1. Preventing Surgical Complications of Modified
Radical Mastectomy – Improving Outcomes
How I Usually Do it
Reynaldo O. Joson, MD, MHA, MHPEd, MSc Surg
September 5, 2014
2. Preventing Surgical Complications of Modified
Radical Mastectomy – Improving Outcomes
How I Usually Do it
MRM
Procedure
To remove the whole breast and the ipsilateral
axillary lymph nodes that contain or may contain
cancer
3. Preventing Surgical Complications of Modified
Radical Mastectomy – Improving Outcomes
How I Usually Do it
MRM
Procedure
To remove the whole breast and the ipsilateral axillary
lymph nodes that contain or may contain cancer
GOOD-EXCELLENT POSTOPERATIVE OUTCOMES
Complete extirpation
NO surgical complications and unwanted side-effects
(or lowest acceptable rate)
4. Preventing Surgical Complications of Modified
Radical Mastectomy – Improving Outcomes
How I Usually Do it
Good-Excellent Postoperative Outcomes
NO local recurrence
NO surgical complications
(dehiscence, flap necrosis, hematoma, infection,
major axillary vascular and nerve injury)
NO unwanted side-effects
(seroma, dog-ear, ugly scar)
5. Preventing Surgical Complications of Modified
Radical Mastectomy – Improving Outcomes
How I Usually Do it
Good-Excellent Postoperative Outcomes
NO local recurrence
NO surgical complications
(dehiscence, flap necrosis, hematoma, infection,
How do we prevent
major axillary vascular and nerve injuries)
these?
NO unwanted side-effects
(seroma, dog-ear, ugly scar)
6. Preventing Surgical Complications of Modified Radical
Mastectomy – Improving Outcomes
How I Usually Do it
For every intraoperative move made,
there is a risk for surgical complications and
unwanted side effects!
Intraoperative Risk Management
7. Preventing Surgical Complications of Modified
Radical Mastectomy – Improving Outcomes
How I Usually Do it
Good-Excellent Postoperative Intraoperative Outcomes
Risk
NO local recurrence
Management
NO surgical complications
(dehiscence, flap necrosis, • hematoma, Good Planning
infection,
major axillary vascular and • nerve Good injuries)
Execution
NO unwanted side-effects
• Good Contingency
(seroma, dog-ear, ugly scar)
Adjustment during
Execution
8. Preventing Surgical Complications of Modified Radical Mastectomy –
Improving Outcomes
How I Usually Do it
Procedure
MRM
Outcomes
Evaluation
Planning
Execution with contingency
adjustment
Asepsis
Incision
Flap Creation
Total Mastectomy
Axillary Dissection
Drain
Incision Repair
Risks
Local
recurrence
Surgical
complications
Unwanted
side-effects
9. Preventing Surgical Complications of Modified Radical Mastectomy – Improving
Outcomes
How I Usually Do it
Procedure
MRM
Outcomes
Evaluation
Planning
Execution with contingency
adjustment
Asepsis
Incision
Flap Creation
Total Mastectomy
Axillary Dissection
Drain
Incision Repair
Local Recurrence
Dehiscence
Flap Necrosis
Hematoma
Infection
Major Axillary Vascular / Nerve Injury
Seroma
Avoidance
of
Others
Dog-ear Deformity
Ugly Scar
10. Preventing Surgical Complications of Modified Radical
Mastectomy – Improving Outcomes
How I Usually Do it
Surgical Complications and
Unwanted Side-effects
Key Strategies on Prevention
Flap necrosis Provide an adequate layer of
subcutaneous tissue in the flap
Dehiscence Plan incision properly to avoid
tension; close and repair wound
securely
Seroma Provide adequate drainage
Bleeding and hematoma Ensure effective and adequate
hemostasis
11. Preventing Surgical Complications of Modified Radical
Mastectomy – Improving Outcomes
How I Usually Do it
Surgical Complications and
Unwanted Side-effects
Key Strategies on Prevention
Infection Maintain sterility of the
operative field
Iatrogenic injuries Dissect carefully and precisely
Dog ear Plan and close incision properly
(with trimming if needed to
avoid dog ear)
Ugly scar Plan and close incision properly
to promote a cosmetically
acceptable scar
Local recurrence Provide adequate surgical
margins around the breast cancer
mass
12. Preventing Surgical Complications of Modified Radical Mastectomy –
Improving Outcomes
