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PHL 320 Assignment Week 1 Apply Creating
an Argument (New Syllabus)
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PHL 320 Assignment Week 1 Apply: Creating an Argument
Complete the “Creating an Argument” homework assignment in
Connect®.
For each statement, select the conclusion statement that would turn
these statements into arguments.
Note: You have only 1 attempt available to complete this assignment.
Grades must be transferred manually to eCampus by your instructor.
Don’t worry, this might happen after your due date.

Tipsarevic is unlikely to win the U.S. Open this year.
Multiple Choice
He will be a strong competitor, though.
Smith is also unlikely to win the U.S. Open this year.
He has a nagging leg injury, plus he doesn’t have the drive he once
had.

He did not win the U.S. Open last year either.
John Montgomery has been the Eastern Baseball League’s best closer
this season. Unfortunately, when a closer gets shelled, as
Montgomery did last night, it takes him a while to recover.
Multiple Choice

There are other pitchers on his team who could be closers.
In fact, his team may want to think about trading him.
Nobody will say he is the best closer after that performance.
He may never recover.

There is trouble in the Middle East, there is a recession at home, and
all economic indicators are trending downward.
Multiple Choice
It would be nice to see economic indicators trending upward instead.
Most news media agree that this is the case.
There are similar conditions in other regions throughout the world.

It seems likely, then, that the only way the stock market can go is
down.
“It may be true that people, not guns, kill people.

Multiple Choice
There are many reasons why people kill people.”
But people with guns kill more people than people without guns. As
long as the number of lethal weapons in the hands of the American
people continues to grow, so will the murder rate.”
It may also be true that people hate one another.”
There are a lot of people who own guns.”

As a long-time customer, you’re already taking advantage of our
money management expertise and variety of investment choices.
Multiple Choice

We have spent years building this expertise and developing a variety
of investment choices.
That’s a good reason for consolidating your other eligible assets into
an IRA with us.
We always like to offer our long-time customers additional options.
Many other customers also take advantage of our expertise and
variety.

Yes, I charge a little more than other dentists.
Multiple Choice
But I feel I give better service. So my billing practices are justified.

But I don’t charge as much as I could.
You should see what my dentist charges me, though.
And I offer services that other dentists don’t always offer.

Pornography often depicts women as servants or slaves or as
otherwise inferior to men.
Multiple Choice
Pornography is much more prevalent than it used to be thanks to the
Internet.
In light of that, it seems reasonable to expect to find more women
than men who are upset by pornography.
Most pornography is created by men.

Pornography depicts women in other ways, as well.
Fears that chemicals in teething rings and soft plastic toys may cause
cancer may be justified.

Multiple Choice
Chemicals have been used in such items for years.
Cancer is one of the biggest health concerns society faces.
There are many other things that also cause cancer.
Last Assignment Week, the Consumer Product Safety Commission
issued a report confirming that low amounts of DEHP, known to
cause liver cancer in lab animals, may be absorbed from certain
infant products.

The Carrie Diaries isn’t very good.
Multiple Choice

It’s just a repackage of Sex and the City.
I don’t know what the author was thinking when they wrote it.
It is one of many bad books I’ve read lately.
I Check (New Syllabus)ed it out of the library because I thought it
would be good.

Carl would like to help out, but he won’t be in town.
Multiple Choice
He might not have been much help anyway.
We’ll have to find someone else who owns a truck.

He should be back in town the following Assignment Week.
He is going to visit his grandmother, who is ill.
*******************************************************
PHL 320 Assignment Week 1 Practice
Knowledge Check (New Syllabus)
PHL 320 Assignment Week 1 Practice Knowledge Check (New
Syllabus)

Complete the “Assignment Week 1 Knowledge Check (New
Syllabus)” in Connect®.
Note: You have unlimited attempts available to complete this practice
assignment. The highest scored attempt will be recorded. These
assignments have earlier due dates, so plan accordingly. Grades must
be transferred manually to eCampusby your instructor. Don’t worry,
this might happen after your due date.
“I think there should be a speed limit for the ‘spandex’ bicycle racers
that feel the need to run those of us that don’t ride or walk as fast off
the road and into the bushes in Bidwell Park. The park is for
everyone’s pleasure and enjoyment, and more often than not it is
spoiled by those few who feel they are superior to the rest of us.
Approximately eight out of ten times when my family and I have
ridden our bikes through the park at least one of us has just about
been plowed over by one of those egotistical speeders.”—From a
letter to the editor

Which of the following best states the primary issue discussed in the
passage?
Multiple Choice
whether there should be a speed limit for bicycle racers
whether bicycle racers are egotistical
whether the park is for everyone’s pleasure

whether outings to the park are frequently spoiled by bicycle racers

“Sheila’s clarinet is French. It’s a Leblanc, and all Leblanc
instruments are made in France.”
This argument is best considered
Multiple Choice
inductive
deductive.

The inclination that people may have to assume that their attitudes
and those held by people around them are shared by society at large
is known as
Multiple Choice

the fundamental attribution error.
the false consensus effect.
negativity bias.
confirmation bias.

In an inductive argument, the premise demonstrates or proves the
conclusion.
True or False

The tendency to not appreciate that others’ behavior is as much
constrained by events and circumstances as our own would be if we
were in their position is known as the
Multiple Choice

false consensus effect.
fundamental attribution error.
bandwagon effect.
overconfidence effect.

“Jose is taller than Bill, and Bill is taller than Margaret. Therefore,
Jose is taller than Margaret.” This argument is best considered
Multiple Choice
inductive.

If we know that an argument is weak, then we know that the
conclusion
Multiple Choice
is false.
is true.

Which of the following involves unconsciously assigning a probability
to a type of event on the basis of how often one thinks of events of that
type?
Multiple Choice
Factual claim
In-group bias
Availability heuristic

Obscure issue
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PHL 320 Assignment Week 2 Apply Vague
Statements (New Syllabus)
PHL 320 Assignment Week 2 Apply: Vague Statements
Complete the "Vague Statements" homework assignment in
Connect®.
Each of the questions in Connect® contains a statement in vague
language. For each question, select the rewritten statement that
contains the clearest language.
Note: You have only 1 attempt available to complete assignments.
Don't worry; this might happen after your due date.

