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Ontology, Semantic Web and DBpedia
1.
10/8/2009 1 Ontology, Semantic Web and Global Database  10/9/2009 1 Creative Commons
- BY-NC Contents ⢠Ontology? Why? P tŃ Ń⢠ProtŃgŃ â˘ Semantic Web ⢠Linked Open Data 10/9/2009 2Creative Commons - BY-NC
2.
10/8/2009 2 Syntactic Web  10/9/2009 Creative Commons
- BY-NC 3 Problems A typical web page is designed with markup language ,HTML, which is designed for rendering presentation and Hyperlink to related information. Semantic content is accessiblecontent is accessible to humans but not to computers.  10/9/2009 Creative Commons - BY-NC 4
3.
10/8/2009 3 Linguistic Concept ReferentForm Concept Relates toActivates 10/9/2009 Creative Commons
- BY-NC 5 Tank Stands for ? Problems ⢠Keywordâbased Search S d H⢠Synonyms and Homonyms ⢠No Parameter Search ⢠No Cross Silos Data Extraction or Comparison ⢠No Unified View and/or Interpretation of Data ⢠Limited Ability to Reâuse of Datay ⢠Difficult to Share Data with Business Partners 10/9/2009 Creative Commons - BY-NC 6
4.
10/8/2009 4 Need to Add âSemanticsâ ⢠Using Ontology to specify the meaning of annotationannotation. â Ontology provides a set of vocabulary terms â
New terms can be defined with existing ones â Meaning of each term can be formally specified â The relationship between terms can be defined 10/9/2009 Creative Commons - BY-NC 7 Web ⢠Web 1.0 â links documents to documents W b 2 0 id t t f⢠Web 2.0 â provides contents from users ⢠Web 3.0 â links data to data 10/9/2009 Creative Commons - BY-NC 8
5.
10/8/2009 5 What is Ontology? http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontology_%28information_science%29 ⢠In computer science and information science, an ontology
is a formal representation of a set ofontology is a formal representation of a set of concepts within a domain and the relationships between those concepts. It is used to reason about the properties of that domain, and may be used to define the domain. ⢠An ontology is a formal, explicit specification of a conceptualization. 10/9/2009 Creative Commons - BY-NC 9 XML (Extensible Markup Language) It is a textual data format, with strong support via Unicode for the languages Wellâformed and errorâhandling ⢠It contains only properlyâencoded legal Unicode characters.  None of the special syntax characters such as "<" and "&" appear except when performing their markupâdelineation roles. ⢠The begin, end, and emptyâelementUnicode for the languages of the world. Although XMLâs design focuses on documents, it is widely used for the representation of arbitrary data structures. The begin, end, and empty element tags which delimit the elements are correctly nested, with none missing and none overlapping. ⢠The element tags are caseâsensitive; the beginning and end tags must match exactly. ⢠There is a single "root" element which contains all the other elements. 10/9/2009 Creative Commons - BY-NC 10
6.
10/8/2009 6 XSD (XML Schema) XSD datatypes â1/2 ⢠xsd:string, â˘
xsd:boolean, ⢠xsd:decimal, ⢠xsd:float, ⢠xsd:double, ⢠xsd:dateTime, d i XSD can be used to express a set of rules to which an XML document must XSD datatypes â2/2 ⢠xsd:language, ⢠xsd:NMTOKEN, ⢠xsd:Name, ⢠xsd:NCName, ⢠xsd:integer, ⢠xsd:nonPositiveInteger, ⢠xsd:time, ⢠xsd:date, ⢠xsd:gYearMonth, ⢠xsd:gYear, ⢠xsd:gMonthDay, ⢠xsd:gDay, ⢠xsd:gMonth, ⢠xsd:hexBinary, ⢠xsd:base64Binary XML document must conform in order to be considered 'valid' according to that schema. However, unlike most other schema languages, XSD was also designed with the intent that xsd:nonPositiveInteger, ⢠xsd:negativeInteger, ⢠xsd:long, ⢠xsd:int, ⢠xsd:short, ⢠xsd:byte, ⢠xsd:nonNegativeInteger, ⢠xsd:unsignedLong, d i dIxsd:base64Binary, ⢠xsd:anyURI, ⢠xsd:normalizedString, ⢠xsd:token, determination of a document's validity would produce a collection of information adhering to specific data types. 10/9/2009 Creative Commons - BY-NC 11 ⢠xsd:unsignedInt, ⢠xsd:unsignedShort, ⢠xsd:unsignedByte, ⢠xsd:positiveIntegers RDF (Resource Descriptive Framework) RDF vocabulary ⢠rdf:type ⢠rdf:Property ⢠rdf:XMLLiteral ⢠rdf:nil ⢠rdf:List RDF describes statements about resources, in particular Web resources ⢠rdf:Statement ⢠rdf:subject ⢠rdf:predicate ⢠rdf:object ⢠rdf:first ⢠rdf:rest ⢠rdf:Seq particular, Web resources, in the form of subjectâ predicateâobject expressions. These expressions are known as triples in RDF terminology. rdf:Seq ⢠rdf:Bag ⢠rdf:Alt ⢠rdf:_1 ⢠rdf:_2 ... ⢠rdf:value 10/9/2009 Creative Commons - BY-NC 12
7.