How I Usually Do it
Procedure
MRM
Outcomes
Evaluation
Planning
Execution with contingency
adjustment
Asepsis Infection
Key Strategies on
Prevention
• Asepsis
• Maintain sterility of
the operative field
13. Preventing Surgical Complications of Modified Radical Mastectomy –
Improving Outcomes
How I Usually Do it
Procedure
MRM
Outcomes
Evaluation
Planning
Execution with contingency
adjustment
Asepsis Infection
Procedures to eliminate / reduce
microorganisms in operative field
Suture drapes
along the posterior axillary line
to avoid contamination of the lateral field
(close to operating table) and
during axillary dissection
14. Suturing of the Drape along the Posterior Axillary Line to
Prevent Contamination in the Lateral Field
15. Preventing Surgical Complications of Modified Radical Mastectomy –
Improving Outcomes
How I Usually Do it
Procedure
MRM
Outcomes
Evaluation
Planning
Execution with contingency
adjustment
Incision
Local Recurrence
Tension-Dehiscence
Dog-ear Deformity
Key Strategies on
Prevention
• Proper and accurate
planning of incision
before and during
operation
16. Preventing Surgical Complications of Modified Radical Mastectomy –
Improving Outcomes
How I Usually Do it
Key Strategies on
• Proper and accurate
Procedure
MRM
Outcomes
Evaluation
Prevention
planning of incision
before and during
operation
Planning
Execution with contingency
adjustment
Incision Local Recurrence
Adequate margin
At least 2 cm around palpable tumor on the surface
17. Preventing Surgical Complications of Modified Radical Mastectomy –
Improving Outcomes
How I Usually Do it
Key Strategies on
• Proper and accurate
Procedure
MRM
Outcomes
Evaluation
Prevention
planning of incision
before and during
operation
Planning
Execution with contingency
adjustment
Incision
Tension-Dehiscence
Determine the axis/ direction of the elliptical incision that
will best promote primary closure without tension.
18. Planning an Incision to Determine Direction of Elliptical Incision
1° Objective: Primary closure without tension
19. Planning an Incision to Determine Direction of Elliptical Incision
1° Objective: Primary closure without tension
20. Planning an Incision to Determine Direction of Elliptical Incision
1° Objective: Primary closure without tension
4
5
22. Planning an Incision
Avoid placement of the scar
at the upper and mid-sternal
areas (areas known to be
keloid prone).
Place at the lower part.
23. Preventing Surgical Complications of Modified Radical Mastectomy –
Improving Outcomes
How I Usually Do it
Key Strategies on
• Proper and accurate
Procedure
MRM
Outcomes
Evaluation
Prevention
planning of incision
before and during
operation
Planning
Execution with contingency
adjustment
Incision
Dog-ear Deformity
Plan out incision to avoid dog-ear deformities!
Frequent, particularly in patients with large
body habitus and large breast
Unsightly and source of long-term discomfort!
24. Planning an Incision to Avoid Lateral Dog-ear Deformity
Sliding-suturing
(Devalia Technique)
Devalia H, Chaudhry A, Rainsbury RM, Minakaran N, Banerjee D. An oncoplastic
technique to reduce the formation of lateral 'dog-ears' after mastectomy. Int Semin
Surg Oncol. 2007 Dec 17; 4:29.
25. Planning an Incision to Avoid Lateral Dog-ear Deformity
D-incision with Triangular Advancement
IC Bennett and MA Biggar . A triangular advancement technique to avoid
the dog-ear deformity following mastectomy in large breasted women Ann
R Coll Surg Engl. 2011 October; 93(7): 554–555.
26. Techniques to Avoid Lateral Dog-ear Deformity
Tear-drop / Waisted Teardrop
Y-incision / Fish-tail
Sliding-suturing
Planning preoperatively (standing, lying down, with arms on the side
and extended) and before the incision is the strategy to avoid a dog-ear
deformity!
27. Preventing Surgical Complications of Modified Radical Mastectomy –
Improving Outcomes
How I Usually Do it
Procedure
MRM
Outcomes
Evaluation
Planning
Execution with contingency
adjustment
Incision
Dog-ear Deformity
Plan out incision to avoid dog-ear deformities!