Advertisement: “The Aquaclear water filter—it really will improve
the taste and odor of your water.” Which of the following is rewritten
in language that is clear rather than vague?
Multiple Choice
•
The Aquaclear water filter will improve your life.
•
The Aqaclear water filter change the way you think about water
filters.
•
The Aquaclear water filter will make you think you have never really
had water before.

•
The Aquaclear water filter will improve the taste and odor of your
water by removing dirt and minerals from the water.
Property owner, showing his property to a potential buyer: “The lot
extends back to about where that large oak tree stands.”
Multiple Choice
•
The lot in back ends at the property line.
•
The lot extends almost to where that large oak tree stands.

•
The lot extends 50 feet from the back of the house, which is near the
oak tree.
•
We tend to think of the oak tree as the property line, since it is near
enough.
“Renaissance music just doesn’t do it for me.”
Multiple Choice
•

"Renaissance music simply lulls me to sleep.”
•
“I don’t think I prefer to listen to Renaissance music.”
•
"There is just something about Renaissance music I don’t like.”
•
“I can’t say why it is I don’t care for Renaissance music.”
It seems clear that within the next ten years, they’ll have produced a
machine that can really think.
Multiple Choice

•
In the next 10 years, the company will have produced a machine that
outperforms how a human thinks and makes day-to-day decisions.
•
Someday they’ll have produced a machine that can think like a
human.
•
It seems clear that within the next 10 years, they should make some
progress in developing thinking machines.
•
In the next 10 years, they should be able to produce a machine that
can think in some fashion.

The president has determined that tax reform will be his first priority
during his second term in office.
Multiple Choice
•
Some believe the president will make tax reform a priority in his
second term.
•
The president will tackle tax reform as his first priority during his
second term in office, which is in two years.
•
The president has promised to make tax reform a priority.

•
The president thinks that tax reform will be a priority during his
second term.
“If I were you, I’d watch out for the boss.”
Multiple Choice
•
"Watch out for the boss; he’s grumpy today.”
•
“If I were you, I’d keep a close eye out for the boss.”

•
“You may want to avoid the boss today if you can.”
•
“There’s the boss; you may want to head the other way.”
Doctor: “The arrhythmia you are experiencing indicates you should
lay off jogging for a while.”
Multiple Choice
•
"The arrhythmia you are experiencing is a serious issue that requires
treatment."

•
"The arrhythmia you are experiencing indicates you should consider
jogging less often."
•
"Your arrhythmia makes me think you should be careful when you
jog."
•
"Because your heart beats too fast, you should stop jogging for the
next 30 days. "

“Well, let’s see. To get to the Woodward Mall, go down this street a
couple of blocks and then turn right. Go through several stoplights,
turn left, and go just a short way. You can’t miss it.”
Multiple Choice
•
“You want the Woodward Mall? Just head west and you’ll see it in
front of you. You can’t miss it.”
•
"The Woodward Mall? You may want to use your GPS, since getting
there is a little tricky.”
•
"In order to get to Woodward Mall, drive south on Main Street for
two blocks until you get to Dover Street. After you get to Dover Street,
make a right on Foxwood Drive. You will drive on Foxwood Drive for
three miles until you see Woodward Lane. Turn left on Woodward
Lane, and you have arrived at Woodward Mall."
•

“Well, let’s see. To get to the Woodward Mall, you’re going to need
to make three lefts and then a right. You can’t miss it.”
Said at a party: “What did I think of the concert? Yeah, I was at the
concert.”
Multiple Choice
•
"What did I think of the concert? I guess I had a good time.”
•
“What did I think of the concert? I haven’t really thought about it.”

•
“What did I think of the concert? I thought it was pretty good. You
should have been there.”
•
“What did I think of the concert? I haven’t really thought about it.”
During his first news conference of the year, the president said today
that his administration was going to crack down even harder on
international terrorism.
Multiple Choice
•

During his first news conference of the year, the president admitted
that the war on international terrorism would be long and difficult.
•
During the president’s first news conference of the year, the
administration outlined processes and procedures it will put in place
to combat international terrorism.
•
During his first news conference of the year, the president backed
away from earlier statements about how his administration was going
to crack down even harder on international terrorism.
•
During his first news conference of the year, the president will
address what he plans to do about international terrorism.
*******************************************************

PHL 320 Assignment Week 2 Practice
Knowledge Check (New Syllabus)
Syllabus)
Complete the “Assignment Week 2 Knowledge Check (New
Syllabus)” in Connect®.
be transferred manually to eCampus by your instructor. Don’t worry,
Classify the following: “A juice harp is a harmonica.”

Multiple Choice
definition by example
definition by synonym
analytical definition

Classify the following: “‘Adult beverage’ is anything that will get you
drunk and make you act like an adolescent.”
Multiple Choice

Classify the following: “When Dr. Leakey said Lucy’s walk was
bipedal, he meant her walk was upright.”
Multiple Choice

Classify the following: “Being an octogenarian is being in one’s
eighties.”
Multiple Choice

The word “centaur” can be defined by example.
True or False

If you want to make a word’s meaning more precise, a definition by
synonym will work better than an analytical definition.
True or False

Classify the following: “‘Freedom’ is just another word for nothing
left to lose.”—Kris Kristofferson
Multiple Choice

Classify the following: “Dr. Monfort thinks ‘new-age’ is another
word for mindless.”
Multiple Choice

*******************************************************
PHL 320 Assignment Week 3 Apply Inductive
and Deductive Reasoning (New Syllabus)
PHL 320 Assignment Week 3 Apply Inductive and Deductive
Reasoning
Complete the "Inductive and Deductive Reasoning" homework
assignment in Connect®.
Don't worry; this might happen after your due date
Required information

Symbolizing Arguments using "If...Then..." and "not-…"
Symbolize the following arguments using “if . . . then . . .” and “not- .
. .” statements in place of the special symbols → and ~. (Note: Do
not enter any periods in your response.)
Symbolizing Arguments using "If...Then..." and "not-…" (1)
Madderly wins the decision, provided that the referee scores the fight
in Madderly’sfavor.
The referee did score the fight in favor of Madderly.
Therefore, Madderly wins the decision. R = Referee scores the
fight in Madderly’sfavor
M = Madderly wins the decision.

