCng
community
conflicts
8.
Enhances
sense
of
community
29.
Helps
locality
resist
global
exploitaCon
9.
Encourages
discovery
of
unique
community
resources
30.
Exposes
hidden
power
10.
Improves
local
economy
Ecological Considerations
11.
Creates
awareness
of
unique
community,
social
paeerns
31.
Protects
ecosystem
funcCons
and
biological
diversity
12.
Uncovers
deeply
held
values
32.
Increases
ecoliteracy
Environmental Justice
33.
Overcomes
environmental
anomie
and
placelessness
13.
Provides
voice
for
those
who
cannot
speak
out
34.
Brings
primal
nature
into
city
14.
Creates
environmental
jusCce
by
distribuCon
and
access
35.
Encourages
environmental
stewardship
and
friends
of…
15.
Involves
people
usually
leg
out
36.
Makes
ecological
living
fashionable
16.
Helps
poor
communiCes
resist
destrucCve
forces
Design Outcomes
17.
Preserves
cultural
diversity
37.
Improves
everyday
environments
18.
Builds
long-‐term
partnerships
to
achieve
difficult
objecCves
38.
SCmulates
creaCve
design
Learning Opportunities
39.
Improves
design
in
pracCcal
ways
19.
Promotes
cross-‐boundary
thinking
40.
Shares
form-‐making
with
public
20.
Increases
sensual
knowledge
41.
Makes
design
experienCal
and
sensually
arousing
21.
Provides
opportuniCes
to
learn
new
skills
42.
Creates
places
for
civicness
** Hester, R. T. (2012). Scoring collective creativity and legitimizing participatory design
Data analysis
The performance of participation**
There needs to be a complete,
scientifically valid, ecological
assessment of what this unnatural
"Pond" is doing to the life of the river
as a whole […]. The river should be
restored to full health in ecological
terms, as restoration in historical
terms is no longer a viable option.
The redevelopment project should
create public, urban space integrated
with restored green space, accessible
to all […]
I would like to see Mirror Pond be
designed to support native fish
populations. [it] is an opportunity to
re-establish a section of nature and
[…] provide recreational opportunities…
In time this more natural water
course can serve as a classroom for
local school children and will create a
natural aesthetic for residents and
visitors alike.
12. Democratic Process Medford
Bend
Medford
Bend
1.
Has
clear,
transparent,
fair
procedure
22.
Encourages
fact-‐based
decision
making
2.
Engages
broad
public
23.
Awakens
lay
creaCvity
3.
Helps
overcome
fear,
builds
confidence
and
self-‐esteem
24.
Emphasizes
both
raConal
and
experienCal
thinking
4.
Enhances
the
volunteer
sector
Power Distribution
5.
Supports
grassroots
change
25.
Empowers
communiCes
to
take
on
big
poliCcs
6.
Provides
forum
for
visionary
and
large
scale
change
26.
Provides
training
ground
for
democraCc
acCon
Community Considerations
27.
Ensures
freedom
of
informaCon
7.
Meets
the
needs
of
people
as
they
define
them
28.
Resolves
debilitaCng
community
conflicts
8.
Enhances
sense
of
community
29.
Helps
locality
resist
global
exploitaCon
9.
Encourages
discovery
of
unique
community
resources
30.
Exposes
hidden
power
10.
Improves
local
economy
Ecological Considerations
11.
Creates
awareness
of
unique
community,
social
paeerns
31.
Protects
ecosystem
funcCons
and
biological
diversity
12.
Uncovers
deeply
held
values
32.
Increases
ecoliteracy
Environmental Justice
33.
Overcomes
environmental
anomie
and
placelessness
13.
Provides
voice
for
those
who
cannot
speak
out
34.
Brings
primal
nature
into
city
14.
Creates
environmental
jusCce
by
distribuCon
and
access
35.
Encourages
environmental
stewardship
and
friends
of…
15.
Involves
people
usually
leg
out
36.
