Biodiversity and Jacumba Middle School

Let’s get started being
scientists!
http://genomicenterprise.com/blog/2012/11/28/kids-doing-grown-ups-science-the-blackawton-bees-project/

http://www.treknature.com/gallery/photo160544.htm
Warm Up
1.What does the prefix “bio” mean?
2.What does the word “diverse” mean?
3.What is one example that makes birds
diverse from each other?
4.What is one example of a food chain that
includes a bird?
5.How do birds benefit humans?
Quiet please, no talking during the warm up! Thanks.

http://www.facingthefuture.org/Curriculum/Graphics/tabid/189/Default.aspx

“The diversity of life forms, so numerous that we have yet to
identify most of them, is the greatest wonder of this planet.”
Edward O. Wilson, Biologist
http://mrbarlow.wordpress.com/2010/12/14/a-decrease-in-biodiversity-causes-an-increases-in-disease/

Biodiversity protects
ecosystems against
infectious diseases,
researchers have
concluded. The
finding suggests
that loss of species
from an
environment could
have dangerous
consequences for
the spread and
incidence of
infections, including
those that affect
humans.
http://mrbarlow.wordpress.com/2010/12/14/a-decrease-in-biodiversity-causes-an-increases-in-disease/ http://www.biodiversitytrail.org/

http://positivepress.in/media/?p=1822
Key Words:
Earth
Plants
Animals
People
Energy
With a partner create a word web.
1.Pick one key word from the list.
2.Create a web using as many of
these words as possible.
3.Use words to describe the
connections between the words,
e.g., influences, affects, benefits,
is helped by, can lead to, and
can cause.
4.Use drawing paper and colored
pencils.

Here is one to use as an example.

Day 2 Warm Up
1.What is one problem with a growing global
population and natural environments?
2.What are non-renewable resources?
3.What must be done to replace these
resources?
4.Why does global thinking make sense?
5.What global issues require consideration
from every person on this planet?

http://wiki.urbanedibles.org/index.p
hp?title=Identification
Leaf
shape
helps
scientists
to identify
plants.

http://cropsci.illinois.edu/classes/cpsc112/Topicpages/plantsystems.cfm
Leaf Shape

http://cropsci.illinois.edu/classes/cpsc112/images/PlantSystems/simplecompound.jpg
Simple vs. Compound

Leaf Veins
http://cropsci.illinois.edu/classes/cpsc112/images/PlantSystems/leafvei
ns.jpg
Leaf Arrangement on Stem
http://cropsci.illinois.edu/classes/cpsc112/images/PlantSystems/leafposition.jpg

http://cropsci.illinois.edu/classes/cpsc112/images/PlantSystems/tendril.jpg

http://cropsci.illinois.edu/classes/cpsc112/images/PlantSystems/stomate.jpg
Stomata

http://cropsci.illinois.edu/classes/cpsc112/images/PlantSystems/leafxsection.jpg
Internal Leaf
Anatomy
In vascular plants,
phloem is the living
tissue that carries
organic nutrients,
particularly
sucrose, a sugar, to
all parts of the plant
where needed.
Xylem conducts
water and dissolved
minerals from the
roots to all the other
parts of the plant.

http://cropsci.illinois.edu/classes/cpsc112/images/PlantSystems/dicotleaf.jpg
External Leaf Anatomy

Your assignment
for today:
Search and find
four different types
of leaves.
Return to the
classroom and
sketch them in
your sketchbook
or on sketch
paper.
Label as much as
you can.
Record the time,
date, and location
of your collection.

The
Chinese
Guizhou
Golden
Monkey,
Our Middle
School, and
Our Local
Community
And a Look at
Biodiversity
http://www.cultural-china.com/chinaWH/html/en/22Scenery59.html
英文名
学名

To understand our
project let’s first
look at another
small ecosystem that
we will also be
studying this year.
Jacumba, CA 91934
Notice the
biotic and
abiotic factors
found in this
picture.
I wonder
if they
noticed
me?
Or
me?

