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Explain what the tunnel effect iS and Give two examples. Explain what the tunnel effect iS and Give two examples. Explain what the tunnel effect iS and Give two examples. Solution Tunnel effect is a phenomenon in quantum mechanics in which a particle passes a potential barrier although it has insufficient energy. Exaples- 1) emmision of alpha particles from radioactive nuclei. 2) autoinonization of an atom in strong electric field. .

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Explain the reasons why chloride ions (Cl-) is detrimental to corrosion of various metals. Solution Corrosion of metals can be defined as the degradation of quality or quantity of metals by the attacking of atmospheric gases or other radicals to form unwanted products. From the difinition metallic nature, metals have a tendency to lose electrons and become positively charged ions at the surface level and these positive charged species attracts negative chloride ions and undergo reaction to form undesired metal chlorides. M ----------> M+ + e- M+ + Cl- -----------> metal chloride ( undesired product ) Chloride ion being highly reactive it can react with various metals and so its is detrimental to corrosion of various metals. .

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Explain the purpose of a data member. Solution Answer Data Member It is nothing but an object may contain values which are stored internally and are unique to that object. A data member may be any type. Including Classes already defined, references of object any type. We need to declare a data member in the classs. that is like in C++ we can write like in private , public blocks private : int sum; ------ ------ public : int a; float value; ----- ----- In java we can write as int a,b,c; int sum=30,value=40; .

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Explain the function of the following methods in LinkedList 1. addFirst(E e) 2. contains(E e) 3. get(int index) 4. i ndexOf(E e) 5. remove() 6. remove(int index) 7. set(int index, E e) Solution 1. addFirst(E e): It adds an element e at head of linked list 2. contains(E e): It searches element e in list. If it is in list, it returs true otherwise false 3. get(int index): this return element at index \'index\' 4. indexOf(E e): this return index of element e in list if it is in list. Otherwise it return -1 5. remove() it removes last element from list 6. remove(int index) it delete element at index \'index\' 7. set(int index, E e): it replaces element at index \'index\' with element e .

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Explain the motivation behind using a header file for a C program. Solution A header file is a file containing C declarations and macro definitions to be shared between several source files. Header files purpose: System header files declare the interfaces to parts of the operating system. these will provide the definitions and declarations you need to invoke system calls and libraries. Your own header files contain declarations for interfaces between the source files of your program. Each time you have a group of related declarations and macro definitions all or most of which are needed in several different source files, it is a good idea to create a header file for them. Including a header file is equal to copying the content of the header file .

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Explain the effect doping towards an intrinsic silicon. Give one example of donor element and one example of acceptor element. [15 marks] Solution Silicon is an intrinsic semiconductor. The doping is done to introduce impurities into an intrinsic semiconductor for modulating its electrical properties. A semiconductor doped to a very high level can act as a conductor and is generally referred to as degenerate semiconductor There can be two types of impurities ie., donor type and acceptor type. Donor type are n-type semi conductors which will increase the number of unpaired electrons. An example of this is Phosphorus or Arsenic, Antimony, Bismuth Acceptor type are p-type which will increase the number of holes or hole concentration. Examples are Aluminum, Gallium, Boron, Indium. .

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Explain the difference between private and proctected members of a class. Solution Hi, I am explaning difference between private and public in context of Java Programing Language(since you have not mentioned any Programing Language). private : Members marked private can not be accessed by code in any class other than the class in which the priavte member was declared. - A private member is invisible to any code outside the member\'s own class. - When a member(function) is declared private, a subclass can not inherit it. protected :Â Â Members marked protected can be accessed by a subclass(child class) even if the subclass is in a different package. .

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Explain how goverment deficit lead to increases in the money supply? Explain how goverment deficit lead to increases in the money supply? Solution Government deficit is excess of government expenditure over government earnings (majorly from taxes), when a goverment deficit is financed through priniting of money, the huge amount of money enters into the economy from the reserve bank of the economy which leads to rise in the overall money supply. .

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Explain how doping Si allows you to transport charges in a detector. Solution Si is surrounded by four other Si atoms. Each Si shares one electron to the neighboring Si atom. A total of four electrons are shared by a single Si to its four neighbouring Si atoms. When Si is doped wih a pentavalent element, four of the electrons of the pentavalent element is shared with four neighbouring SI atoms. There is one electron from the pentavalent element which is free to move and conduct. When Si is doped with trivalent element, the three electrons are shared with three of the neighbouring Si atoms. There is no electron to share with the fourth Si atom. So, there is a hole. SInce the hole is electron deficient, it accepts electron somewhere else in the lattice resulting in creation of another hole. This shifting of the hole is responsible for conduction. .

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Explain how an \"interest group\" (or \"special interest group\") may try to influence public policy made by departments and/or agencies Solution Interest Groups Functions of interest groups Activities Structures Legitimacy Problems of analysis and research BIBLIOGRAPHY Interaction between the polity and organized interests has taken place in all periods of history. Estates, guilds, trading companies, and the like are the more immediate antecedents of the modern interest group, which may be defined as a voluntary association of individuals who band together for the defense of an .

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Explain how stock price volatility is more likely to imply risk than earnings volatility. Solution Stock price volatility is more likely to imply risk than earnings volatility : Risk is the chance that some unfavorable event will occur but investment risk can be measured by the variability of the investmentâ€™s earnings. Generally, the term volatility is simply synonymous with risk. In public view high volatility is to be deplored because it means that security values are not dependable and the capital markets are not functioning as well as they should. Earnings comes as you invest, though sooner or later. It is the risk of occuring of show of earnings which is brought by volatility in the stock price. Earnings volatility does not necessarily imply investment risk. However, stock price volatility does signify risk. .

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Expansive (swelling) clays exist in various areas across North America. What kind of mineral is typically associated with the swelling condition? What is the explanation of the expansion? Identify some typical problems caused to civil engineering structure by expansive clays Solution Montomorrilonite mineral is typically associated with swelling soil.Because of larger surface area of these minerals water is attracted to the surface of these minerals.water enters in between the layers of the minerals of the soil forming a double layer of water around each mineral particles in the soil resulting in expansion of the soil. Typical problems caused by expansive soil to civil engineering structures 1) Differential settlement of the foundation. 2) Alternate swelling and shrinkage causes cracks in the walls of the buildings. 3) Expansive soil should be first stabililized for building any structure on it. .

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