Tv news study guide

TV News
study guide
GCSE MEDIA EXAM 2015
KNIGHTS TEMPLAR SCHOOL.
L Sim

This chapter will look at all the issues, information and aspects to TV news
that you need to know about for your exam.
This section features information on history and development, technology,
audiences, conventions, issues, regulation and general information.
CHAPTER 1
1
UK TV News

•News dominates our television screens.
News is a part of all our lives and for
many people it is important to ﬁnd out
what is happening in the world around
us. In a multichannel environment televi-
sion news is now available in a variety
of formats ranging from short news up-
dates, half hour evening programmes to
dedicated 24 hour continuous coverage.
•For the purposes of the Unit 1 External
Assessment focus your study on the
topic on UK television news pro-
grammes which are broadcasted across
terrestrial, satellite and cable television
channels.
•Consider a variety of news programmes
of varying lengths, across different
scheduling times and aimed at different
audience groups.
•For example the magazine style format
of Breakfast News can be contrasted
with the seeming gravitas of early and
late evening news programmes.
•You should also consider how television
news programmes make use of and are
in competition with web based plat-
forms, including social media.
• Technological developments and social
networking has contributed to changes
in the role of audiences from passive
news consumers to that of active news
makers and commentators.
2

SECTION 1
A regularly scheduled television program that
reports current events.
News is typically reported in a series of individ-
ual stories that are presented by one or more an-
chors.
TV News covers stories that are current and rele-
vant to the target audience.
Bulletins include different topics -including poli-
tics, technology, showbiz, sport, weather, edua-
tion, health and events.
Around 75% of people get their daily news from
TV bulletins
What is TV news?
1.A regularly
scheduled television
program that reports
current events
2.Needs to be new or
current - story may be
old, but there has
been a recent
development
3.Must be something
audience WANT or
NEED to know
4.Should be accurate
and impartial
5.Should be visual
6.Mixes moving image
footage and graphics
to support or
illustrate spoken news
reports
What is TV news?
3
! ! ! ! A brief clip showing what is news and how it is put together.
Movie 1.1 Huw Edwards discusses what is ‘news’

SECTION 2
Most stories on a news bulletin have a simple structure -
even those that include several elements including a film
report and an interview.
They have an Introduction. This will usually answer some
- or touch upon - of the five key news questions:
• Who is involved?
• When did it happen?
• What has happened?
• Where did it happen?
• Why did it happen?
• Possibly how it happened.
It may also may well pose several Questions or describe
significant Problems that needs exploring.
The main body of the report answers some or all of
these questions and elaborated. Part of this elaboration
will be contained in the visual images that provide the
evidence that the story is genuine.
The conclusion. Here the story is brought to a close
and loose ends are tied up. Of course, not all conclu-
sions can be neat – the conclusion may point out that a
problem remains to be solved sometime in the future.
Bulletin conventions
1. Bulletins throughout day -
mainly at peak times
2. Dynamic, exciting music and
opening graphics
3. Lead story - introduced at top
of the program
4. Other stories also introduced -
leading questions or basic
information
5. Videos/interviews and piece to
camera.
6. Use of visuals - video, image or
graphics - to illustrate a story
7. Stories average 3-8minutes in
length.
8. Presented and linked by a lead
anchor(s)- reports presented by
individual reporters.
9. Lighter stories towards the
end.
10.Weather and sport near end.
11.Audience appeal for content?
12.Trails for upcoming reports or
programs
13.Links to website
Conventions of TV news programs
4
Beware, this clip contains strong language! BUT It shows excellently how news reports are struc-
tured.
Movie 1.2 Charlie Brooker discusses the format of a TV news report