The generator works.
The generator works only if the polarity of the circuit has been
reversed.
The polarity of the circuit has been reversed. G = The generator
works.
P = Polarity has been reversed.

Failure to melt at 2,600 degrees is sufficient for determining that this
item is not made of steel.
The item failed to melt at 2,600 degrees.

The item is not made of steel. F = The item fails to melt at 2600
degrees.
S = The item is made of steel.

If the new generator will work, then the polarity of the circuit has
been reversed.
But the polarity of the circuit has not been reversed.
The new generator will not work. G = New generator will work.
P = Polarity has been reversed.

Providing Causal Hypotheses to Explain Findings 1
Can mere reading of articles about dieting cause teenage girls to
resort to extreme weight-loss measures? According to a study
published in the journal Pediatrics (reported by Carla K. Johnson of
the Associated Press in January 2007), the answer might well be yes.
In the study, female middle-school students were interviewed in 1999
and again in 2004, and their heights and weights were measured.
Those in the first interview who said they frequently read magazine
articles about dieting were more likely than those who said they never
read such articles to report in the second survey that they indulged in
extreme weight-loss measures like vomiting and taking laxatives. The
effect was present whether or not the girls were overweight or
considered their weight important when they started reading the
articles, the researchers said.
Propose two explanations for the findings that seem likely or possible.

*******************************************************
PHL 320 Assignment Week 3
PracticeKnowledge Check (New Syllabus)
PHL 320 Assignment Week 3 PracticeKnowledge Check (New
Syllabus)
Complete the "Assignment Week 3 Knowledge Check (New
Syllabus)" in Connect®.
be transferred manually to eCampus by your instructor. Don't worry,
Identifying Statistical Syllogisms and Inductive Generalizations from
Samples 4

Determine whether each of the following is a statistical syllogism,
inductive generalization from a sample, or neither.
1. Almost every Shih tzu I’ve run into is smart; there probably aren’t
any anywhere that aren’t.
2. A majority of Republicans favor immigration reform, and Horace is
a Republican. Connect the dots.
3. Sally is apt to be cranky; she usually is when she skips breakfast.

4. Comcast service has improved a lot over the past year, judging
from what has happened around here.
5. It will still be cool there in June; the elevation at Denver is over
5,000 feet.
Identifying the Analogues and Attributes of Interest 2
In each item, identify the analogues and the attribute of interest.

1. Tell you what, this ant poison looks like Windex. I bet we can clean
the windows with it.
2. You need strong, quick fingers if you’re going to play a violin or a
viola. Angus is great on the violin; he’d probably be great on the
viola, too.
3. I liked Will Smith’s last movie, so I’ll probably like this one too,
especially because they have the same story line.
Find the claim described below and determine whether it is
equivalent to the claim you began with.

(Note: In your response, make sure to avoid using contractions so
that you are not scored incorrectly. For example, use "are not"
instead of "aren’t.")
Find the obverse of "Some Arabs are Christians."

instead of "aren’t.”)
Find the converse of "Some Kurds are not Christians."
Match the following terms with their truth-functional symbols.

Drag each concept to its corresponding definition.
A system of logic that specifies the logical relationships among truth-
functional claims—claims whose truth values depend solely on the
truth values of their simplest component parts.
A letter that stands for a claim.
A table that lists all possible combinations of truth values for the
claim variables in a symbolized claim or argument and then specifies
the truth value of the claim or claims for each of those possible
combinations.
The contradictory of a given claim; the negation of claim P is usually
given as “not-P.”
A compound claim made from two simpler claims; it is true if and
only if both of the simpler claims that compose it are true.
A compound claim made up of two simpler claims; it is false only if
both of the simpler claims that make it up are false.
A claim that state-of-affairs A cannot hold without state-of-affairs B
holding as well—for example, “If A, then B.” The A-part of the claim
is called the “antecedent”; the B-part is called the “consequent.”

This occurs if and only if two claims have exactly the same truth
table.
instead of "aren’t.")
Find the contrapositive of “No Sunnis are Christians.”

*******************************************************
PHL 320 Assignment Week 4 Apply Rhetorical
Strategies and Fallacies (New Syllabus)
PHL 320 Assignment Week 4 Apply Rhetorical Strategies and
Fallacies
Complete the "Rhetorical Strategies and Fallacies" homework
assignment in Connect®.

Bobby may be a good bookkeeper….
Select a statement about Bobby that uses innuendo.
Multiple Choice
•
But he has worked hard to get where he is at.
•
But he has a good staff to help him out.
•
But you would expect that from someone who majored in accounting
like he did.
•
But you’ll notice he has a ton of bills.

If the Superintendent is so committed to increasing the scores in
public school….
Select a statement about the Superintendent that uses the loaded
questions strategy.
Multiple Choice
•
Why are so many students failing and teachers resigning?
•
Shouldn’t we do something nice for him?
•

Why do we need to consider replacing him?
•
Why don’t people notice?
Select a statement about college students that uses hyperbole.
Multiple Choice
•
College students are too idealistic and don’t know what it’s like in the
real world.

•
If college students are so poor, why are they always riding around on
fancy bikes and scooters?
•
While many students start college, not all will graduate.
•
All college students will graduate.
I simply won’t go into that department store....
Select a statement that uses stereotype.

Multiple Choice
•
It’s full of snobbish people who disguise their happiness with designer
handbags and shoes.
•
It is way too far from where I live anyway.
•
They have poor customer service.
•
It never carries the clothes I like.

Sally had a hamburger for dinner and does not feel well.
Which of the following statements would result in the post hoc ergo
propter hoc rhetorical fallacy?
Multiple Choice
•
It was the hamburger that made her not feel well.
•
She should not have eaten dinner.
•
Sally is overreacting because her hamburger was overcooked.

•
There must be a flu bug going around.
Brianna is the top-performing cheerleader and captain of the cheer
team.
Which of the following statements would result in the ad hominem
rhetorical fallacy?
Multiple Choice
•
She is the real reason the team is so good.

•
However, we know she, like all cheerleaders, was selected because of
her good looks.
•
She has natural talent that most of the rest of the team don’t.
•
She must spend a lot of time practicing to be so good.