I hope
they
don’t
see me!
Jacumba Bull Frog, June 11, 2013, 3:00 pm
Cattails

Cattails, June 11, 2013, 3:00 pm
Typha
Typha is a genus of about eleven species of
monocotyledonous flowering plants in the family
Typhaceae. The genus has a largely Northern
Hemisphere distribution, but is essentially
cosmopolitan, being found in a variety of wetland
habitats. Wikipedia

Cattails, June 11, 2013, 3:00 pm

Let’s have a look at a special
place in China.
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Boy-with-binoculars.png

Guizhou Golden Monkeys
are found on Fanjingshan
Mountain in Guizhou
Province.
http://geography.sdsu.edu/Research/Projects/GoldenMonkey/Project_Details/details.htm
l
This species is
endemic to a small
region of Guizhou
Province southern
China (in Jiangkou,
Songtao, and Yingjiang
counties). It is
confined to a small,
continuous block of
habitat centering on
Fanjing Mountain,
south of the Yangtze
in the Wuling
Mountains (Bleisch et al. 1993; Bleisch
and Xie 1994; Groves 2001).
We are going to
call this the
FNNR

Golden
Monkeys
mainly live
in trees,
but they
also seek
food on
the
ground.
http://www.cultural-
china.com/chinaWH/html/en/22Scenery5
9.html
http://english.cntv.cn/program/storyboard/20100725/101777.shtml
Study species: Guizhou snub-nosed
monkey (Rhinopithecus brelichi)

Their main
food
includes tree
leaves,
tender
branches,
flowers,
fruits, bark,
roots,
insects,
birds, and
bird eggs.
china.com/chinaWH/html/en/22Scenery59.html

Please copy
the
upcoming
vocabulary
words into
your science
journal.
Isn’t this one
berry cute?
china.com/chinaWH/html/en/22Scenery59.html

Vocabulary –
It is folivorous
(folivore: eats
foliage; includes
arboreal
folivores—
animals whose
diet consists
largely of tree
foliage), (but as
we also said, it
consumes leaf
buds, flower
buds, fruits,
seeds, bark, and
insect larvae).
http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/19595/0

The Golden Monkey, which is the focal point of
the project, is endangered, and serves as a symbol
of conservation for China.
In addition, the
well-being of
the monkey
population is
an indicator of
the overall
health of
ecosystems,
says Dr. An of
SDSU, the
principal
investigator.
http://hanyu.iciba.com/wiki/131536.shtml

This species is found in forests of mixed–deciduous and
evergreen broadleaf and deciduous broadleaf trees at
elevations between 1,400 and 2,300 m. http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/19595/0
http://geography.sdsu.edu/Research/Projects/GoldenMonkey/Photo_Gallery/photos.html
1 m is equivalent to 1.0936
yards, 39.370 inches, and
1ft = 0.30480m
So, 1,400m = 4,593ft 27⁄64in.,
and 2,300m = 7,545ft 113⁄16in.
Or we could round and say
between 4,600 and 7,500
feet.
Jacumba Middle School
elevation: 2,829 feet ASL
Boulevard: 3,638 feet ASL

However, at
times of heavy
snow cover,
they may be
recorded at
lower
elevations
(as low as 570
m. ≈ 1871 ft.),
as individuals
move down to
the rivers.
http://ghsdawgs.com/life/laurenweldy/goldenmonkey.html http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/19595/0

Guizhou Snub-Nosed
Monkeys Restricted distribution
 Occurs in evergreen and
deciduous broadleaf
forests at altitudes of
4500–7500 ft. in FNNR
 Most recent estimates
are <800 individuals
 Feed mainly on young
leaves and flowers, fruits
and seeds, and mature
leaves and buds in winter
Photo Credit: Department of Geography,
SDSU
Dr. Rebecca Lewison & Jennifer Feltner Biology Department SDSU

Guizhou Snub-Nosed
Monkeys
Social Organization:
Family groups of 5-10
individuals with one adult
male. Many family groups
range together in larger,
semi-cohesive (half-
causing items to stick
together) bands. The
bands may split up or
coalesce (come together)
temporarily to form
aggregations of over 400
animals.
Photo Credit: Department of Geography,
SDSU

They are
diurnal (plant
or animal
behavior
characterized
by activity
during the day
and sleeping at
night).
http://www.animalinfo.org/image/pygabrel2%2065.jpg http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/19595/0

They are semi-
terrestrial (living
mostly on land but
requiring a moist
environment or
nearby water,
especially as a
breeding site).
http://www.madmonkeyknits.com/gilbert-the-golden-monkey-goes-to-china/

They are semi-terrestrial, yet more arboreal
(adapted for living and moving about in
trees) as they only come to the ground when
there is an absence of appropriate trees.
http://dornsife.usc.edu/labs/stanford/research/behavioralecology.cf
m