5
Key conventions recap (courtesy of Keith Lang-
ton, Costello School)
• 10-30 minutes, some shorter bulletins (2-5 minutes).
• Dramatic theme tune plus graphics and shots of technol-
ogy.
• News ANCHOR(s) in a familiar set – reassuring to viewers.
• Formal Mode of Address – suit / dress and language: “Good
evening…”
• Running order reveals the “rhythm” of the news – tries to bal-
ance hard news with entertainment.
• Mediation through editing – choices made to suit audience
/ broadcast time.
• ANCHOR cuts to a LOCATION NEWS REPORTER (hand over)
preceded by an ESTABLISHING SHOT and / or NARRA-
TIVE VOICE OVER.
• VOX POPS (interviews with people in the street) – offers the “Hu-
man Touch” to news stories – “How did it affect you?”
• Studio Interviews – TWO SHOT
• Use of on screen graphics, ﬁller shots and jingles.
• Studio MISE-EN-SCENE – desk, seated anchor, papers, laptop,
pen, water..
• Anchor is framed centrally in a MEDIUM SHOT and speaks di-
rectly to camera.
• IDENT (TV channel logo) usually constantly visible – verbal re-
minders “You’re watching the BBC News…”
• Sometimes New channel website / “Breaking News” scrolling
across the bottom of the screen.
SAMPLE RUNNING ORDER (dependent upon news, obvi-
ously):
1. Major Global Impact story leads.
2. Important UK story.
3. Overseas story that affects Britons – e.g. weather in
USA, plane crash in Asia.
4. Sports story.
5. Technology story.
6. Humorous story – “And finally…”
7. Re-cap of lead story.
Movie 1.3 Newsnight report on ‘What is the point of news’

6
Revision activity Watch the TWO news reports.
Complete the grid comparing similarities in how the program is
presented and structured.
What do you learn about how TV News bulletins are presented.
News from April 2014 on BBC3’s 60 second news
Movie 1.4 BBC 60 Second News
Local news bulletin for the East April 2014
Movie 1.5 BBC Look East bulletin
60 SECOND NEWS LOCAL NEWS
What I learn about TV news bulletin conventions and
structure.

SECTION 3
TV news has changed dramatically since the days
of cinema newsreels.
These were short bulletins that appeared before
ﬁlms at the cinema. They were in black and white
and featured moving image with occasional cap-
tions anchoring the story.
Broadcast news reporting changes with changes
in technology.
Timeline of TV, technology and news broadcast
1930s - BBC One launched 1936.
1940s - War stops BBC TV services.
1950s - 1953 - Queen Elizabeth Coronation - fost major event
broadcast.
1955 - First TV regulation (ITA).
1955 - ITV launches
1960s - 1964 - BBC2 launches
1969 - Colour TV transmission begin
1969 - The Moon landing shown on all 3 channels
1970s - 1974 Ceefax and Oracle (teletext service - interactive
TV) launchd.
1980s - 1982 - Channel 4 launched.
1989 - Sky launches - subscroption TV.
1989 - Sky start 24 hour rolling news
1990s - 1997 - Channel 5 launched
1997 - BBC news (24 hour channel)launched
1999 - First IPTV (internet based TV)
2000s - 2002 - Freeview TV introduced
2003 - OFCOM (regulation) formed
Facebook created 2005.
Twitter created 2006.
Digital switchover
2007 - BBC iplayer launched
NOW -
2010 - BBC news app launched for Apple devices.
2015 - 18 rolling news channels
Use of social media to share stories.
Multi platform.
History of TV news
7
This news report shows the new BBC news studios and references how news reporting has
changed due to developing technology.
Movie 1.6 A brief look at changing technology in news reporting
Satellites meant that news could be reported from
far off places almost immediately.
Developments with internet and smart technol-
ogy meant events could be reported on instantly,
and that everyone had the potential to capture
news stories (citizen journalism and use of user
generated content).

SECTION 4
The
BBC provide dedicated news and current affairs output
for Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland which reﬂects
their different political institutions and cultural make-
up.
BBC Trust: "BBC journalism should be independent, ac-
curate and impartial – providing news and current af-
fairs of relevance, range and depth which audiences
trust. BBC journalism should offer a range and depth of
analysis not widely available from other UK providers."
All BBC journalism will display the core values of inde-
pendence, truth and accuracy, impartiality, fairness, and
diversity of opinion.
The BBC will continue to offer a range and depth of
analysis (using its range of specialists in, for example,
politics, business, economics, home affairs, Europe and
world affairs) not widely available from other UK news
providers.
Help audiences understand social and political issues so
that they can participate in debate and become more ac-
tive citizens.
Support the reporting of major events – plus sports
coverage – with user-generated content (such as
video, still images and messages submitted by view-
ers),
The BBC as a news pro-
vider
1.Has core values of
truth and Accuracy.
2.Crosses all
platforms - TV
broadcasts, radio
news, online news
and apps.
3.At the forefront of
technology use.
4.Has a 24 hour
rolling news
channel.
5.Creates around 120
hours of TV and
radio news each
day.
6.Main news
provider in the UK
Figure 1.1 The BBC News Studio
An example of a typical newsroom set up - 3-camera shooting rig, with the anchors around a desk. The large screens to the left
and right are for use with individual reports.
The BBC
8

9
Revision activities
1) List three news offerings the BBC give
(such as NewsRound, 6’o Clock news, Re-
gional news etc).
2) Find images of the sets for each one - how
do they differ? How are they the same?
3) What features do you think would be suit-
able for a news program aimed at teens?
Why?
4) Design the set for your new News show?
Add notes to explain your choices.
5) How does the BBC ensure its sets are suit-
able for their specific audience?
6) How does the BBC ensures its 60 second
news is appealing - both visually and in its
content - to its specific teen audience?