I received a bonus within my first six Assignment Weeks on the job.
Which of the following statements would result in the hasty
generalization rhetorical fallacy?
Multiple Choice
•
So I know I am going to receive a bonus often.
•
I have heard the company is pretty generous when it comes to bonus
opportunities.
•
I am glad my efforts don’t go unnoticed.
•

I worked hard to earn that bonus.
You can start exercising….
Which of the following statements would result in the either/or
rhetorical fallacy?
Multiple Choice
•
In order to fit in with the rest of us.
•
Or die at a young age.

•
Because it is the right thing to do.
•
So that it becomes a habit.
He knows that diamond mining is a dangerous job.
Which of the following statements would result in the red herring or
smoke screen fallacy?
Multiple Choice

•
But he also knows that lots of other jobs are dangerous.
•
But he has always been something of a daredevil.
•
But how else can he earn his pay Check (New Syllabus) to care for his
family?
•
But he knows he won’t have to work forever.

If you like to clean every day….
Which of the following statements would result in the slippery slope
fallacy?
Multiple Choice
•
Then you will always have something on your agenda.
•
You can know that your house will never be a mess.
•
People are likely to notice.
•

It could lead to you becoming OCD, so you probably should not clean
every day.
Your employer has given you the task of increasing overall
production within your department using the same number of
permanent employees but no additional hours to complete the work.
Which of the following is a possible solution?
Multiple Choice
•
Turning a blind eye while employees work overtime.
•
Incentivizing your employees to work harder.
•

Eliminating breaks and lunches.
•
Cutting vacation and sick time.
Your company wants to hire a third-party vendor to handle all of the
customer service calls because they are a well-known leader in the
industry with many clients. You are the manager of the customer
service department for your company and have consistently reduced
expenses over the past three years. Which of the following is an
argument you could present to your employer to not hire a third-party
vendor to handle customer service calls?
Multiple Choice
•

Convince your employer that although the third party has many
clients, not all are satisfied.
•
Show your employer where you could cut costs even further, making it
more cost effective to keep customer service in house.
•
Impose strict new customer service policies on your department.
•
Let your employer know that you will resign if they pursue this option.
*******************************************************

PHL 320 Assignment Week4 Practice Knowledge Check (New
Syllabus)
Materials

"They say Japanese carmakers put out the best cars in the world, all
things considered. But that can’t be right—the Toyota I bought last
year had to be returned to the shop five times!" The sample is
Multiple Choice
•
my Toyota.
•
Japanese cars.
•
the best cars in the world.

Maude and Clyde are discussing whether to buy this nice little
cottage. Using the dropdown menus, classify the fallacies in their
conversation (marked in boldface).
• Stunning Federal-style brick home with exquisite appointments
throughout
• 20 picturesque acres with lake, pasture, and woodland
• 5 bedrooms and 4.5 baths
• 5800 sq. ft. living space and 2400 sq. ft. basement
• Formal living room; banquet dining with butler’s pantry; and
luxurious foyer, gourmet kitchen, and morning room

• 3 fireplaces and 12 chandeliers
Clyde: Maude, look at this place! This is the house for us! Let’s make
an offer right now. We can afford it!
Maude: Oh, Clyde, be serious. That house is way beyond our means.
Clyde: Well, I think we can afford it.
Maude: Honey, if we can afford it, pigs can fly.

Clyde: Look, do you want to live in a shack? Besides, I called the
real estate agent. She says it’s a real steal.
Maude: Well, what do you expect her to say? She’s looking for a
commission.
Clyde: Sometimes I don’t understand you. Last Assignment Week you
were pushing for a really upscale place.
Maude: Clyde, we can’t make the payments on a place like that. We
couldn’t even afford to heat it! And what on earth are we going to do
with a lake?

Clyde: Honey, the payments would only be around $5,000 a month.
How much do you think we could spend?
Maude: I’d say $1,800.
Clyde: Okay, how about $2,050?
Maude: Oh, for heaven’s sake! Yes, we could do $2,050!
Clyde: Well, how about $3,100?
Maude: Oh, Clyde, what is your point?

Clyde: So $3,100 is okay? How about $3,200? Stop me when I get to
exactly where we can’t afford it.
Maude: Clyde, I can’t say exactly where it gets to be too expensive,
but $5,000 a month is too much.
Clyde: Well, I think we can afford it.
Maude: Why?
Clyde: Because it’s within our means!

Maude: Clyde, you’re the one who’s always saying we have to cut
back on our spending!
Clyde: Yes, but this’ll be a great investment!
Maude: And what makes you say that?
Clyde: Because we’re bound to make money on it.
Maude: Clyde, honey, you are going around in circles.

Clyde: Well, can you prove we can’t afford it?
Maude: Once we start spending money like drunken sailors, where
will it end? line-drawing Next, we’ll have to get a riding mower,
then a boat for that lake, a butler for the butler’s pantry—we’ll owe
everybody in the state!
Clyde: Well, we don’t have to make up our minds right now. I’ll call
the agent and tell her we’re sleeping on it.
Maude: Asleep and dreaming.

As Harold is driving down the road from Glenn County to Montclair,
he crosses into Salem County and notices that the pavement
deteriorates. "I guess they don’t keep up their roads very well in this
county," he says. Which of the following best fits the scenario?
Multiple Choice
•
biased generalization
•
hasty generalization
•

neither biased nor hasty
year had to be returned to the shop five times!" This is
Multiple Choice
•
a biased generalization.
•

a hasty generalization.
•
neither biased nor hasty.

As Harold is driving down the road from Glenn County to Montclair,
he crosses into Salem County and notices that the pavement
deteriorates. "I guess they don’t keep up their roads very well in this
county," he says. The sample in this passage is
Multiple Choice
•
roads in Glenn County.
•
roads in Salem County.
•
the road he’s driving on now.

year had to be returned to the shop five times!" The population is
Multiple Choice
•
my Toyota.
•
Japanese cars.
•
the best cars in the world.

To think that what holds true of a group automatically holds true of
the individuals in the group is known as the fallacy of
Multiple Choice
•
composition.
•
division.
•

accident.
•
hasty generalization.
"The legal drinking age should be increased. I'll bet you can't think of
a reason not to." Which of the following fallacies is present in this
statement?
Multiple Choice

•
Misplacing the burden of proof
•
Appeal to ignorance
•
Perfectionist fallacy
•
Straw man fallacy
*******************************************************

PHL 320 Assignment Week 5 ApplyAnalyzing
an Argument (New Syllabus)
PHL 320 Assignment Week 5 Apply Analyzing an Argument
Complete the "Analyzing an Argument" homework assignment in
Connect®.