28. Preventing Surgical Complications of Modified Radical Mastectomy –
Improving Outcomes
How I Usually Do it
Procedure
MRM
Outcomes
Evaluation
Planning
Execution with contingency
adjustment
Flap Creation Flap Necrosis
Not TOO thick to include breast tissue
Not TOO thin to cause flap necrosis
Local Recurrence
Key Strategies on Prevention
29. Flap Creation – How I Usually Do It
1-cm of subcutaneous tissue
(subcutaneous tissues only –
pink-whitish tissues stay away)
30. Flap Creation – How I Usually Do It
Control thickness / thinness of flap
31. Preventing Surgical Complications of Modified Radical Mastectomy –
Improving Outcomes
How I Usually Do it
Procedure
MRM
Outcomes
Evaluation
Planning
Execution with contingency
adjustment
Total Mastectomy Local Recurrence
Hematoma
Ensure TOTAL mastectomy!
Ensure adequate and secure hemostasis!
32. Preventing Surgical Complications of Modified Radical Mastectomy –
Improving Outcomes
How I Usually Do it
Procedure
MRM
Outcomes
Evaluation
Planning
Execution with contingency
adjustment
Total Mastectomy Local Recurrence
Flap not TOO thick to include breast tissue
Be guided by the usual boundaries
of the breast (clavicle, latissimus dorsi,
parasternal, rectus sheath)
Remove part of the pect major if too near
34. Preventing Surgical Complications of Modified Radical Mastectomy –
Improving Outcomes
How I Usually Do it
Procedure
MRM
Outcomes
Evaluation
Planning
Execution with contingency
adjustment
Total Mastectomy Hematoma
Ligate transected blood vessels ≥ 2 mm
In diameter
Cauterize fully – transected vessels not to be
ligated
Ligate and cauterize blood vessels
right away
Check hemostasis prior to wound closure
35. Preventing Surgical Complications of Modified Radical Mastectomy –
Improving Outcomes
How I Usually Do it
Procedure
MRM
Outcomes
Evaluation
Planning
Execution with contingency
adjustment
Total Mastectomy Hematoma
Promote a taut flap over the chest wall
Ensure ever-functional tube drain
36. Preventing Surgical Complications of Modified Radical Mastectomy –
Improving Outcomes
How I Usually Do it
Procedure
MRM
Outcomes
Evaluation
Planning
Execution with contingency
adjustment
Local Recurrence
Hematoma
Axillary Dissection
Major Axillary
Vascular / Nerve
Injury
37. Preventing Surgical Complications of Modified Radical Mastectomy –
Improving Outcomes
How I Usually Do it
Procedure
MRM
Outcomes
Evaluation
Planning
Execution with contingency
adjustment
Axillary Dissection Local Recurrence
Remove ALL grossly palpable
masses / nodes
guided by the usual boundaries
of the axilla
38. Preventing Surgical Complications of Modified Radical Mastectomy –
Improving Outcomes
How I Usually Do it
Procedure
MRM
Outcomes
Evaluation
Planning
Execution with contingency
adjustment
Axillary Dissection Major Axillary
Avoid injury
Careful dissection when near the areas
Vascular / Nerve
Injury
39. Preventing Surgical Complications of Modified Radical Mastectomy –
Improving Outcomes
How I Usually Do it
Procedure
MRM
Outcomes
Evaluation
Planning
Execution with contingency
adjustment
Axillary Dissection Hematoma
Adequate and secure hemostasis.