10/8/2009 7 Triples and Graph The base element of the RDF model is the triple: ⢠a resource
(the subject)⢠a resource (the subject) ⢠inks (the predicate)  ⢠another resource (the object) A resource <subject> has a property <predicate> valued by <object>. 10/9/2009 Creative Commons - BY-NC 13 <subject> <predicate> <object> Pro and Cons of RDF ⢠Pros U i l d t d l ( t XML bj t d l ti lâ Universal data model (map to XML, object and relational model) â Additive, easy to merge multiple RDFs â Predicate logic (like prolog) â Use URI to identify  a resource ⢠ConsCons â Lacks  of concepts of enumeration â Lacks data types â No ObjectâOriented Features 10/9/2009 Creative Commons - BY-NC 14
8.
10/8/2009 8 Resource (RDFS) Classes ⢠rdfs:Resource ⢠rdfs:Literal â˘
rdfs:Class ⢠rdfs:Datatype df C i RDF Schema (RDFS) is an extensible knowledge representation language Properties ⢠rdfs:subClassOf ⢠rdfs:subPropertyOf ⢠rdfs:domain ⢠rdfs:range ⢠rdfs:label df t⢠rdfs:Container ⢠rdfs:ContainerMe mbershipProperty ⢠rdf:List ⢠rdf:Statement ⢠rdf:Bag ⢠rdf:Seq representation language, providing basic elements for the description of ontologies, otherwise called Resource Description Framework (RDF) vocabularies, intended to structure RDF ⢠rdfs:comment ⢠rdfs:member ⢠rdfs:seeAlso ⢠rdfs:isDefinedBy ⢠rdf:first ⢠rdf:rest ⢠rdf:type ⢠rdf:valuerdf:Seq ⢠rdf:Alt ⢠rdf:XMLLiteral ⢠rdf:Property resources. 10/9/2009 Creative Commons - BY-NC 15 ⢠rdf:subject ⢠rdf:predicate ⢠rdf:object Web Ontology Language 10/9/2009 Creative Commons - BY-NC 16
9.
10/8/2009 9 Web Ontology Language (OWL) ⢠Extends RDF/RDFS to support complex knowledge representationrepresentation. ⢠An OWL ontology may include descriptions of classes, properties and their instances. â˘
OpenâWorld assumption â what is not known is not âuntrueâ, it is just âunknownâ. 10/9/2009 Creative Commons - BY-NC 17 OWLâ1 ⢠OWLâLite S t i l l ifi ti ll l di litiâ Support simple classification, allows only cardinalities (member count) of 1 and 0 and only minimal constraints. ⢠OWLâDL (Descriptive Language) â Supports more complex ontologies, but with guarantees, such as processing finishing in finite time, restricting elements to be one type. ⢠OWLâFull â Full support for maximum freedom of RDF, with no computational guarantees. 10/9/2009 Creative Commons - BY-NC 18
10.
10/8/2009 10 OWL Classes and Properties partial list, see http://www.w3.org/TR/owlâguide/ for full list ⢠Class â
owl:class ⢠Property Restrictions â owl:allValuesFrom â rdfs:subClassOf ⢠Property â owl:ObjectProperty â owl:DataProperty â rdfs:subPropertyOf â rdfs:domain â rdfs:range ⢠Property Characteristic â owl:someValuesFrom â owl:cardinality â owl:someValue ⢠Equivalence â owl:EquivalenceClass â owl:EquivalenceProperty â owl:sameAs ⢠Complex Classesp y â owl:TransitiveProperty â owl:FunctionalProperty â owl:InverseProperty â owl:InverseFunctionalProperty p â owl:IntersectionOf â owl:UnionOf â owl:CompoundOf 10/9/2009 Creative Commons - BY-NC 19 Semantic Web Layer Cake From: http://www.semanticfocus.com/blog/entry/title/introductionâtoâtheâsemanticâwebâvisionâ andâtechnologiesâpartâ1âoverview/ 10/9/2009 Creative Commons - BY-NC 20
11.
10/8/2009 11 Tools ⢠RDF/OWL Editors P tŃ
Ń T b idâ ProtŃgŃ, Topbraid, ⌠⢠RDF Store â SwiftOWLIM, AllegroGraph, OpenLink Virtuoso, ⌠⢠Query â SPARQL ⢠Reasoners â Pellet, FaCT++, ⌠10/9/2009 Creative Commons - BY-NC 21 10/9/2009 Creative Commons - BY-NC 22
12.