SECTION 5
A “NEWS AGENDA” is what the broadcaster thinks is
important in the news today (or possibly more long-
term).
The news agenda for the day’s TV broadcasts will be
based on the NEWS VALUES of the breaking stories.
The news agenda changes depending on the target
audience.
Different TV News providers have different audi-
ences.
This can sometime be reflected by the news values of
the channel e.g. Newsround simplifies the news, ex-
plores items less in depth, uses less complex language
and has younger presenters to appeal to a 6-12 year old
target audience.
Fox News often has comments by experts and wit-
nesses that reinforce their support for the Republican
Party (US equivalent to the UK Conservative/Tory
Party).
The BBC meet different audience needs in
the following ways, while adhering to the
core values of impartiality, accuracy and
independence:
1. Provide news and current affairs output for a broad-
based audience on services such as BBC One, BBC
Two and Radio 2.
2. Introduce children and teenagers to citizenship
issues through its news output and also through
programming that reflects social engagement and
life skills.
3. Present news and analysis in an accessible format,
style and language for under-served audiences such
as ethnic minority communities.
4. Explain and present complex issues in a way that
meets the differing needs of diverse communities
and place it in context to help all audiences develop
a greater understanding of UK and international
events. Radio 1, BBC Three and BBC Asian Network
will play a particular role.
5. Offer outreach initiatives that take BBC news
content into secondary schools.
6. Provide dedicated news, politics and current affairs
output for the nations which reflects their different
political institutions and cultural make-up.
7. Offer in-depth global news and current affairs
programmes that appeal to those interested in global
news and cultural affairs.
News
Audience
10

Stereotypically, TV News has an older target audience of 35-65, ABC1, mainstream-
ers but again, this is dependent on the channel – BBC News has a more middle
class, middle aged demographic while Channel 4 and 5 News has a younger target
audience with Channel 4 in particular targeting a more liberal, diverse, educated
viewer (similar to The Guardian Newspaper).
Local news targets a regional audience that are less concerned with global or even
national issues – there will often be a hand over from national news and again, is
very focused on the regional identity and regional news stories. An example would
be, more farming news items in rural areas but regional news still has an older audi-
ence but extending from ABC1 to C2, D and E.
(taken from MediaEdu sites)
• Many younger people use the web and social media for news rather than watch-
ing TV news
• Can TV news survive against competition from other news sources, and from
young people’s lack of interest in the news?
• Television news is still a main source of information for some people
• Audiences move from passive (just accepting the news) to active (selecting their
own news via websites/new media) and even to creating and contributing to
news (audience gatekeepers, citizen journalism and UGC)
• Audiences can be segmented - different segments will watch different news pro-
grammes
• Audience demographics - age, location, gender, class, etc. can all be used
to define the target audience
• The 4Cs *Young and Rubicam) - the ‘cross cultural consumer characteris-
tics’ are psychographics, dividing audiences or consumers intro seven
types: Mainstreamers, Reformers, Aspirers, Succeeders, the Resigned.
Strugglers and Explorers
11

SECTION 6
Theories - Uses
and Gratifications
and News Values
12
Blumler and Katz
wrote about Uses
and Gratiﬁcations
(above).
Galtung and Ruge
wrote about News
Values (left and
right).

SECTION 7
TV News opening titles
13
• Building tempo (pace) to-
wards a crescendo
• Dramatic music
• Either quick cuts of footage
or sweeping camera move-
ments
• No talking whilst graphics
playing
• Institution logo
• Often dramatic news images/
news reporters images
with brief introduction to
the main stories/news
headlines.
• Bold colours
• Wide shot of the studio
• Cut to the presenters who
smile at camera and
welcome/greet the viewer.
• Usually around 30-60 sec-
onds depending how long
the main headline is read
for.
• Establishes a trustworthy feel
from the start.
This looks at how ONE news channel present their main news bulletin opening and some of the conven-
tions they use.
Movie 1.7 An analysis of a BBC1 news opening