Makes
ecological
living
fashionable
16.
Helps
poor
communiCes
resist
destrucCve
forces
Design Outcomes
17.
Preserves
cultural
diversity
37.
Improves
everyday
environments
18.
Builds
long-‐term
partnerships
to
achieve
difficult
objecCves
38.
SCmulates
creaCve
design
Learning Opportunities
39.
Improves
design
in
pracCcal
ways
19.
Promotes
cross-‐boundary
thinking
40.
Shares
form-‐making
with
public
20.
Increases
sensual
knowledge
41.
Makes
design
experienCal
and
sensually
arousing
21.
Provides
opportuniCes
to
learn
new
skills
42.
Creates
places
for
civicness
** Hester, R. T. (2012). Scoring collective creativity and legitimizing participatory design
Data analysis
The performance of participation**
Thank you so much for thinking this
project out, not the usual knee-jerk
reaction of the council. When the
public answered the surveys (twice if
I can remember) the votes for the
change in Mirror Pond won, both
times, but the city council kept asking
for more surveys, like if you don't
get what you want you keep asking
for votes.
Bend has a bad history of having
business interests and a few
powerful families gain financially
through various development
schemes and leaving a large bill for
the public to cover […]. The "trust
us" aspects of this proposal are
tainted by our history that we aren't
talking about let alone working on
resolving…
13. Pros Cons
Wider outreach Implies access to technology
Useful in synthesizing goals Does not resolve conflicts
Bridging social capital potential Limited trust/reciprocity
Effective in standardized data
collection/idea dissemination
Limited in depth
Complementary to face-to-face
workshops
Anonymity, impersonal
Increase process life span Plug-in/plug-out engagement
Unveils different points of view Representativeness
Provides ready-made metrics Hard to gauge quality of contact
Linear process Lacks iteration
anonymity of web-based platforms
encourages people to speak out
(this can pose challenges of accountability)
those who do not have access to
technology have major challenges with
this process
many expect that questionnaires carry
statistically valid information whereas
[they] are mostly a means of outreach
Discussion
Pros & Cons of digital participation
14. Pros Cons
Wider outreach Implies access to technology
Useful in synthesizing goals Does not resolve conflicts
Bridging social capital potential Limited trust/reciprocity
Effective in standardized data
collection/idea dissemination
Limited in depth
Complementary to face-to-face
workshops
Anonymity, impersonal
Increase process life span Plug-in/plug-out engagement
Unveils different points of view Representativeness
Provides ready-made metrics Hard to gauge quality of contact
Linear process Lacks iteration
discussions were much more informed
than in a normal process. This is a double
edged sword […] because it allowed the public
to challenge the information if it didn’t support
their opinions or perceptions
convenience capacity to explore a topic
or issue at your own pace
Discussion
Pros & Cons of digital participation
15. Pros Cons
Wider outreach Implies access to technology
Useful in synthesizing goals Does not resolve conflicts
Bridging social capital potential Limited trust/reciprocity
Effective in standardized data
collection/idea dissemination
Limited in depth
Complementary to face-to-face
workshops
Anonymity, impersonal
Increase process life span Plug-in/plug-out engagement
Unveils different points of view Unrepresentative sampling
Provides ready-made metrics Hard to gauge quality of contact
Linear process Lacks iteration
The ability to reach a far greater
number of people with reduced
expenditure of effort
Digital participation needs to be
coupled with physical interactions in
order to qualify as ‘rich’
Discussion
Pros & Cons of digital participation
The ability to create a forum for ongoing
outreach and conversations
16. Unanswered questions
future digital participation
• Should digital participation be assessed using traditional
evaluative frameworks?
• The quality of digital participation can/should be improved
– stronger, clearer goals
– more rigorous methodologies
– greater awareness of limitations
• Digital technologies can help engage a greater citizenry,
but should not trump the ‘local’
• It cannot replace democratic decision making/voting
• Best when complementary to meaningful face-to-face
processes
