2. 1. Oral Vestibule
- lies between the
gums and the teeth.
2. Oral Cavity Proper
- lies behind and
within the arch of
teeth.
3.
4. Boundaries:
1. Anteriorly by the
lips,
2. Laterally by the
cheeks,
3. Superiorly by the
mucolabial and
mucobuccal
folds, and
4. Posteriorly and
medially by the
teeth and gums.
5. Boundaries:
1. Anteriorly and laterally by the teeth and
gums,
2. Superiorly by the palate (hard and soft),
3. Inferiorly by the tongue and the floor of
the mouth, and
4. Posteriorly by the opening into the
pharynx.
7. - consist of dense vascular fibrous tissue which
is covered by mucous membrane and is
attached to the alveolar margins of the jaw.
- they are continuous with the mucosa of the
oral vestibule externally and the palate or
the floor of the mouth internally.
8. The palate forms the superior wall or the
roof of the oral cavity proper.
It is composed of the hard palate which has
an osseous base, and behind, a soft palate
composed of fibrous tissue.
9.
10. Covered by mucoperiosteum and forms a
partition between the oral and nasal cavities.
Mucoperiosteum is thin in the middle but
thicker at the sides due to the presence of
numerous glands
Formed by the palatine process of the maxilla
and the horizontal plate of the palatine bone.
11. Median raphe is a longitudinal ridge
extending from the uvula to the incisive
papilla.
Incisive papilla is a small projection of the
mucosa indicating the location of the
incisive foramen and the anterior limit of
the median raphe.
12. Transverse palatine process or palatine
rugae are about six distinct elevation
crossing the anterior part of the hard
palate.
Fovea palatine are small inconstant pits on
the posterior margin of the hard palate on
either side of the median raphe.
13. Is the posterior movable portion of
the palate, extending from one side
of the pharynx to the other, and
attached to the posterior border of
the hard palate.
14.
15. 1. Uvula is the median conical projection
marked by median raphe.
2. Palatine arches are free margins of the
soft palate and splitting into two parts
as they approach the lateral wall.
Palatoglossal arch or anterior pillar of
fauces or anterior palatine arch
encloses the palatoglossus muscle.
Palatapharyngeal arch or posterior
pillar of fauces or posterior palatine
arch encloses the palatopharyngeus
muscle.
16. Muscle Origin Insertion Action
Palatopharyn-
geus
Palatal
aponeurosis
Lateral wall of
the pharynx
and posterior
border of the
thyroid cartilage
Elevates the
pharynx and
larynx
Closes the
oropharyngeal
isthmus
Palatoglossus Palatal
aponeurosis
Dorsum and
lateral aspect of
the tongue
Closes the
oropharyngeal
isthmus
Uvular Posterior nasal
spine
Uvula Raises the
uvula to help
seal oral from
nasal pharynx
17. Muscle Origin Insertion Action
Levator veli
palatini
Medial aspect
of the auditory
tube
Directly into
the palatine
aponeurosis
Elevates
palate during
swallowing,
yawning
Tensor veli
palatini
Lateral aspect
of the
membranous
portion of the
auditory tube,
scaphoid fossa
of the
sphenoid bone
Tendon hooks
under hamulus
and inserts
into the palatal
aponeurosis
Tenses the
palate and
opens the
mouth of
auditory tube
during
swallowing
and yawning
18. A mobile mass of muscles lying on
the floor of the mouth and
associated with the function of
taste, chewing, swallowing, and
speaking.
19. 1. Root is the lower portion of the posterior
half of the tongue through which the
extrinsic muscles, blood vessels and nerves
become connected with the organ. It is
attached to the mandible and the hyoid
bone.
20. 2. Body anterior part of the tongue, made
up of interlacing skeletal muscles.
3. Margins are the lateral portion of the
tongue, free and blunt, in relation to
the gums and teeth.
4. Tip or apex is the pointed and free
anterior end.
5. Inferior surface is seen when the
tongue is turned upwards.
21.
22. 6. Dorsum linguae is slightly convex antero-
posteriorly, divided into 2 parts by a V-shaped
groove – the SULCUS TERMINALIS or LINEA
TERMINALIS.
Parts:
Palatine part is visible when the mouth is
opened, covered by papillae.
Median sulcus is a faint groove separating the
palatine part into symmetrical parts.
Foramen caecum is a small pit at the apex of
the sulcus terminalis.
Pharyngeal part is the posterior 1/3s of the
tongue which contains serous glands and
nodules of lymphoid tissue – LINGUAL
FOLLICLES.
Glosso-epiglottic fold is the reflection of the
mucous membrane of the tongue on to the
epiglottis producing elevation.