Revision activity
14
Watch these 3 news openings.
1)List all the features/aspects in
their openings. Complete the table
opposite.
2) Try to storyboard ONE of the open-
ings in 10 frames - make sure you
get the most relevant information
in there.
Movie 1.8 BBC News opening
BBC NEWS NEWSROUND ITV NEWS
Movie 1.10 Newsround opening
Movie 1.9 ITV News

SECTION 8
What are the key elements of set/studio design? 
What are the connotations of the elements of the
set design?
•A desk - authority
•Neutral/dark/blue collar scheme - modern and
serious
•Hi tech, shiny materials with sharp clean edges -
modern
•Computer, laptop - connected to the world, mod-
ern
•Large screens in the background - can show the
viewers everything that is happening
•Multiple screens of the newsroom in the back-
ground - all the news that is happening, the ur-
gency and ‘busy-ness’ of everyone working in the
background
In your pitch
1. Explain WHAT you would
have of your set.
Consider:
1. Colours
2. Furniture
3. Position of the presenters
4. Technology
5. decoration
6. Graphics, visuals or other
info on screen (e.g.
Twitter feed, a ticker, the
time etc)
Make sure you give strong
reasons for each of your
choices.
Also refer to AUDIENCE and
the BRIEF throughout.
Set
Design
15

This section will consider
possible questions for the
exam and notes on things to
revise/plan or prepare
CHAPTER 2
16
The exam
Warning, possible bad language. But it also provides an interesting, insightful take on the presenta-
tion of the news by a highly respected and well known documentary maker.
Movie 2.1 Adam Curtis discusses TV News

✴The exam in 90 minutes long.
✴60 marks (40% of total GCSE)
✴Each question is 15 marks. That is 20 minutes a question
and 10 minutes planning and checking time.
✴Given a ‘brief’4 weeks before the exam which will estab-
lish the setting for the exam
✴4 questions:
• Knowledge of TV news and the industry
• Pitch
• Production task
• Issue - most likely regarding technological develop-
ments and how they have contributed to changes in
the role of audiences from passive news consumers
to active news makers and commentators.
✴The order of the questions will change (eg, the pitch ques-
tion may not be question 2 - but it WILL feature somewhere
in the exam)
What you should take into your exam:
• More than one black ink pen.
• 2 pencils
• Pencil sharpener
• Rubber
• Ruler
• Some colour pencils
• Some highlighters.
• Pen in a different colour (eg. blue or green)
Remember: ONLY
20 MINUTES PER
QUESTION.
xvii
THE EXAM

SECTION 1
The Brief
18
The brief requires you to answer IN
ROLE!
I have put possible questions on fol-
lowing pages.
I think the design task will ask you to
storyboard (and ANNOTATE) the
opening titles to your new TV News
show for teens. This will be 10
frames - to include show name, intro-
duction to the main stories, wel-
come by the anchors and clear es-
tablishment of style and audience.
MAKE SURE YOU REFER TO THE
BRIEF - AND USE BOTH ‘TNN’ (the
company name) and NEWSBURST
(the programme name) THROUGH-
OUT THE EXAM

• UK TV News programmes – terrestrial, satellite
and cable channels.
• Scheduling times, length of programme and dif-
ferent audience groups.
• Contrasting the tone of Breakfast news with early
evening / late night news.
• Use of / competition from web based platforms
and social media.
• Changes in the role of audiences from passive
news consumers to active news makers and com-
mentators.
xix
WHAT THE EXAM BOARD THINK YOU SHOULD KNOW...
Movie 2.2 A short video which shows the brief being annotated.
Watch the short video to see the brief being annotated too - it is pretty
much what we discussed in class.

SECTION 2
Q1 will ask
about general
TV news is-
sues, such as
why it may
not be as
popular with
teenage audi-
ence and
something
about creat-
ing accurate
and trustwor-
thy informa-
tion.
It may ask
why it is im-
portant for
young people
to engage
with the
news.
Use your re-
search into
TV news to
support your
arguments.
Give REAL
LIFE exam-
ples, eg refer
to how BBC
create news
broadcasts
for different
audiences
and ensure it
suits their
needs.
Watch News-
Round and
compare it to
60second
news and the
News at 10.
Possible questions
1. 1. ! A successful TV news programme should have the following qualities:
• a balance of hard and soft news
• important headlines at the start of the programme
• the right TV news presenter
Using examples from your research, discuss how each of these qualities has been used to keep the audience interested.
2. ‘TV news does not appeal to younger viewers because it is boring!’ Discuss your views on this statement
3. ‘Discuss the ways in which news can be gathered and the reliability of the sources of information.’
4. ‘In what ways has the presentation of television news changed in recent years?’ How do you account for such changes?
5. Audience research suggests the target audience of TV News is changing because:
• ! news is available on
a range of different
platforms and in
different media.
• there is increasingly a
need to entertain a
target audience as well
as inform them.
• multi-channel
television means there
is a broad range of
competition.
Why do you think TV
News struggles to reach its
audience? Give examples
to support your views.
6. How is news made to
seem important and
serious?
7. How important are
visuals to a news
report? To what extent
are they there just for
something to see?  
Question
One
20