The birth season for
this species is from
April to May.
http://www.cultural-china.com/chinaWH/html/en/22Scenery59.html http://english.people.com.cn/200604/05/eng20060405_256164.html

The social structure is based on one-male
groups which travel and rest together in large
cohesive (stick togetherish) bands composed of
up to 400 individuals or more. http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/19595/0

The golden snub-nosed monkey is found in the protected
Fanjingshan Nature Reserve. It is listed on Appendix I of
the Convention on International Trade in Endangered
Species (CITES), which means that international trade in
this species is permitted only in exceptional
circumstances. The species is also listed as Category I
under the Chinese Wildlife Protection Act of 1989.
http://www.arkive.org/grey-snub-nosed-monkey/rhinopithecus-brelichi/#conservation

Camera Trapping Most primate species are
studied using direct
observations
 Guizhou snub-nosed
monkeys are shy and vigilant.
Direct observations of this
species are further
hampered by the harsh
physical and climatic
conditions, e.g. fog
 Use camera traps as one of
our survey methods to
monitor both monkeys and
human activity at different
sites within FNNR
 Very effective tool for
studies of wildlife
populations, as they do not
require direct observation
or physically capturing
animals
Camera has motion or an
infrared sensor which triggered
when a person or an animal
moves into the field of view.
We will attach the cameras to
trees at varying heights to
capture both monkey and
human activity. Cameras
operate remotely 24/7.
Photo Credit: WWF-Malaysia / Raymond
Alfred

FNNR /The People
There are about 50
villages and over 20,000
local people living in and
around the reserve.
Traditionally, local residents
grow subsistence crops like rice,
corn, and potatoes, herd
livestock, and trade at local
markets in order to meet their
daily needs.
Many are ethnic
minorities such as Tujia and
Miao.
Photo Credit: China Daily/Mu Xiangdong
Photo by Steven Allison
Photo Credit: ChinaTourGuide.com

Basic concepts in
conservation ecology:
Biodiversity
Habitat
Ecosystems
Food Webs
Endangered
Species/HIPPCO
(see next slide)
Photo by Xi Zhinong

H abitat Destruction,
Degradation, Fragmentation
I nvasive species
P ollution
P opulation growth (human)
C limate change
O ver-exploitation
What threatens species persistence?
http://alishasroleplay.wikia.com/wiki/File:Animated_monkey_3.gif Dr. Rebecca Lewison & Jennifer Feltner Biology Department SDSU

One of the most urgent conservation actions needed for
the snub-nosed monkey is to reduce the threats in and
around the reserve. This is likely to require measures to
improve the living standards of local people and to
introduce sustainable livelihoods, as well as to carry out
education programs and control illegal poaching. It will
also be important to work with local communities to limit
any collection of Magnolia sprengeri, as this plant
provides a vital food source for the golden snub-nosed
monkey.http://www.arkive.org/grey-snub-nosed-monkey/rhinopithecus-brelichi/#conservation http://davisla.wordpress.com/2012/03/25/plant-of-the-week-magnolia-sprengeri-diva /

Why is the Guizhou snub-nosed monkey endangered?
Grey snub-nosed monkey status:
The grey snub-nosed monkey is classified as
Endangered (EN) on the IUCN Red List (1) and is listed
on Appendix I of CITES (4). http://www.arkive.org/grey-snub-nosed-monkey/rhinopithecus-
brelichi/#conservation
(1)IUCN Red List (December, 2012) http://www.iucnredlist.org/
(4) CITES (December, 2012) http://www.cites.org/
http://www.nessgardens.org.uk/media/34495/magnolia_sprengeri__diva__w688_sl2.jpg

Guizhou Golden Snub-Nosed Monkey
Threats
One of the major threats to the snub-
nosed monkey is accidental injury or
death caused by non-targeted hunting.
For example, this species may be caught
in snares that were set for other
animals.
Like other Rhinopithecus species, the
snub-nosed monkey has also been
hunted for food and traditional
medicine, and local people are often
unaware of the laws protecting these
species. http://www.arkive.org/grey-snub-nosed-monkey/rhinopithecus-brelichi/#conservation
http://www.tacticalintelligence.net/blog/progressive-backyard-surviva.htm

Injury or Death From Non-Targeted Poaching
• Before FNNR was founded,
humans were likely the primary
predators of Guizhou snub-nosed
monkeys
• Although protected, monkeys have
been killed by local residents
unaware of their protection status,
usually when monkeys roam out of
the reserve
• Hunting is banned in FNNR, but
illegal poaching still occurs for
deer, serow, wild boar, masked
palm civet, black bear, and badger
• Monkeys have been killed or
lost limbs from being caught
in snares or leg hold traps
intended for other species Photo Credit: IFAW Africa

