A comprehensive presentation on phospholipids including ,classification,functions ,lipid storage diseases, use of liposomes in cancer therapy ,detergents & their biochemical applications for undergraduate medical students & faculty . presentations includes google images for lipid storage diseases & their diagnosis.

1. Chemistry of phospholipids
DR ROHINI C SANE
PROFESSOR
DEPARTMENT OF BIOCHEMISTRY
DR D Y PATIL MEDICAL COLLEGE
EBENE

2. CLASSIFICATION OF PHOSPHOLIPIDS
• FATTY ACIDS +ALCOHOL+NITRGEN BASE+ PHOSPHARIC ACID
• I GLYCEROPHOSPHOLIPIDS ----OR PHOSPHOGLYCERIDE---GLYCEROL
/ALCOHOL
• II SPHINGOPHOSPHOLIPIDS----SPHINGOMYELINS----ALCOHOL –
SPHINGOSINE

5. GLYCEROPHOSPHOLIPIDS
• GLYCEROPHOSPHOLIPIDS---MAJOR LIPID IN BIOLOGICAL
MEMBRANE
• GLYCEROL -3-P IS esterified at C1& C2.
• C1---SATURATED FATTY ACID
• C2 ---UNSATURATED FATTY ACID
• TYPE –1—PHOSPHATIDIC ACID
• INTERMEDIADE IN SYNTHESIS OF TRIGLYCEROL
& PHOSPHOLIPIDS

7. GLYCEROPHOSPHOLIPIDS
TYPE 2 –LECITHIN—PHOSPOTIDYL CHOLINE
FATTY ACID +GLYCEROL )CHOLINE
• MOST ABUNDANT GROUP OF PHOSPHOLIPID IN CELL MEMBRANE
• PHOSPHATIDIC ACID + CHOLINE
• STORAGE OF BODY”CHOLINE (DONAR OF METHYL GROU IN METHYLATION
REACTIONS )
• CHOLINE –ACETYL CHOLINE NERVE IMPULSE TRANSMISSION
• LYSOLECITHIN –REMOVAL OF FATTY ACIDS FROM C1 OR C2 OF
LECTHIN
DIPALMITOL LECITHIN –MAINTAIN SURFACE TENSION—ADHERENCE OF INNER
SURFACE OF LUNGS
DEFICIENCY –RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME IN INFANTS

9. GLYCEROPHOSPHOLIPIDS
TYPE III CEPHALIN ---(PHOSPHOTIDYL ETHANOLAMINE)
FATTY ACIDS +GLYCEROL +PHOSPHARIC ACID -ETHANOLAMINE(NITROGEN BASE )
• CLOTTING FACTOR III THROMBOPLASTIN –CEPHALIN
• FUNCTION HELPS IN CLOTTING OF BLOOD
TYPE IV PHOSPHOTIDYL INOSITOL
FATTY ACIDS +GLYCEROL +PHOSPHARIC ACID—INOSITOL
SECONDARY MESSENGER FOR OXYTOCIN,VASSOPRESSIN

10. GLYCEROPHOSPHOLIPIDS
TYPE V PHOSPHTIDYL SERINE /PHOSPHOTIDYL THREONINE
• FATTY ACIDS +GLYCEROL +PHOSPHARIC ACID+SERINE
• FATTY ACIDS +GLYCEROL +PHOSPHARIC ACID+ THREONINE
• FOUND IN MOST TISSUES
TYPE VI PLASMALOGENS
• FATTY ACIDS LINKED WITH ETHER LINKAGE (NOT ESTER LINKAGE )
FUNCTIONS
• MYELIN SHEETH FORMATION
• CARDIAC MUSCLES
• PLATELET AGGREGATION

11. GLYCEROPHOSPHOLIPIDS
CARDIOLIPINS
FATTY ACIDS +2 GLYCEROL +2PHOSPHARIC ACID(LINKED THROUGH P
GROUP )
ISOLATED FROM HEART MUSCLES
PRESENT IN INNER MITOCHONDRIAL MEMBRANE
ANTIGENIC PROPERTIES