Possible
mark
scheme
for ques-
tion 1

SECTION 3
Question 2 is likely to be the PITCH question.
The exam board want to see you answer IN
ROLE.
Make sure you hit every bullet point, but also EX-
PLAIN your ideas. Why does it suit the brief and
the audience?
Talk about:
•Title 
•Format 
•News agenda
•Scheduling
•Anything else which you think will make this pro-
gramme a success
•Studio
•Presenters
•Credit sequence
•Use of e-media
Possible/sample questions
1. Bearing in mind the type of TV News
programme we are looking for, let’s have
your pitch for a new national TV News
programme targeting a teenage audience.
You need to think about:
• who the target audience is.
• the name of the news programme and what
channel it will be broadcast on.
• other platforms your news programme will
be available on.
• the genre conventions of TV News.
2. We would like to hear your ideas for a new
TV news programme aimed at a younger
audience. We have in mind a programme
that would appeal to teenagers, both girls
and boys. We would like you to come up
with the following:
• a name for the programme
• the proﬁle of your chosen presenter(s)
• the intended studio layout
3. It is important that our programme gives
the right balance of news. Give us your ideas
for the type of news that would be in the
running order for a 15-minute programme.
What type of news content would you have in
your programme? Would you have regional,
national or international news reports?
Would you have infotainment? Would you
include a weather report? Justify your ideas
for content and discuss why your TV news
programme will be a success.
Question Two
22

Suggested mark
scheme for ques-
tion 2 - the pitch
question.

SECTION 4
Looking at the brief, I think the
most likely option will be for
you to STORYBOARD THE
OPENING 30 SECONDS OF
YOUR NEWS PROGRAM.
This is what you did in the mock
exam, so look back at your feed-
back from this.
Possible questions
1. Convergence is very important
for news media in reaching its
target audience. Design the
website homepage of your new
TV News channel.
2. We are interested to know how
you would brand the new TV
news programme. Remember, it
must appeal to teenagers, both
boys and girls. What colours
would you use, font, images?
Sketch out a logo, showing us
your ideas.
3. We would like you to design an
ident for the new TV news
programme. Using the
storyboard provided, show us
what your idea for a 15-second
ident might look like.
4. Storyboard for the opening 30
seconds of your TV News
programme
5. Storyboard a TV advert for your
TV News programme
6. Design the set for your new TV
News program.
Question Three
24
Use this tem-
plate to practice
as this is likely
to be the one
given in the
exam. You will
get 8-10 boxes
to present your
opening in.
Remember you
also need to AN-
NOTATE your
design, giving
brief reasons to
aupport your
decisions - link
to audience and
the brief.

SECTION 5
Question 4 is most
likely going to be a
question relating to use of Emedia and new tech-
nologies. It may ask you about your reasons for
choosing the three news stories from the brief. Ei-
ther way you must stay focused on audience at
all times!
You need to consider all forms of media and con-
sider how your new news program would cross
platforms, engaging specifically with the target
audience.
You should consider:
• Use of social media (EG Snapchat, instagram)
• How you could use Twitter or Facebook
• Creating an app - what would it feature?
• Benefits of New technology
Possible questions
1. Explain how your homepage
appeals to a target audience?
Why is your TV News channel
likely to be successful?