Disturbance and Potential Competition with
Humans for Food
 Most human activities
within FNNR present an
indirect threat to Guizhou
snub-nosed monkeys
 Unlike most primate
species, monkeys are very
shy and wary of humans.
 Will not use areas where
human activities regularly
occur further reducing
the habitat available to
them
 Contact with humans may
put monkeys at risk for
human diseases such as
tuberculosis, cholera, and
measles
In late winter, the monkeys
are heavily dependent on
Magnolia buds for food.
Buds and bark of Magnolia
trees are a traditional
Chinese medicine with high
economic value. Local people
habitually collect the buds or
even cut down whole trees to
remove the bark for sale.
Photopostedbyunconnladybug

Other VulnerabilitiesA slow life history and low
reproductive rate:
– Females do not sexually
mature until age 8 or 9
– The time between births
is about 3 years
Guizhou snub-nosed monkeys
have very low genetic diversity:
– Could lead to lowered
immunity, amongst other
health problems
– Unlike the other Chinese
snub-nosed species, there
is only one population of
Guizhou snub-nosed
monkeys, so genetic
exchange, which allows
for increased genetic
diversity and enhanced
species survival, is
impossible
All of these factors combined
with the species small
population size and small range
increase the Guizhou snub-
nosed monkey’s vulnerability to
disease outbreaks,
catastrophes such as forest
fires, climate oscillations, and
other environmental changes,
events from which the species
may not be able to recover.
Photo Credit: Lin Yiguang

Guizhou Golden Snub-Nosed Monkey Threats:
Habitat degradation such as firewood collection,
charcoal production and illegal strip mining are
reducing the habitat of the golden snub-nosed
monkey. Construction and other development due
to the increase in tourism, such as tourist roads,
cable cars, and hotels, are also potential
disturbances and pose the additional threat of
habitat destruction. The golden snub-nosed
monkey is shy of humans and will not usually use
habitats where regular human activity occurs.
Collection of magnolia flower buds and bark by
local people was also previously a threat to this
monkey, as it removed an important food source,
but this practice is now thought to have ceased.
http://www.arkive.org/grey-snub-nosed-monkey/rhinopithecus-brelichi/#conservation

Since the golden snub-nosed monkey is endemic (Native
to or confined to a certain region) to just one small
area, it is particularly vulnerable to epidemic diseases
(see next slide) or environmental catastrophes. Its
population is also perilously small, with only an
estimated 750 individuals counted in 2007 to 2008, of
which fewer than 400 individuals may be mature adults.
http://www.arkive.org/grey-snub-nosed-monkey/rhinopithecus-
brelichi/#conservation,
http://geography.sdsu.edu/Research/Projects/GoldenMonkey/Project_Det
ails/details.html

Since the golden snub-nosed monkey is endemic to just
one small area, it is particularly vulnerable to epidemic
diseases or environmental catastrophes.
An epidemic (from epi, meaning "upon or above" and demos,
meaning "people") occurs when new cases of a certain disease, in a
given population, and during a given period, substantially exceed
what is expected based on recent experience. Epidemiologists
often consider the term outbreak to be synonymous to epidemic,
but the general public typically perceives outbreaks to be more
local and less serious than epidemics. Epidemics of infectious
disease are generally caused by a change in the ecology of the host
population (e.g. increased stress or increase in the density of a
vector species), a genetic change in the parasite population or the
introduction of a new parasite to a host population (by movement
of parasites or hosts).

Continued Habitat Loss and Degradation
Even with protection, local
residents still exploit forest
resources for traditional
activities.
 Firewood/charcoal
production for
heating
 Timber for building
 Medicinal plant
extraction
 Illegal mining
Economic development and
tourism are increasing:
 Construction projects
related to
development and
tourism
These activities affect Guizhou
snub-nosed monkey habitat:
 Firewood extraction
reduces cover
 Timber extraction thins
the canopy. The monkeys
spend 80% of their time in
trees and rely on a dense
canopy for protection
from predators at sleeping
sites
 Illegal strip mining known
to occur in FNNR’s core
habitat for the monkeys
 New construction can
impair habitat and may
increase disturbance
Dr.RebeccaLewison&JenniferFeltnerBiologyDepartmentSDSU

Here in Jacumba Middle School –
As we watch what the San Diego State
University (SDSU) researchers are doing as
they continue to study the illegal mining
effects on golden monkey habitat, and focus
on the convergence of the two contemporary
environmental issues of biodiversity loss and
mining impacts.
http://www.templates.com/blog/?s=biodiversity
Biodiversity loss is a major environmental concern in
contemporary society and science. Although extinction
has occurred in the past, the current rate of loss is 100-
1,000 times higher than before human activity.