For each of the following kinds of laws, pick at least one of the four
grounds for justification—legal moralism, the harm principle, legal
paternalism, and the offense principle—and construct an argument
designed to justify the law. You may not agree either with the law or
with the argument; the exercise is to see if you can connect the law to
the (allegedly) justifying principle. For many laws, more than one
kind of justification is possible, so there can be more than one good
answer for many of these.
Overall instructor remarks:
Example—the harm principle. Shoplifting harms those from whom
one steals. “Unfortunately, you did not appropriately answer the
question."
Laws against shoplifting
*******************************************************

Syllabus)
Virtue ethics is an abstruse ethical theory.
True or False

Reasoning used by jurists and attorneys in applying the law is both
deductive and inductive.
True or False
In estimating the moral worth of what people do, utilitarianism seems
to discount people's intentions.
True or False

A moral imperative prescribes an action, not for the sake of some
result, but simply because that action is our moral duty.
True or False
Legal reasoning and moral reasoning both lead to prescriptions
about whether or not certain actions should be done.
True or False

Stare decisis is the doctrine that even though a court has pronounced
a principle of law applicable to a certain set of facts, other judges
should follow common sense in determining whether to apply that
principle to other cases in which the facts are substantially the same.
True or False
Immanuel Kant's deontologism urges people to act so as to produce
the most happiness.
True or False

Identifying Reasons That are Helpful in Focusing Perception 2
Determine whether the following reasons are (1) helpful in focusing
perception to elicit a favorable response, (2) helpful in focusing
perception to elicit an unfavorable response, (3) too vague to focus
perception, (4) false or implausible and therefore unable to focus
perception, or (5) irrelevant to focusing perception.
The information you need is contained in the reasons, so try to
visualize or imagine what the work is like from what is said. All of
these are paraphrases of testimony given at a hearing in 1985 about a
proposal to remove Tilted Arc,an immense abstract sculpture, from a
plaza in front of a federal office building.
1. Tilted Arc is big and rusty.
•

Helpful in focusing perception to elicit a favorable response
•
Helpful in focusing perception to elicit an unfavorable response
•
Too vague to focus perception
•
False or implausible and therefore unable to focus perception
•
Irrelevant to focusing perception

2. Because of its size, thrusting shape, and implacably uniform-
rusting surface, Tilted Arc makes us feel hopeless, trapped, and sad.
This sculpture would be interesting if we could visit it when we had
time to explore these feelings, but it is too depressing to face every
day on our way to work.
•
•
•
•

•
3. Serra’s erotically realistic, precise rendering of the female figure
in Tilted Arc exhibits how appealingly he can portray the soft
circularity of a woman’s breast.
•
•

•
•
•
4. Tilted Arc is sort of red; it probably isn’t blue.

•
•
•
•
•

*******************************************************
PHL 320 Entire Course
PHL 320 Assignment Week 1 Apply Creating an Argument (New
Syllabus)
Syllabus)
PHL 320 Assignment Week 2 Apply Vague Statements (New Syllabus)
Syllabus)
PHL 320 Assignment Week 3 Apply Inductive and Deductive
Reasoning (New Syllabus)
Syllabus)
Fallacies (New Syllabus)

Syllabus)
PHL 320 Assignment Week 5 Apply Analyzing an Argument (New
Syllabus)
Syllabus)
PHL 320 Assignment Week 1 Flow Chart (New Syllabus)
PHL 320 Assignment Week 1 Apply Decision-Making Career Path
Plan (New Syllabus)
PHL 320 Assignment Week 2 Apply Vague Statements (New Syllabus)
PHL 320 Assignment Week 3 Apply Logical Structures of Arguments
(New Syllabus)
PHL 320 Assignment Week 3 Apply Business Practice Argumentative
Essay (New Syllabus)
Fallacies (New Syllabus)
PHL 320 Assignment Week 5 Apply Ethics and Social Responsibility
Presentation (New Syllabus)

PHL 320 Assignment Week 5 Practice Ethical Implications
Discussion
PHL 320 Final Exam Guide (New, 2019)
PHL 320 Week 1 Assignment Critical Thinking Memorandum (2
Papers)
PHL 320 Week 1 Critical Thinking Discussion and Summary (2
Papers)
PHL 320 Week 1 Individual Assignment Critical Analysis Worksheet
(2 Sheets)
PHL 320 Week 1 Knowledge Check
PHL 320 Week 2 Assignment Business Practice Argumentative Essay
(2 Papers)
PHL 320 Week 2 DQ 1
PHL 320 Week 2 DQ 2
PHL 320 Week 2 DQ 3
PHL 320 Week 2 Individual Assignment Globalization Argumentative
Paper (2 Papers)
PHL 320 Week 2 Team Assignment Re-organization and Layoff Team
Discussion & Summary (2 Papers)
PHL 320 Week 3 Assignment The Planning Process (2 Papers)
PHL 320 Week 3 DQ 1

PHL 320 Week 3 DQ 2
PHL 320 Week 3 DQ 3
PHL 320 Week 3 Individual Rhetorical Strategies and Fallacies
Worksheet
PHL 320 Week 3 Team Assignment Problem Identification (2 Papers)
PHL 320 Week 3 Team Assignment Re-organization and Layoff Issue
and Problem Identification Paper (2 Papers)
PHL 320 Week 4 Assignment Decision Making Process Evaluation
And Infographic (2 Papers PPT)
PHL 320 Week 4 Decision-Making Process Infographic (New
Syllabus, Paper and PPT)
PHL 320 Week 4 DQ 1
PHL 320 Week 4 DQ 2
PHL 320 Week 4 Individual Assignment SWOT and Strategy
Evaluation Paper (2 Papers)
PHL 320 Week 4 Team Assignment Problem Solutions (2 Papers)
PHL 320 Week 4 Team Assignment Re-Organization and Layoff
Solutions Paper (2 Papers)
PHL 320 Week 5 Assignment Ethics And Social Responsibility (2
Papers)
PHL 320 Week 5 DQ 1
PHL 320 Week 5 DQ 2
PHL 320 Week 5 Individual Assignment Labor Practices Paper (2
Papers)