10/8/2009 12 ProtŃgŃ Overview ⢠Stanford Center for Biomedical Informatics Research, â
Stanford UniversityStanford University â University of Manchester ⢠OWL Editor ⢠Plugins: Natural Language, Visualization,  Rules Engine, Database, ⌠⢠Very well documented, ⢠Long history with many academic supports 10/9/2009 Creative Commons - BY-NC 23 ProtŃgŃ â Class View 10/9/2009 Creative Commons - BY-NC 24
13.
10/8/2009 13 ProtŃgŃ â Object Property View  10/9/2009
Creative Commons - BY-NC 25 ProtŃgŃ â Value Property View 10/9/2009 Creative Commons - BY-NC 26
14.
10/8/2009 14 ProtŃgŃ â Visualization 10/9/2009
Creative Commons - BY-NC 27 Ontology Development ⢠Define purpose and scopes Eli it k l d⢠Elicit knowledge ⢠Collect and organize concepts ⢠Classify and add axioms ⢠Reasoning 10/9/2009 Creative Commons - BY-NC 28
15.
10/8/2009 15 OWL vs. UML class modeling ⢠OWL properties vs. UML associations & attributes OWL ti
h di tiâ OWL properties have a direction â OWL properties are binary relations â OWL properties are âfirstâclassâ citizens (global scope) ⢠OWL classes vs. UML classes â OWL classes have no operations OWL classes can have âsufficientâ conditionsâ OWL classes can have sufficient  conditions ⢠Primitive vs. defined classes 2910/9/2009 Creative Commons - BY-NC Ontologies and Data Models ⢠Ontologies live in an open, distributed world; data models in a closed worldmodels in a closed world ⢠Writing a model in OWL does not make it an ontology â The ontology should be shared 3010/9/2009 Creative Commons - BY-NC
16.
10/8/2009 16 Semantic Web 10/9/2009 Creative Commons -
BY-NC 31 Web Technologies from http://www.abricocotier.fr/5694âlesâtroisâgrandesâetapesâdeâlevolutionâduâweb 10/9/2009 Creative Commons - BY-NC 32
17.
10/8/2009 17 Benefit Semantic Web Applications ⢠Less coding, more meaningful data structure L b
i l⢠Less business rules ⢠More across boundary information ⢠Embedded logic 10/9/2009 Creative Commons - BY-NC 33 Global Database from: Tim BernersâLee, Weaving the Web, 1999 ⢠"If HTML and the Web made all the online documents look like one huge book RDF schemadocuments look like one huge book, RDF, schema, and inference languages will make all the data in the world look like one huge database" 10/9/2009 Creative Commons - BY-NC 34
18.
10/8/2009 18 nternetnternetmemeto the Into the In 10/9/2009 Creative Commons
- BY-NC 35 WelcomWelcom One Global Machine 10/9/2009 Creative Commons - BY-NC 36
19.
10/8/2009 19 Dimension of Global Machine From: http://www.kk.org/thetechnium/archives/2007/11/dimensions_of_t.php 170 quadrillion (170 * 10^15) Transistors 55 trillion
(55* 10^12) Links55 trillion (55  10 12) Links 2 megahertz Emails 31 kilohertz Text Messages 162 kilohertz Instance Messages 14 kilohertz Search 246 exabyte Storage 9 exabyte (9 * 10^18) RAM 9 terabyes/second Bandwidth 800 billion kwh/year Power consumption 10/9/2009 Creative Commons - BY-NC 37 10/9/2009 38Creative Commons - BY-NC
20.
10/8/2009 20 10/9/2009 Creative Commons -
BY-NC 39 DBpedia ⢠Structure multiple wikipedia information to allow query directlyquery directly ⢠Build from scratch, 170 classes, 900 properties ⢠Serves as hub for other databases 10/9/2009 Creative Commons - BY-NC 40
21.
10/8/2009 21 Multilingual Abstracts â English: 2,613,000 g ,
, â German: 391,000 â French: 383,000 â Dutch: 284,000 â Polish: 256,000 â Italian: 286,000 â Spanish: 226,000 10/9/2009 Creative Commons - BY-NC 41 â Japanese: 199,000 â Portuguese: 246,000 â Swedish: 144,000 â Chinese: 101,000 Sept 2008 May 2007 April 2008 2 billion RDF triples 10/9/2009 Creative Commons - BY-NC 42 May 2007 500 million  RDF triples
22.
10/8/2009 22 Linked Open Database March 2009 4.5 billion  RDF triples 180 data million links Online ActivitiesMusic
Online Activities PublicationsGeographic Cross-Domain 10/9/2009 Creative Commons - BY-NC 43 Life Sciences Open Questions ⢠Architecture Impact D i A li ti⢠Device Applications ⢠Device Management ⢠Data Structure and Management ⢠Software Evolution, new requirements ⢠Competitorâs offersp ⢠⌠10/9/2009 Creative Commons - BY-NC 44
23.
10/8/2009 23 Thank You for Your Attention 10/9/2009 Creative Commons -
BY-NC 45
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