1. How does the behavioral,
habitat, and conservation ecology of
the endangered Golden Snub-Nose
Monkey (in relation to human
activities within FNNR) mean to us in
Jacumba?
2. How can we relate that to our
lake studies?
I hope
no one
can see
me!
Dr. Rebecca Lewison & Jennifer Feltner Biology Department SDSU Picture by Mrs. Morris

Let’s have a little vocabulary building!
Please copy these vocabulary words
into your science journal. Feel free to
add any vocabulary words that you are
not real comfortable with yet!
Ecology (from Greek: "house― and "study of") is
the scientific study of interactions among
organisms and their environment, organisms
have with each other, and with their abiotic
environment. Topics of interest to ecologists
include the diversity, distribution, amount
(biomass), number (population) of organisms, as
well as competition between them within and
among ecosystems.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Vocabulary -

Behavioral ecology is the study of the
evolutionary basis for animal behavior
due to ecological pressures.
Habitat ecology is the study of the area or natural
environment in which an organism or population
normally lives. A habitat is made up of physical
factors such as soil, moisture, range of temperature,
and availability of light as well as biotic factors such
as the availability of food and the presence of
predators. A habitat is not necessarily a geographic
area—for a parasitic organism it is the body of its
host or even a cell within the host's body.

Conservation biology is the scientific
study of the nature and status of
Earth's biodiversity with the aim of
protecting species, their habitats, and
ecosystems from excessive rates of
extinction and the erosion of biotic
interactions. It is an interdisciplinary
subject drawing on sciences,
economics, and the practice of natural
resource management.

Other questions we will be
thinking and writing on are-
3. How do human activities
effect the Golden monkeys?
4. How do human activities
effect our lake?

The next step in our
lesson is to visit our
lake. We will walk
over and collect
examples of the
plants that we find,
press them, label
them, and display
them. We will do this
once a month in
order to observe the
changes as the
seasons move along. http://www.treehugger.com/renewable-energy/cutting-cattails-for-fuel-north-carolina-researchers-investigate-potential-ethanol-
feedstock.html

Given the strong habitat sensitivity of
the Guizhou snub-nosed monkey, their
occurrence (or absence) may be a
direct indicator of habitat conditions
and ecosystem health.
Talk with your neighbor for two
minutes about what those habitat
sensitivities are.
5. What flora and fauna (plants and
animals) do you think might be the most
sensitive in our lake environment?

6. Make a list with a neighbor
of all the flora and fauna
that we have seen up to this
time at our lake. Now, with
the whole class, let’s make
our list as complete as
possible.
Are there any that seem out
of place to you?

Next go to http://www.ck12.org/book/CK-12-
Understanding-Biodiversity/ and download the
book called Biodiversity.

On page 7 of that text you will find this –
The Encyclopedia of Life
(EOL; http://www.eol.org/ , and
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6NwfGA4cxJQ )
It’s a free, online collaborative encyclopedia intended
to document all of the 1.9+ million living species known
to science. It is aggregated or compiled from existing
scientific databases, and from contributions by
experts and non-experts world-wide. Its goal is to build
one ―infinitely expandable‖ page for each species,
including videos, sound, images, graphics, and text.
Check them out!

We will be using the CK-12 book as a
guide and create a Biodiversity book of
your own. Our book will document the
community of Jacumba where our
campus is located. Since our school has
students from Jacumba and Boulevard
we will also do a Boulevard section for
those of you who wish to include flora
and fauna from home. During class
though, we are only able to visit our
campus and the lake areas.