PHL 320 Week 5 Team Assignment Problem Solutions And
Evaluation (2 PPT)
PHL 320 Week 5 Team Assignment Re-organization and Layoff
Decision Making Evaluation Paper (2 Papers)
*******************************************************
PHL 320 Final Exam Guide (New, 2019)
1. An automobile company decides to do its bit for the environment
by introducing new models of electric cars. The company’s long-term
goal is to eventually stop manufacturing gasoline cars and focus on
manufacturing electric cars. The managers of the company reached
this decision after critically evaluating the effects of car fluids and car
emissions on the environment. They promise to do everything within
their power to reduce the company’s carbon footprint. Which of the
following approaches does this scenario illustrate?
The defensive approach
The obstructionist approach
The egoistic approach
The accommodative approach

2. Which of the following takes place in the final stage of the
decision-making process?
Ranking the various alternatives in order of practicality
Examining why any expectations for a decision were not met
Giving middle managers sufficient resources to achieve a goal
Making minor decisions related to the chosen alternative
3. Which of the following is the first step in the decision-making
process?
Generating alternatives for a decision
Realizing the need for a decision
Assessing alternatives
Seeking feedback
4. Which of the following terms refers to an approximate assessment
of the credibility of a claim?
Hypothetical imperative
Initial plausibility
Background information
Categorical imperative
5. Which of the following is a practice that would help foster
creativity in an organization?
Withholding feedback, regardless of whether it is constructive or
unconstructive
Rewarding employees who come up with innovative ideas
Holding on to unproductive ideas instead of eliminating them
Avoiding the use of contests to encourage employees for fear of
promoting unhealthy competition
6. A cosmetics company has manufactured a new range of skin care
products. The top management wants to create a common tagline for
the entire range of products and therefore decides to get the managers

of the company involved in the decision-making process. It conducts
a number of sessions in which the managers are asked to work
together and think of innovative taglines for the products and share
their ideas with the rest of the group. Group members are specifically
asked to be open to all ideas, however offbeat they may be. The
members of the group are then asked to pick a tagline after debating
the pros and cons of the most popular ideas. This scenario illustrates
__________.
The nominal group technique
The Delphi technique
Brainstorming
Delayering
7. The top management of a cereal manufacturing company wants to
change the packaging of their products and appeal to attract a younger
age group. Since the company is located in three cities, the top
management wants the managers from each city to weigh in and give
their suggestions for improvement. A group leader is first picked, and
the problem to be solved is written down. After this, a questionnaire is
e-mailed to all the participating managers. The managers are asked to
list down solutions to the problem and e-mail the questionnaire back
to the group leader. This scenario illustrates the first few steps of
__________.
the nominal group technique
the Delphi technique
brainstorming
production blocking
8. __________ are often considered to be the most critical stakeholder
group.
Managers
Employees
Customers
Suppliers

9. Which of the following rules of ethical decision making focuses on
providing the greatest good for the greatest number of people?
The justice rule
The golden rule
The utilitarian rule
The moral rights rule
10. __________ is a written approach to creative problem solving and
decision making.
The nominal group technique
Brainstorming
The Delphi technique
Groupthink
11. In which of the following approaches to social responsibility do
managers often put their own interests first and cause other
stakeholders to be harmed yet manage to stay within the law and
abide by legal requirements?
The proactive approach
12. When would an argument be considered valid?
When it is impossible for the premise to be true and the conclusion to
be false
When the premise of the argument is unquestionably true
When the argument is sound
When it is impossible for the conclusion to appear after the premise

13. Which of the following is the final step in the decision-making
process?
Learning from feedback
Generating alternatives
Recognizing the need for a decision
Implementing the selected alternative
14. Which of the following is true of a good inductive argument?
The lesser the support the premise provides for the conclusion, the
stronger is the argument.
The premise of a good inductive argument demonstrates its
conclusion.
The greater the support the premise provides for the conclusion, the
weaker is the argument.
The premise of a good inductive argument supports its conclusion.
15. Which of the following is a question to be asked when one is
presented with a claim?
When does the claim become a true statement?
When does the content of the claim pose a credibility problem?
Does the claim speak about one particular subject?
What is likely to happen if the claim is examined in detail?
16. Which of the following practices should be avoided by managers
who aim to foster creativity in their organizations?
Giving employees the opportunity to experiment with radical ideas
Allowing employees to make mistakes and learn from them
Attempting to speed up a creative solution to a problem
Encouraging creative employees to take risks
17. Which of the following statements is an example of a subjective
claim?
There is life after death.

Mozart is the greatest musical composer to have lived.
The earth is round.
Aliens exist in other galaxies in the universe.
18. The management of a small-scale cosmetics company wants to
increase awareness of their brand and its products in the market. They
decide to choose between two alternatives: either launch a new
advertising campaign on social media or offer promotional discounts
in select stores. They conduct research on which of these two
alternatives would be the most viable for the company. They compare
the potential costs and potential benefits of each alternative. In this
scenario, which of the following criteria is being evaluated by the
management of the company?
Legality
Ethicalness
Innovative capacity
Economic feasibility
19. Identify the unstated premise in the following argument: John is
indifferent and has a laid-back approach to work. John should be
fired.
Employees who strictly follow their company’s work policy will
never be fired.
John should be fired because he is violating company policy.
John is not only indifferent but also has a laid-back approach to work.
Anyone who is indifferent and has a laid-back approach to work must
be fired.
20. The two factors that are used to assess the credibility of claims
are claims themselves and their__________.
Sources
Soundness
Validity
Premises

21. Which of the following serves as the most reliable source of
information about the world in general?
The background information one possesses
One’s own observations
Things that one learns from others
One’s personal interests
22. __________ refers to a decision maker’s ability to discover
unique and original ideas that lead to viable courses of action.
Problem formulation
Creativity
Problem identification
Strategy
23. Which of the following occurs as a result of group members’
being unable to simultaneously understand all the alternatives that are
generated in a brainstorming session?
Groupthink
Production blocking
Feedback control
Delayering
24. The term __________ refers to the inner guiding moral values,
beliefs, and principles used by a person to examine a situation and
govern his or her behavior.
Bias
Ethics
Autonomy
Authority