40. Preventing Surgical Complications of Modified Radical Mastectomy –
Improving Outcomes
How I Usually Do it
Procedure
MRM
Outcomes
Evaluation
Planning
Execution with contingency
adjustment
Axillary Dissection Hematoma
Ligate transected blood vessels ≥ 2 mm
In diameter
Cauterize fully – transected vessels not to be
ligated
Ligate and cauterize blood vessels
right away
Check hemostasis prior to wound closure
41. Preventing Surgical Complications of Modified Radical Mastectomy –
Improving Outcomes
How I Usually Do it
Procedure
MRM
Outcomes
Evaluation
Planning
Execution with contingency
adjustment
Axillary Dissection Hematoma
Checking hemostasis prior to wound closure
42. Preventing Surgical Complications of Modified Radical Mastectomy –
Improving Outcomes
How I Usually Do it
Procedure
MRM
Outcomes
Evaluation
Planning
Execution with contingency
adjustment
Axillary Dissection Hematoma
Promote a taut flap over the chest wall
Ensure ever-functional tube drain
43. Preventing Surgical Complications of Modified Radical Mastectomy –
Improving Outcomes
How I Usually Do it
Procedure
MRM
Outcomes
Evaluation
Planning
Execution with contingency
adjustment
Drain Seroma
Drain lateral
Medial as indicated
44. Preventing Surgical Complications of Modified Radical Mastectomy –
Improving Outcomes
How I Usually Do it
Procedure
MRM
Outcomes
Evaluation
Planning
Execution with contingency
adjustment
Drain Seroma
Closed tube suction drain at axillary space
Medial drain indicated
if there is a significant cavity
after laying down of flaps prior to wound repair
Drain removed if output is less than 50 cc
past 24 hours (assumption: tube functional)
45. Preventing Surgical Complications of Modified Radical Mastectomy –
Improving Outcomes
How I Usually Do it
Procedure
MRM
Outcomes
Evaluation
Planning
Execution with contingency
adjustment
Incision Repair
Dehiscence
Ugly Scar
Dog-ear Deformity
46. Preventing Surgical Complications of Modified Radical Mastectomy –
Improving Outcomes
How I Usually Do it
Procedure
MRM
Outcomes
Evaluation
Planning
Execution with contingency
adjustment
Incision Repair Dehiscence
Avoid tension
Secure knots
47. Preventing Surgical Complications of Modified Radical Mastectomy –
Improving Outcomes
How I Usually Do it
Procedure
MRM
Outcomes
Evaluation
Planning
Execution with contingency
adjustment
Incision Repair Ugly Scar
Avoid excessive stitch marks
Railroad tracks
Avoid dog-ear deformity
Dog-ear Deformity
51. Preventing Surgical Complications of Modified Radical
Mastectomy – Improving Outcomes
How I Usually Do it
For every intraoperative move made,
there is a risk for surgical complications and
unwanted side effects!
Intraoperative Risk Management
52. Preventing Surgical Complications of Modified Radical Mastectomy – Improving
Outcomes
How I Usually Do it
Procedure
MRM
Outcomes
Evaluation
Planning
Execution with contingency
adjustment
Asepsis
Incision
Flap Creation
Total Mastectomy
Axillary Dissection
Drain
Incision Repair
Local Recurrence
Dehiscence
Flap Necrosis
Hematoma
Infection
Major Axillary Vascular / Nerve Injury
Seroma
Avoidance
of
Others
Dog-ear Deformity
Ugly Scar
53. Preventing Surgical Complications of Modified
Radical Mastectomy – Improving Outcomes
How I Usually Do it
Good-Excellent Postoperative Outcomes
NO local recurrence
NO surgical complications
(dehiscence, flap necrosis, hematoma, infection,
major axillary vascular and nerve injury)
NO unwanted side-effects
(seroma, dog-ear, ugly scar)
54. Preventing Surgical Complications of Modified Radical
Mastectomy – Improving Outcomes
How I Usually Do it
Reynaldo O. Joson, MD, MHA, MHPEd, MSc Surg
September 5, 2014
For further reading and copies of my slides:
http://www.slideshare.net/rjoson/mastectomy-morbidities-pghrj08sept11
http://www.slideshare.net/rjoson/preventing-complications
For feedback and queries:
rjoson2001@yahoo.com
0918-804-03-04 (text me if you like my lecture now)
Facebook / rjoson2001
Hinweis der Redaktion
Modified radical mastectomy is a surgical procedure that removes the whole breast and the ipsilateral axillary lymph nodes that contain or may contain cancer.
Good-excellent postoperative outcomes means complete or adequate removal of the whole breast and the ipsilateral axillary lymph nodes that contain or may contain cancer with NO surgical complications and unwanted side-effects as much as possible, if not, with the lowest acceptable frequency such as 1-2%.
More specifically, we are talking of NO local recurrence; NO surgical complications; and NO unwanted side-effects. Examples of surgical complications to avoid are dehiscence; flap necrosis; hematoma; infection; major axillary vascular and nerve injury. Examples of unwanted side-effects are seroma, dog ear deformity, and ugly scar. There are others. For today, I will focus on the items listed.
So how to prevent these complications?
Let me start by saying that for every intraoperative move made by a surgeon, there is always a risk for surgical complications and unwanted side effects. Thus, every surgeon has to do an intraoperative risk management.