12. FUNCTIONS OF PHOSPHOLIPIDS
1. Along with structural component of membrane regulate membrane
permeability
2. ( lecithin /cephalin /cardiolipin )—present in electron transport
chain –assist in cell respiration
3. Amphipathic nature – combine with polar & nonpolar compounds
4 .absorption of fat from intestine
5.lipoprotein synthesis---lipid transport (LDL/VLDL/HDL)
6.PREVENT FATTY LIVER—REGARDED AS LIPOTROPIC FACTORS
7.SYNTHESIS OF PROSTAGLANDINS /PROSTCYCLINS /THROMBOXANES
PHOSPHOLIPIDSARACHIDONIC ACIDS-EICOSANOIDS

14. FUNCTIONS OF PHOSPHOLIPIDS
9. REVERSE CHOLESTEROL TRANSPORT
• Eg LDL carrier of endogenous Cholesterol (LIVER TO PERIFERAL
TISSUE)
• VLDL carrier of endogenous TRIGLYCEROL (LIVER TO PERIFERAL
TISSUE)
10.SURFACTANT –(LOWERING SURFACE TENSION )—eg –Dipalmitoyl
phosphatidyl choline –lung surfactant –deficiency respiratory distress
syndrome
11.Singnal transmission across the membrane
12.Component of bile –emulsification of fat

15. Phospholipids—Glycolipids /Sphingolipid
1) fatty acid + glycerol+ nitrogen base + p >>>Glycerophospholipid
2) fatty acid + spingol /sphingosine>>ceramide
3) fatty acid + sphingosine+ Nitrogen base > sphingophospholipids
Ceramide
4) fatty acids + sphingosine + carbohydrate *>>>Glycolipids
Ceramide + galactose *>>>>
Ceramide+ glucose *>>>>
5) fatty acid + sphingosine + glucose+ ( galactose ---n
acetylgalactosamine—galactose )+ NANA ( N ACETYL neuaminic
acid )
Ceramide +glucose + galactose ---n acetylgalactosamine—
galactose )+NANA
…………. Gangliosides

16. LIPID STORAGE DISEASE
• LYSOSOMAL STORAGE DEFECT
• INHERITED DISORDERS ( GENETIC DISEASE)
• ACCUMULATION OF COMPLEX LIPIDS-----
SPHINGOLIPID/SPHINOMYELINS)

17. LIPID STORAGE DISEASE
•
• GAUCHER”S DISEASE
• GLUCOCERBROSIDES----------------------GLUCOSE + CERAMIDE
• (GLU –CER) BETA GLUCOSIDASE
• SYMPTOMS
• ENLARGEMENT OF LIVER SPLEEN
• OSTEOPOROSIS
• PIGMATION OF SKIN
• ANAEMIA
• MENTAL RETARDATION
• FATAL

18. LIPID STORAGE DISEASE
• KRABB”S DISEASE
• BETA GALACTOSIDASE
• GALACTOCERBROSIDES--------------------------GALACTOSE + CERAMIDES
• (GAL-CER)
• Absence of myelin in nervous tissue
• Mental retardation
• Convulsions
• Blindness
• Deafness
• Fatal in early life
•

19. LIPID STORAGE DISEASE
• Niemann”s Pick”s Disease
• sphingomylinase
• Sphingomylin ----------------------- - choline p+ ceramide
• (choline-p-cer)
• Accumulation of sphingomyelins in liver & spleen-----
enlargement
• Mental retardation
• Death early childhood

20. LIPID STORAGE DISEASE
• Faber”s disease
• Ceramidase
• Ceramide --------------------fatty acid + sphingosine
• Symptoms
• Skeletal deformation
• Subcutaneous nodules
• Dermatitis
• Mental redardation
• Fatal in early life