25. Which of the following statements is an example of an objective
claim?
The sun sets in the west.
A dog is man’s best friend.
Shakespeare was a better poet than Milton.
Summers in California are very warm.
26. When a firm exhibits the highest degree of social responsibility, it
has most likely adopted __________.
The proactive approach
27. Creativity is most likely to result when:
Managers constantly monitor talented employees.
Employees are given the freedom and opportunity to take risks.
Employees are prevented from making mistakes.
Managers try to speed up the process of working on a creative
solution.
28. Identify the unstated conclusion in the following argument: The
most hardworking employee in the company will receive the
Employee of the Year award. Doug has been working exceptionally
hard all year round.
Doug has not yet received an award from the company.
Doug is the most hardworking employee in the company.
Doug will win the Employee of the Year award.
Hardworking employees win the Employee of the Year award.
29. Identify the conclusion in the following argument: Mark always
leaves his phone at home when he goes to the gym. He has not been
answering any calls in the past hour, so he is at the gym.

Mark leaves his phone at home when he goes to the gym.
Mark has not been answering calls.
Mark does not answer calls when he is at the gym.
Mark is at the gym.
30. A(n) __________ presents a consideration for the acceptance of a
claim.
Argument
Opinion
Issue
Fact
*******************************************************
PHL 320 Final Guide
1.
Who among the following individuals is most likely to exhibit event cr
eativity?
2. When does the incremental model of decision making take place?
3.
In the stages of decision making, what should managers do immediate
ly after identifying and diagnosing a problem?

4.
As a barrier to effective decision making, when do framing effects oc
cur?
5. Which of the following acts represents scapegoating?
6.
How can organizational politics that impacts organizational decisions
be reduced?
7. Which of the following is considered a change-
specific reason for employees’ resistance to change?
8. What is true of the features used to judge a person’s credibility?
9.
Which of the following is considered a general reason for employees’
resistance to change?
10. What is a fact related to strategic planning?
11.
Which of the following is most likely to block new ideas from evolvin
g within an organization?
12. Identify an example of spontaneous creativity.
13.
In the context of moving people to change, what should managers do t
o unfreeze?
14.
Which of the following is likely to improve a group’s decision makin
g process?
15. Identify a subjective claim from the following examples.
16. When is a valid argument considered as being sound?
17. Identify the drawback of utilitarianism.

18.
Who among the following individuals is most likely to be a victim of
wishful thinking fallacy?
19.
During internal resource analysis of the strategic management process
, what does operations analysis involve?
20. How does a person reason deductively?
21. When does the straw man fallacy occur?
22.
Annie, an employee, who often attributes her team’s failures to bad lu
ck, attributes the failures of other teams to their personal shortcoming
s. Which of the following cognitive biases do Annie’s attributions exe
mplify?
23. Identify the statement that accurately describes the Sarbanes-
Oxley Act.
24.
In the context of levels of planning, what would be the responsibility
of a frontline manager?
25.
Which statement best describes a conglomerate diversification strateg
y?
26.
Which of the following questions is useful to be considered in the first
stage of decision making
27.
What should a leader do to effectively manage group decision making
?
28.
In the context of cognitive biases, when does the false consensus effec
t occur?

29. Which of the following is an objective claim?
30.
Sam, a marketing manager, often makes ethical decisions based on w
hat others feel about those decisions. He often considers opinions fro
m other managers and employees. Which of the following ethical syst
ems do Sam’s decisions follow?
*******************************************************
PHL 320 Week 1 Assignment Critical Thinking
Memorandum (2 Papers)
This Tutorial contains 2 Papers
Critical thinking is an important part of problem solving, decision
making, and everyday life. So, what is critical thinking and why is it
so important?
Prepare a 700-word memo to yourself on critical thinking in which
you include the following:
Explain critical thinking.

Provide an example from your personal experience of critical thinking
applied to a business decision.
Discuss the importance and benefits of using critical thinking.
Relate the importance and benefits of critical thinking to the example
provided.
Discuss ways you might use critical thinking in your current job or
chosen career path.
Format your assignment consistent with APA guidelines.
*******************************************************
PHL 320 Week 1 Critical Thinking Discussion
and Summary (2 Papers)
This Tutorial contains 2 Different Papers
Participate in a class discussion by responding to the following
questions:

 How would you define critical thinking? What makes a person a
critical thinker?
 Why is critical thinking important? Provide an example of how
critical thinking has helped you in your life.
 What do you expect to learn from this course?
Write a paragraph summarizing the discussion.
*******************************************************
PHL 320 Week 1 Individual Assignment
Critical Analysis Worksheet (2 Sheets)
This Tutorial contains 2 Different Sheets (Answers)
Read "Common Core" and "The Battle Against Common Core
Standards."

Complete the Material: Critical Analysis Worksheet.
*******************************************************
1) The bandwagon effect is a common bias, which refers to
2) Some cognitive biases involve heuristics, which are
3) The in-group bias is characterized by
4) The premise of a good deductive argument, if true
5) If we know that an argument is weak, then we know that the
conclusion
6) The ensemble played an encore at last year’s concert, and I’m
pretty sure they played one the year before as well. So they will most
likely play an encore at this year’s concert”. This argument is best
taken as
7) Critical thinking involves

8) In decision making, critical thinking will help increase the
validity of your decision by
9) Arguments whose premises are intended to provide absolutely
conclusive reasons for accepting the conclusion are deductive.
*******************************************************
PHL 320 Week 2 Assignment Business
Practice Argumentative Essay (2 Papers)
Review the "Writing Argumentative Essays" section in Ch. 3
ofCritical Thinking.
Write an 1,050-word argumentative essay on your approved business
decision in which you include the following:
Discuss why the business decision is good or not good for business.
Define the term good for the purpose of this situation.
Identify the premise and conclusion by placing a number in bold at
the beginning of the sentence with the
word premise orconclusion. For example: (1, Premise), (2, Premise),
(1, Conclusion), (2, Conclusion).