It consists of good planning; good execution and good contingency adjustments during the execution.
There must be good planning on asepsis; incision; flap creation; total mastectomy; axillary dissection; use of drain; and incision repair with good execution and contingency adjustments during execution to avoid the risks of local recurrence; surgical complications; and unwanted side-effects.
As I said, we will focus on these nine risks today.
Let’s start with asepsis. There must be good planning and execution of the plan with contingency adjustment to reduce the risk of postoperative wound infection.
Another recommended procedure is to suture drapes along the posterior axillary line to avoid contamination of the lateral field, which is close to the operating table, and during axillary dissection.
Like so.
For the incision, there must be good planning and execution of the plan with contingency adjustment to reduce the risk of local recurrence; tension during closure which may lead to dehiscence; and dog-ear deformity, particularly, on the axillary area.
The first thing to do to lessen the risk of local recurrence is to have an adequate margin with at least 2 cm around the palpable tumor on the surface.
The strategy that I usually use is to determine the long axis or direction of the elliptical incision that will best promote primary closure of the resultant mastectomy wound without tension.
In this slide, the manuevers are being done to see whether a vertical elliptical incision can facilitate primary closure without tension. In this slide, the vertical direction of the elliptical incision cannot be done as the nipple-areola complex is far away.
In this slide, the manuevers are being done again to see whether the decided elliptical incision can really facilitate primary closure without tension. With such maneuvers, one can be confident there will be no problem of primary closure and no tension and therefore, prevent or minimize risk of dehiscence related to tension.
If there are several directions that can be used to promote primary closure, factor in cosmetic goal to make the final choice. The final elliptical incision does not have to be completely transverse, oblique, or vertical in a straight line. There may be curvings at both ends of the elliptical incision, as illustrated in No. 3 planned incision here. The lateral curving is done for cosmetic reasons, such as avoiding a scar that can be seen when patient wears a bra; to avoid risk of keloid in the sternal area; and to avoid lateral dog-ear deformity.
such as avoiding a scar that can be seen when patient wears a bra (put the incision-line in the lower part of the sternum).
to avoid risk of keloid in the sternal area (avoid placement of the scar at the upper and mid-sternal areas as these ae areas known to be keloid prone). Place at the lower part.
The other consideration in the incision planning is to avoid lateral dog-ear deformity. This is frequently seen in obese patients and those with large breasts. This is not only unsightly but a source of long-term discomfort.
There are several techniques that are being proposed to avoid a lateral dog-ear deformity. Shown here is the sliding-suturing technique in which the upper flap is divided into 2 parts and lower flap into 3 parts. The distal 1/3 of the lower flap is slided and sutured to to upper ½ of the upper flap.
Another technique is the D-incision with triangular advancement meaning initially draw a D-incision as shown and then make a triangular extension of the incision and then suture the outer upper flap to the outlined triangular area.
Thus, there are various techniques that one can choose from to avoid a lateral dog-ear deformity. I have tried all of them. At the moment, my stand is that there is no so-called one and only one-best technique. It will depend on the patient’s body stature, the location and size of the breast cancer; etc. What I can say is planning preoperatively (in standing, lying down, with arms on the side and extended) and before the incision at the operating table is the strategy to avoid a lateral dog-ear deformity. Choose from whichever technique that are being proposed with some adjustment if needed to avoid the dog-ear deformity as much as possible.
Always have in mind this target - no or minimal lateral dog-ear deformity – like those seen in this slide.
Let us now go to flap creation. There must be planning and execution with contingency adjustments on flap creation to prevent flap necrosis and local recurrence. The principle to follow is NOT too thick to include breast tissue to lessen the risk for local recurrence and NOT too thin to cause flap necrosis.
What I usually do are the following: I make sure there is about 1-cm layer of subcutaneous tissue in the flap and I stay only at the layer of the yellow subcutaneous tissue – I stay away from pinkish and whitish tissues which I consider are breast tissues.
I usually use my fingers, not clamps, when I establish the flaps, as I have better control of the thickness or thinness of the flap.
Let us now go to total mastectomy. There must be planning and execution with contingency adjustments on total mastectomy to prevent local recurrence and hematoma. The strategies to follow are to ensure total removal of the breast to minimize the risk of local recurrence and adequate and secure hemostasis to minimize the risk of bleeding and hematoma.