21. LIPID STORAGE DISEASE
• GANGLIOSIDES -----COMPLEX GLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS FOUND IN
GANGLIONS.
• THEY CONTAIN ONE OR MORE MOLECULES OF NANA (N acetyl
neuraminic acid) BOUND TO CERAMIDE OLIGO SACCHARRIDES.
• DEFECT IN DEGRDTION OF GANGLIOSIDES CAUSES
GANGLIOSIDOSIS----
• TAY SACH” S DISEASE

22. LIPID STORAGE DISEASE
DISEASE DEFECTIVE ENZYME STORAGE COMPOUND SYMPTOMS
NIEMANN”S
PICK
SPHINGOMYLINASE SPHINGOMYELINS ENLARGED LIVER &
SPLEEN MENTAL
RETARDATION
FABERS CERAMIDASE CERAMIDE PAINFUL JOINTS AND
DEFORMED JOINTS
GAUCHER”S Β GLUCOSIDASE GLUCOCEREBROSIDE ENLARGED LIVER &
SPLEEN MENTAL
RETARDATION,
OSTEOPOROSIS

23. LIPID STORAGE DISEASE
DISEASE DEFECTIVE ENZYME STORAGE COMPOUND SYMPTOMS
KRABB”S
DISEASE
BETA
GALACTOSIDASE
GALACTOCEREBROSIDE ENLARGED LIVER &
SPLEEN, ABSENCE OF
MYELIN FORMATION
MENTAL RETARDATION
TAY SACH”S
DISEASE
Hexosaminidase Ganglioside GM2 BLINDNESS
PAINFUL JOINTS AND
DEFORMED JOINTS
ENLARGED LIVER &
SPLEEN MENTAL
RETARDATION,
DEATH 2-3 YRS

24. LIPID STORAGE DISEASE
DISEASE DEFECTIVE ENZYME STORAGE COMPOUND SYMPTOMS
FABRY”S ALPHA
GALACTOSIDASE
CERAMIDE TRIHEXOSIDE RENAL FAILURE ,SKIN
RASH ,PAIN IN LOWER
EXTREMITIS

26. Tay Sach disease: Inheritance
It is inherited as an autosomal recessive traits, with
a predilection in the Ashkenazi Jewish population,
where the carrier frequency is about 1/25.

27. Diagnosis of Tay-Sach disease
• is usually suspected in an infant with neurologic features and a cherry-red spot.
• Enzymatic Assays-Definitive diagnosis is by determination of the level of ß-hexosaminidase A
in isolated blood leukocytes.
• Fine needle Aspiration Cytology of brain tissue – can show the degree of neuronal
degeneration. FNAC has a great potential for diagnosis and follow-up of Tay-Sachs disease
• Prenatal screening-Future at-risk pregnancies for both disorders can be monitored by
prenatal diagnosis by amniocentesis or chorionic villous sampling.
• Carrier screening- Identification of carriers within families is also possible by ß-
hexosaminidase A and B determination.

28. LIPOSOMES --NANO DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM

29. LIPOSOMES
• SELECTIVE FUSION OF LIPOSOMES WITH TARGET CELLS –
CONTROLLING DRUG DELIVERY TO SPECIFIC CELLS –CANCER
TREATMENT
• REDUCE SIDE EFFECTS OF TOXIC DRUGS
• IMPROVE PHARMOCOKINETIC &PHARMACODYMICS OF DRUGS

31. Detergents
I NATURAL a. Bile Salts &bile acids
Emulsification of fat in GIT
II SYNTHETIC
A. Anionic –SODIUM DODECYL SULPHATE (USED IN
ELECTROPHORESIS ANALYSIS )
PROTEIN +SDS = SOLUBILIZATION OF
PROTEINS(SO4 IMPARS NEGATIVE CHARGE ) ---
IMPARTS NEGATIVE CHARGE
B.CATIONIC ---CETYL TRIMETHYL AMMONIUM
BROMIDE (CTAB)
ANTIBACTERIAL AGENTS (HAND WASH CREAMS )
DESTROYING BACTERIAL MEMBRANE PROTEIN
CARRY POSITIVE CHARGE.

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