Sentences labeled as "1, premise" are premises for the sentence
labeled as "1, conclusion."
All premises should be labeled for each conclusion in the article. If a
sentence is a conclusion and a premise for another conclusion, place
two labels.
At the end of the paper, identify one example of how you used
deductive reasoning and one example of how you used inductive
reasoning.
Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines.
*******************************************************
PHL 320 Week 2 DQ 1
What are some pros and cons associated to group decision making?
Example...
*******************************************************
PHL 320 Week 2 DQ 2

Define ridicule, sarcasm and hyperbole. An example of one of these
concepts?
*******************************************************
PHL 320 Week 2 DQ 3
What is the difference between rhetoric and argument? An example?
When is one used more effectively than the other?
*******************************************************
PHL 320 Week 2 Individual Assignment
Globalization Argumentative Paper

Review the Writing Argumentative Essays section in Ch. 3 of
Critical Thinking
Write an argumentative paper of no more than 750 words that
demonstrates why globalization is good or not good for a business.
The paper should define the term good, and should identify the
premises and conclusions.
Identify the premise and conclusion by placing a number in bold at
the beginning of the sentence with the word premise or conclusion.
For example: (1, Premise), (2, Premise), (1, Conclusion), (2,
Conclusion), and so on.
Sentences labeled as "1, premise" are premises for the sentence
labeled as "1, conclusion."
All premises should be labeled for each conclusion in the article. If
a sentence is a conclusion and a premise for another conclusion, place
two labels.
At the end of the paper, identify one example of how you used
deductive reasoning and one example of how you used inductive
reasoning.
*******************************************************

1) The bandwagon effect is a common bias, which refers to
2) Some cognitive biases involve heuristics, which are
3) The in-group bias is characterized by
4) The premise of a good deductive argument, if true
5) If we know that an argument is weak, then we know that the
conclusion
6) The ensemble played an encore at last year’s concert, and I’m
pretty sure they played one the year before as well. So they will most
likely play an encore at this year’s concert”. This argument is best
taken as
7) Critical thinking involves
8) In decision making, critical thinking will help increase the
validity of your decision by
9) Arguments whose premises are intended to provide absolutely
conclusive reasons for accepting the conclusion are deductive.
*******************************************************
PHL 320 Week 2 Team Assignment Re-
organization and Layoff Team Discussion &
Summary

Review the linked articles and select one to review as a team.
Post responses to the following questions for the selected article.
Each team member should answer all of the questions:
What is the problem presented in the article?
Why do you think it is the problem?
What are some possible solutions?
Discuss as a team, responding to your teammates' posts.
Write a 3-paragraph synopsis that summarizes the team's discussion.
*******************************************************
PHL 320 Week 3 Assignment The Planning
Process (2 Papers)

Interview someone you know who is in a management role. This can
be at your current place of employment or someone that you know
personally who works in a managerial role.
Prepare a 700-word discussion of the interview including the
following:
Discuss what you discovered about contingency planning.
Discuss how creativity and critical thinking relate to contingency
planning.
Explain how you might integrate creativity into your own planning
process.
Discuss what you learned about creativity and its relationship to the
decision-making process.
Identify the key steps that might require a contingency plan.
Format the assignment consistent with APA guidelines.
*******************************************************
PHL 320 Week 3 DQ 1
What are some ways your company or you have found to foster
creativity in the workplace?

*******************************************************
PHL 320 Week 3 DQ 2
Developing and implementing an effective strategy is mission critical
for any business. Some do it well. Select companies that you feel has
developed and implemented an effective strategy and discuss this with
the group.
*******************************************************
PHL 320 Week 3 DQ 3
SWOT or SWOTT... Some experts now include a second "T" for
threats in a SWOTT Analysis. What are you views on this new added
concept?
*******************************************************

PHL 320 Week 3 Individual Rhetorical
Strategies and Fallacies Worksheet
Complete the University Material: Rhetorical Strategies and
Fallacies Worksheet.
*******************************************************
1) Step 2 of the planning process is the generation of alternative
plans that may be used to achieve goals. The generation of new ideas
may emerge
2) To be effective, goals should have certain qualities, which are
easy to remember with the acronym SMART. Which of the following
qualities are included in the SMART acronym?

3) Managers analyzing the external environment and the internal
resources use a SWOT analysis. Which of the following matches a
term in the SWOT acronym?
4) Which of the following are included in the three elements of
creativity?
5) The four step creative process includes:
6) Which of the following is a domain skill?
7) Barriers to applying creative thinking in business decision
making include
8) The mission statement of an organization
9) The intangible assets of an organization include
10) Which of the following is a step in the strategy implementation
process?
11) Analysis of the external opportunities includes
12) A technique for assessing the organization’s internal and external
environments in order to formulate strategy is called a
*******************************************************
PHL 320 Week 3 Team Assignment Problem
Identification (2 Papers)

Select a business situation such as reorganization, office closure,
expansion, etc.
Locate 1-2 articles each from the University Library about the
subject.
Prepare a 700-word discussion of the business situation. The
discussion should include the following:
Summarize the issue from the article.
Identify the problem discussed in the article.
Explain why this is the underlying problem.
Relate the research to the problem.
Explain how a clearly defined problem could help with solutions.
Format the assignment consistent with APA guidelines.
*******************************************************
PHL 320 Week 3 Team Assignment Re-
organization and Layoff Issue and Problem
Identification Paper

Review the discussion from Week 2.
Write a paper of no more than 1,050 words that incorporates ideas
from the discussion. The paper should do the following:
Summarize the issue.
Identify the problem.
Explain why this is the underlying problem.
Reflect on the group collaboration process in defining the problem.
Explain how a clearly defined problem could help you find the
solutions.
*******************************************************
PHL 320 Week 4 Assignment Decision Making
Process Evaluation And Infographic (2 Papers
PPT)

This Tutorial contains 2 Papers/PPT
Develop a 350-word evaluation of a recent business decision in your
work or desired career. Include the following:
Discuss the influence the decision-making process had on the
outcome.
Evaluate the effectiveness of the process. What stages were most
challenging and why?
Create a "Decision-making Process" infographic in an appropriate
format for the organization based on the action plan. This can be done
using Microsoft®
PowerPoint, Microsoft®
Publisher®
, Word, or sites
such as Glogster®
and PiktoChart®
.
Identify the stages of the decision making process as it relates to your
decision.
Click the Assignment Files tab to submit your assignment.
*******************************************************

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