To minimize the risk of local recurrence during mastectomy, I am guided by these principles: 1) I ensure my flap is not too thick to include breast tissue (I am guided by the color of the tissue I am cutting when I am establishing the flap – I stay only the layer of the yellow subcutaneous tissue – I stay away from pinkish and whitish tissues which I consider are breast tissues); 2) I am guided by the usual boundaries of the breast (clavicle; latissimus dorsi; parasternal line; and rectus sheath); and 3) I remove part of the pectoralis muscle or other underlying tissue if the breast cancer mass is too near it.
Like so.
To minimize the risk of postoperative bleeding and hematoma, I am guided by these principles: 1) Ligate transected blood vessels ≥ 2mm in diameter; 2) Cauterize fully transected vessels which will not be ligated; 3) Ligate and cauterize transected blood vessels right away; 4) Checking of hemostasis prior to wound closure;
Promoting a taut flap over the chest wall and ensuring ever-functional tube drain or drains.
In the axillary dissection, there must be planning and execution with contingency adjustments to prevent local recurrence, hematoma, and injury to major axillary vascular and nerve.
The strategy to minimize the risk of local recurrence is to remove all palpable masses or nodes in the axilla guided by the usual boundaries of the axilla.
The strategy to minimize the risk of injury to the major axillary vessels and nerves is careful dissection when near the usual location of these structures.
The strategy to minimize the risk of bleeding and hematoma is adequate and secure hemostasis.
To minimize the risk of postoperative bleeding and hematoma, I am guided by these principles: 1) Ligate transected blood vessels ≥ 2mm in diameter; 2) Cauterize fully transected vessels which will not be ligated; 3) Ligate and cauterize transected blood vessels right away; 4) Checking of hemostasis prior to wound closure.
Procedures that I usually use in checking hemostasis prior to wound closure consist of directly looking for bleeding in the whole operative field and using a maneuver of pouring sterile water into the axillary space to facilitate detection of bleeding, if present. There will be red staining of the water if there is bleeding.
Promoting a taut flap over the chest wall and axilla; and also ensuring an ever-functional tube drain or drains.
As to the use of drain, consider its use to prevent seroma formation. I usually use drain on the axilla. I use a drain in the parasternal area only there is a big dead space that I cannot obliterate.
Thus, the principles that I follow are: 1) closed tube suction drain at the axillary space; 2) medial drain is indicated if there is a significant cavity after laying down the flaps prior to wound repair; and 3) drain/s are removed if the output is less than 50 cc during the past 24 hours.
As to the repair of the mastectomy wound, there must be planning and execution with contingency adjustments to minimize risk of a dehiscence, an ugly scar and dog-ear deformity.
Avoiding tension and providing well-secured knots are the two key strategies in avoiding dehiscence. Tension-avoidance is considered early on in the phase of incision planning.
To prevent ugly scar, avoid excessive stitch marks which may resemble railroad tracks. Avoid dog-ear deformity.
A close-up of an ugly scar with plenty of stitch marks and dog-ear deformity. Avoid this kind of an outcome.
What I usually do, I usually use embedded absorbable sutures. I put attention in avoiding dog-ears like this.
Always end with a wound repair that is appreciated as beautiful, not ugly, such as this, taut, no dog-ears, with minimal stitch mark.
I am done with sharing with you what I usually do to prevent surgical complications of MRM thereby improving outcomes. In closing, if I may, my general take-home messages for you will be, one, for every intraoperative move made by a surgeon, by us, by you, always remember there is always a risk for surgical complications and unwanted side effects. Thus, all of us have to do an intraoperative risk management.
I have shared with you how to do an intraoperative risk management using this slide. Essentially, the intraoperative risk management consists of planning and execution with contingency adjustments in consideration of the risks that may be involved with every surgical move.
If you follow such an approach, I assure you (based on my experience), you will produce good-excellent postoperative outcomes in your modified radical mastectomy in terms NO or minimal local recurrence; NO or minimal surgical complications; and NO or minimal unwanted side-effects.
On that note, I end my presentation. I hope I have shared things that you like. For further reading and copies of my slides, you may visit these sites which contain the lecture that I made in 2008 with focus on seroma, bleeding, and infection. For queries and feedback, you may email me; you can text me; or interact with me in Facebook. Thank you.