1. Non-Experimental Methods

2. Survey A variety of methods that involve asking questions. Self reporting: Participants asked how they feel, what their views are, what they have experienced. This contrasts with experimental methods: Where behaviour is recorded and inferences made about underlying thoughts and attitudes. Questionnaires Interviews

3. Questionnaires Now go back through that list and think how they were obtained. e.g. telephone Activity: In groups list all the uses of questionnaires that you can think of.

4. Questionnaires usually involve collecting large amounts of data from a lot of people. Samples groups have to be representative. Data usually quantitative rather than qualitative and standardised by asking all participants the same questions. Designing questionnaires can be difficult. Activity In your groups note down any problems with designing questions/ the types of questions to avoid e.g bias, offending people…

6. Make brief notes on the types of questionnaire: Postal surveys Telephone surveys Internet surveys State the pro’s and con’s of each Text book pages 148 and 152 Activity Activity Produce a mind map of the pro’s and con’s of questionnaires as a data gathering technique. Text book pages 148 and 149

10. The Case Study Offers a rich amount of detail about a particular person, group or thing. It is also grounded in real life. Can involve one or more of a number of research Methodologies: - Case history : school, health records etc - Interviews : with individual, friends, relatives, teachers, social workers etc. - Questionnaires/psychometric tests . - Diaries : kept by individual. - Observation - Experimental tasks e.g memory tests.

11. Problems: Subjectivity -Lengthy interviews and observations. -Strong likelihood that researcher will communicate expectations to the participant. -Resulting data may be biased. Ethical Issues -Concerns over privacy and confidentiality of individuals life histories being published. -Suggested that real names are not used in case studies (although this does not always happen).