2. The interaction of physical characteristics with environment can influence psychological characteristics… … thus genes may indirectly affect all human behaviour EVOLUTION Biological process through which species emerge as a consequence of gradual alterations to genetics of existing species

4. From a physiological point of view, emotions are understood from studying physical structures and processes in our cerebral cortex and nervous system, which cause physiological arousal, and in turn, move us to action! Darwin (1872) Expressions of Emotions in Man and Animals ‘ Emotions are innate, unlearned responses. Expression of emotions is a result of genetics which construct our physiology’

5. The Nervous System Brain, spinal cord and nerve fibres communicating with sense organs, muscles, glands and internal organs

7. Sensory neurons Carry information from sense organs to CNS Motor neurons Carry information from CNS to muscles and glands Interneurons Connect neurones. Receive info from sensory neurones and transmit to motor neutrones

8. Cell Body with nucleus Cell Body (Soma): Controlling centre Dendrites Dendrites: Branch from cell body, make electrochemical contact with other neurons, carry info to cell body Axon Axon: Thin cylinder projecting away from cell body, carrying received signals to other neurons Myelin Sheath Myelin Sheath: Fatty substance, insulates axon from interference from other neurons. Speeds up rate of signal conduction Terminal buttons Terminal Buttons: Contain neurotransmitters

10. Electrical signal moves down axon to terminal button Synapse Dendrite or cell body of next neuron has receptor sites for the neurotransmitter Electrical signal causes vesicles to release neurotransmitters

12. CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS) The brain and the spinal cord Integrate and co-ordinate all bodily functions and behaviour

14. The Brain Parietal lobe Occipital Lobe Temporal Lobe Cerebellum

15. Find out the function of each of the four lobes of the brain using class resources

16. Cerebral cortex Corpus callosum Midbrain Cerebellum Spinal cord Medulla Pons Pituitary Thallamus Hypo-thallamus

17. Use the class text books to complete the brain part and function worksheet Familiarise yourself with the structure of the brain

18. Branches of Peripheral Nervous System SNS: Voluntary actions of the skeletal muscles (running, writing). Receives info. from the outside world via the sense organs. SNS- Somatic Nervous System ANA- Autonomic Nervous System Sympathetic Parasympathetic

19. ANS: Regulation of internal organs (e.g heart and glands). Functions performed without conscious voluntary control (except bladder and bowel) Controlled by two branches: Sympathetic Parasympathetic

20. Sympathetic: -Takes over in emergencies (fight or flight syndrome) -Uses energy Parasympathetic: -Dominant when body is at rest and energy is being built up The two branches work oppositely, but both are necessary for balance (homeostasis).

21. Sympathetic Parasympathetic Dilates pupils Constricts pupils Inhibits salivation Stimulates salivation Accelerates breathing Slows breathing Increases heartbeat Slows heartbeat Inhibits digestion Stimulates digestion Inhibits bladder contraction Contracts bladder

22. These effects are produced in two ways: -direct neural stimulation by body organs -stimulating the release of hormones from endocrine glands In both cases the hypothalamus is the orchestrator