We will also be involved in a phenology project.
Check this out at http://budburst.org/
Phenology is the study of periodic plant and animal life cycle
events and how these are influenced by seasonal and inter-annual
variations in climate, as well as habitat factors (such as elevation).
The word is derived from the Greek "to show, to bring to light,
make to appear", and "study, discourse, reasoning" and indicates
that phenology has been principally concerned with the dates of
first occurrence of biological events in their annual cycle.
Examples include the date of emergence of leaves and flowers,
the first flight of butterflies and the first appearance of
migratory birds, the date of leaf coloring and fall in deciduous
trees, the dates of egg-laying of birds and amphibians, or the
timing of the developmental cycles of temperate-zone honey bee
colonies. In the scientific literature on ecology, the term is used
more generally to indicate the time frame for any seasonal
biological phenomena, including the dates of last appearance (e.g.,
the seasonal phenology of a species may be from April through
September).

This will be a year-long, whole school project.
We will be looking at what the researchers are learning
in China. We will be discussing a payment system used
to keep people out of the preserve and what you think
about it and how it works.
We will be collecting plants to press and display in our
classroom and the public library.
We will be building our own online community
biodiversity book with a collection of pictures and
videos.
We will be hosting a radio show and sharing our
classroom activities.

You are to come up
with additional
vocabulary words for
this biodiversity
project. I have a
PowerPoint on our
class website that you
should add slides to
containing the new
words and in the same
fashion as I have begun.
How many
does she
want?

The following pages can be printed as
handouts, six slides to a page, cut apart
and used to play a vocabulary game the
same way concentration is played.
Six slides, one after the other, can be
created to make the backs of the ―cards‖.
Make sure the last slide number is a
multiple of six!
These should be laminated, or run back to
back on card stock, so they will last.

The scientific study of interactions
among organisms and their
environment, organisms have with
each other, and with their abiotic
environment. Topics of interest to
ecologists include the diversity,
distribution, amount (biomass),
number (population) of organisms, as
well as competition between them
within and among ecosystems.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki

The study of the
evolutionary basis for
animal behavior due to
ecological pressures.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki

The study of the area or natural environment in
which an organism or population normally lives.
A habitat is made up of physical factors such as
soil, moisture, range of temperature, and
availability of light as well as biotic factors such
as the availability of food and the presence of
predators. A habitat is not necessarily a
geographic area—for a parasitic organism it is
the body of its host or even a cell within the
host's body.

The scientific study of the nature
and status of Earth's biodiversity
with the aim of protecting species,
their habitats, and ecosystems from
excessive rates of extinction and the
erosion of biotic interactions. It is an
interdisciplinary subject drawing on
sciences, economics, and the practice
of natural resource management.

Fauna is all of the animal life of any particular region or
time. The corresponding term for plants is flora. Flora,
fauna and other forms of life such as fungi are
collectively referred to as biota.
Zoologists and paleontologists use fauna to refer to a
typical collection of animals found in a specific time or
place, e.g. the "Sonoran Desert fauna" or the "Burgess
Shale fauna".
Paleontologists sometimes refer to a sequence of
faunal stages, which is a series of rocks all containing
similar fossils.

The study of periodic plant and animal life cycle events and how these
are influenced by seasonal and inter-annual variations in climate, as well
as habitat factors (such as elevation).
The word is derived from the Greek "to show, to bring to light, make to
appear", amongst others "study, discourse, reasoning" and indicates
that phenology has been principally concerned with the dates of first
occurrence of biological events in their annual cycle. Examples include
the date of emergence of leaves and flowers, the first flight of
butterflies and the first appearance of migratory birds, the date of leaf
coloring and fall in deciduous trees, the dates of egg-laying of birds and
amphibians, or the timing of the developmental cycles of temperate-
zone honey bee colonies. In the scientific literature on ecology, the
term is used more generally to indicate the time frame for any seasonal
biological phenomena, including the dates of last appearance (e.g., the
seasonal phenology of a species may be from April through September).

Folivore: eats foliage;
includes arboreal folivores—
animals whose diet consists
largely of tree foliage.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki

The degree of variation of
life forms within a given
species, ecosystem, biome, or
planet.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki

A plant or animal behavior
characterized by activity
during the day and sleeping
at night.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki

Living mostly on land but
requiring a moist
environment or nearby water,
especially as a breeding site.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki

Adapted for living and
moving about in trees.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki

Native to or confined to a
certain region.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki

An epidemic (from epi, meaning "upon or
above" and demos, meaning "people")
occurs when new cases of a certain
disease, in a given population, and during a
given period, substantially exceed what is
expected based on recent experience.
Epidemiologists often consider the term
outbreak to be synonymous to epidemic,
but the general public typically perceives
outbreaks to be more local and less serious
than epidemics. Epidemics of infectious
disease are generally caused by a change in
the ecology of the host population.

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