2. We know that it is important to
have a heavily orientated e-
media focus, so that our
viewers can access the
programme at any time, and
any place at a time convenient
to them. How would you
propose this is done using
social media platforms?
3. "We pride ourselves on being
the first to break a news story..."
Explain how you would use an
e-media platform not only to to
get breaking news out to young
people as quickly as possible,
but also to get them engaging
with the stories you present on
the TV news channel.
4. Explain why you chose the
three story running order from
the stories you were presented.
Question Four
25

• Limitations of new technology
• Using/encouraging USER GENERATED CONTENT or CITI-
ZEN JOURNALISM
• The website
• How audiences would interact with the news show.
NEWSBEAT
Look at how BBC Radio’s Newsbeat speciﬁcally targets teens via
a range of Emedia forms (ok I know it is not TV news, but it is
news for your age range).
Not only do they use a range of social media, they also create con-
tent beyond their general news bulletins -producing News Specials
on issues that matter to their core audience.
They also encourage their audience
to interact with them - feedback
and sharing on all stories online
26
Website
News specials.
iPlayer
YouTube
Social Media - Facebook and
Twitter

Atmos (also Actuality)
Background noise recorded on location. In TV this is often called actuality which is audio
material recorded on location.
In news programmes it is usually someone speaking and lasts for 10 to 20 seconds.
Also often called a sound bite.
Related Glossary Terms
Index
Drag related terms here
Find Term

Broadcast
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Index
Find Term

Byline
A line that indicates who wrote a story.
For example by BBC Political Correspondent John Smith.
Index
Find Term

Caption
A sentence underneath a picture explaining what it is.
It could be a way of illustrating someone being interviewing on the phone (with a picture of
where they are, or what the story is about, plus some text giving their name).
It could be a still picture or photo illustrating the story.
Index
Find Term

Citizen Journalism
Index
Find Term

Correspondent
A journalist who is an expert in a particular subject who reports on that kind of news e.g. a
cricket correspondent, arts correspondent or Middle East correspondent.
Index
Find Term

Deadline
Something many of you are unfamiliar with! ;)
The time by which a journalist must ﬁnish their report.
Index
Find Term

Donut
No, it isn’t a yummy sweet treat that contains jam (although if you want to treat your favour-
ite Media teacher, I only like the ones with the holes).
It's an interview on location in which the presenter in the studio hands over to the presenter
on location.
They describe the situation and interview a guest before handing back to the presenter in
the studio.
Index
Find Term

Effects (FX)
The abbreviation for sound effects.
In TV the sound effects are often added to the ﬁlm in a dubbing suite.
Index
Find Term

Float or OOV (out of Vision)
The name for a series of pictures when a presenter is talking or interviewing a guest but you
can't see them on the screen.
The pictures you see are called a ﬂoat because they are ﬂoated over the voice of the pre-
senter.
They are used to illustrate what the presenter or guest is talking about.
The sequence is sometimes called an OOV, which is short for Out Of Vision or underlay,
which is shortened to ‘ulay’.
Index
Voice over
Find Term

Graphics
These are the words, diagrams, maps etc that appear on screen.
Index
Find Term

News Agency
An organisation set up to provide news material to many journalists.
News producers pay these organisations to send news and footage to them to use in their
broadcasts.
Examples include Reuters, Associated Press (AP) and Agence France Presse (AFP).
Index
Picture feeds
Find Term

News Values
Index
Find Term

Picture feeds
Video that has been provided by news agencies (such as Reuters) which media
organisations, like the BBC, pay to use.
Index
News Agency
Find Term

Press release
Index
Find Term

Regulation
Index
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Running order
The order the stories appear on the programme, containing key details about each of the re-
ports.
Index
Running to time
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Running to time
A report or programme is "running to time" if it's on target to ﬁnish at a certain time. A pro-
gramme can only be a certain length, because there other programmes come before and be-
fore and after it in the schedule. The producer has to make sure their programme doesn't
overrun.
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Running order
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Rushes
Video ﬁlmed by a camera crew that requires editing.
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Sources
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Sting
A bit of music or sound (with pictures if on TV) used to punctuate the programme. Stings
are often used at the beginning or the end of a report or to highlight the headlines.
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Stock footage
Shots of common events used to help tell a story e.g. a crowd turning up for a football
match. News organisations, like the BBC, often have a library of useful footage that can be
used, hence it is often called library material.
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Titles
Titles mark the start and end of a programme.
They usually contain music.
They are opening titles and closing titles.
Closing titles usually include the names of the people involved in the production, or credits,
although news programmes often don't run credits.
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Trail
A short advertisement for an item coming up later on the programme.
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User Generated Content
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Voice over
A shot in which a presenter talks over a video clip to explain to the audience what is going
on. See also Out Of Vision.
Index
Float or OOV (out of Vision)
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Vox Pops
A type of short interview where members of the public are stopped at random and asked a
question.
It helps the audience gauge opinion on a particular subject.
Vox pop is short for vox populi, a Latin phrase which means "voice of the people".
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Tv news study guide

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