4. Scattergrams Y X Y X Y X Y Y Y Positive correlation Negative correlation No correlation
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8. Example Covariance x y ( )( ) 0 3 - 3 0 0 2 2 - 1 - 1 1 3 4 0 1 0 4 0 1 - 3 - 3 6 6 3 3 9 What does this number tell us? x x i y y i x i x y i y 3 x 3 y 7
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10. Example of how covariance value relies on variance 4.67 Covariance: 1166.67 Covariance: 28 Sum of x error * y error : 7000 Sum of x error * y error : 50 51 50 51 Mean 9 47 48 2500 0 1 7 4 48 49 900 20 21 6 1 49 50 100 40 41 5 0 50 51 0 50 51 4 1 51 52 100 60 61 3 4 52 53 900 80 81 2 9 53 54 2500 100 101 1 X error * y error y x x error * y error y x Subject Low variance data High variance data