23. 1. Vallate or circumvallate papillae are the
largest, numbering from 7-12, and are
arranged in front of the sulcus terminalis.
2. Fungiform papillae are fewer in number and
are limited to the tip and margins of the
tongue.
3. Filiform papillae are the smallest and the
most numerous, scattered all over
the anterior 2/3 of the dorsum of the
tongue.
24. These are receptor organs for the special sensation
of taste.
They are pale oval bodies most of which are
located surrounding the vallate papillae; a few are
found on the fungiform and foliate papillae.
A few taste buds are scattered through the
epithelium of the oral surface of the soft palate,
the posterior wall of the pharynx, and the
epiglottis.
25. Extrinsic muscles are responsible for changing
position of the tongue.
Muscle Origin Insertion Action
Genioglossus Genial tubercle
of mandible
Tongue Retract and
depress the
tongue
Hyoglossus Hyoid bone Posterior half of
the side of the
tongue
Depress the
tongue
Styloglossus Styloid process
of temporal
bone
Whole length of
the tongue
Pull the tongue
upwards and
backwards
26. The Intrinsic Muscles:
1. Superior and inferior longitudinal muscles
- Located close to the dorsum of the tongue
- Shorten the length of the tongue and to curl the
tip of the tongue and back.
2. Transverse muscles
- narrows the tongue.
3. Vertical muscles
- flattens the tongue.
31. Fractured mandible may damage the
hypoglossal nerve to pull the tongue to the
same side.
General anesthesia results in looseness, or
flaccidity, of muscles.
A paralyzed or flaccid tongue tends to fall
back into the airway, causing suffocation,
unless a patent airway is maintained.
32. A large lingual frenulum can limit the
mobility of the tongue and interfere with
speech. The condition is easily repaired by
cutting the frenulum (lingual frenectomy).
36. The parotid gland is one of the three major
salivary glands that produce and secrete
saliva for the oral cavity.
weight: about 14 to 28 g.
color : yellowish in the fresh state
composition: serous secreting units
37. A. Anterior surface: lies against the posterior
border of the ramus of the mandible
B. Posterior surface: on the external auditory
meatus and sternocleidomastoid muscle
38. B. Superficial surface: lobulated, covered by
skin, fascia, lymph nodes, and facial branches
of the great auricular nerve.
C. Deep surface: styloid process and its muscles
as well as under the mastoid and
sternocleidomastoid muscles.
39. The gland is wrapped in a fibrous
capsule, which is continuous with the
deep investing fascia of the neck.
The stylomandibular ligament is an
anterior thickening of the capsule, which
runs from the styloid process to the
angle of the mandible. –
It separates the parotid gland from the
infratemporal fossa anteriorly and
separates the parotid gland from the
submandibular gland inferiorly and
anteriorly.
40. From the rostral border of the gland,
crosses masseter muscle, turns inward to
pierce the fat pad of the cheek and then
the buccinator muscle, to open into the
mouth opposite the second maxillary molar.
Approximately 5 cm. long.
41. 1. A viral inflammation of the parotid gland
(mumps) causes it to swell, resulting to
pain on movement of the jaw.
2. Abcesses or cysts of the gland may result
in pressure to the facial nerve
3. Stones or calculi in the duct can block it,
causing painful swelling of the gland.
42. Type:
It is a mixed serous and mucous secreting
gland.
Location:
It is found partly in the submandibular fossa
below the mylohyoid muscle and partly in the
floor of the mouth.
43. Duct:
The submandibular duct (Wharton’s) arises
from the medial surface of the gland and
accompanies it under the mlohyoid muscle;
it passes diagonally across the medial
aspect of the sublingual gland and adheres
to it. It opens at the sublingual papillae
(sublingual caruncle) beside the base of the
lingual frenulum.
44. The smallest of the three major salivary
glands and rests upon the mylohyoid muscle
in the sublingual fossa close to the
symphysis. It is primarily a mucous
secreting gland.
45. Location:
The gland, indicated by the subligual fold
is found between the alveolus and the
anterior part of the tongue.
Ducts:
The gland has many lesser sublingual ducts
(Rivini’s) that opens separately at the
floor of the mouth and a greater
sublingual duct (Bartholin’s) that opens on
the sublingual caruncle together with the
Wharton’s duct.
46. Beside the main salivary glands, many others
exists: some in the tongue, others around
and in the palatine tonsil between its crypts,
with the large number in the soft palate, the
posterior part of the hard palate, the lips
and the cheeks. These are similar in
structure to larger salivary glands and are
mainly mucous type.
