3. (2) Skeletal Function
1. Support
â Framework for posture
â Limbs act as pillars
â Rib cage supports thoracic wall
1. Protection
- Ribs protect lungs and heart
- Skull protects brain
- Vertebrae protect spinal cord
1. Movement
- Attachment sites for muscles and tendons
- Muscles use bones as levers
- Joints between allow for range of motion
4. âŚFunction ContâdâŚ
4. Mineral & Growth Factor Storage
- Reservoir for calcium and phosphate
- Releases minerals into blood
- Growth factors (insulin, transforming factor,
morphogenic proteins) in bone
5. Blood Cell Formation
- Marrow within cavities of bones (primarily long)
- Marrow initiates hematopoeisis (blood cell
formation)
5. (3) How are bones hinged together?
⢠Joints: Connection between two bones.
â Filled with cartilage (padding)
⢠Allow for wider range of movement.
â Circular
â Angular
⢠Reduce rigidity of bone structure.
⢠*Cartilage within joints (in between bones) provides shock
absorption, and decreases friction.
6. (4) What are the Bone Regions?
⢠Axial
â Down the center of body
â Skull, vertebral column, rib cage, center pelvis
⢠Appendicular
â Off the sides of body
â Upper and lower limbs, shoulder and hip bones
7.
8. (5) What are the types of bones?
⢠Long
⢠Short
⢠Flat
⢠Irregular
9.
10. (6) Long Bones
⢠Longer than they are wide
⢠Has a shaft and 2 ends
⢠Weight bearing bones (like steel beams)
⢠Provide the greatest structure and support
⢠Examples:
â All limb bones
â ExceptâŚ. Kneecap, Wrist and Ankle bones
11.
12. (7) Short Bones
⢠Cube Shaped
⢠Allow for wider range of movement
⢠Examples:
â Wrist
â Ankle
16. (9) Irregular Bones
⢠Complicated, unusual shapes
⢠Muscles, tendons, ligaments usually
attach to these
⢠Examples:
â Vertebrae
â Hip bones
17.
18. (10) Bone Structure
⢠Unique based on location + bone type.
⢠Compact Bone (Outer Layer):
â Dense
â Smooth and Solid to naked eye
⢠Spongy Bone (Inner Layer):
â Hole-y (like a honeycomb)
â Made of small needle-like, flat pieces called âtrabeculaeâ
â Open spaces between trabeculae are filled with red or yellow
bone marrow
19.
20.
21. (11) Structure of a Long Bone
⢠Diaphysis:
â Center, main shaft
â Long part of bone
â Made of very thick compact bone surrounding a central
marrow cavity
⢠Epiphysis:
â Ends of bone
â Wider than diaphysis
â Made of compact bone which surrounds spongy bone.
â Joint surface of each epiphysis is covered with hyaline
cartilage
22. ⢠Epiphyseal Line:
â Remnant of Epiphyseal Plate
â Found in adult bones
â Shows amount of cartilage growth during
adolescence
⢠Membranes:
â Periosteum = Around the outside
⢠Richly supplied with nerve fibers, lymphatic vessels and
blood vessels
⢠Provides anchoring points for tendons and ligaments
â Endosteum = Around the inside
⢠Surrounds the spongy bone
23.
24. (12) Chemical Composition of Bone
⢠Contains organic & inorganic components
⢠Organic:
â Cells (osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts)
â Osteoid
⢠Made of glycoproteins and collagen fibers
⢠Secreted by osteoblasts
⢠âfiller matrixâ around cells
â Contribute to flexibility and tensile strength
⢠Inorganic:
â Mineral Salts (calcium phosphates)
â Contribute to hardness of bone (allowing for compression
resistance)