1. Brief background of Martha E.Rogers
Martha Elizabeth Rogers (May 12, 1914 – March 13, 1994) was
an American nurse, she was born in Dallas, Texas the oldest of
four children
Martha E. Rogers, one of nursing’s foremost scientists
she completed her BS in public health nursing at George
Peabody College 1937.
She earning both a master’s of public health and a doctor of
science degree from Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore,
Maryland.
After graduation from Johns Hopkins, Rogers was appointed
head of the Division of Nursing at New York University
Socio Political context during the time the theory was
formulated
Martha Rogers' development of the Science of Unitary Human
Beings has become an influential nursing theory in the United
States.
When first introduced it was considered radical, and difficult to
understand, also it considered profound and was too ambitious
but now is simply thought to be ahead of its time.
This conceptual framework has greatly influenced all facets of
nursing by offering an alternative to traditional approaches of
nursing.
THEORY DESCRIPTION
(1.1.1) Theory assumptions
The assumptions of Rogers’ Theory of Unitary Human Beings
are as follows:

2. (1) Man is a unified whole possessing his own integrity and
manifesting characteristics that are more than and different
from the sum of his parts.
(2) Man and environment are continuously exchanging matter
and energy with one another.
(3) The life process evolves irreversibly and unidirectionally
along the space-time continuum.
(4) Pattern and organization identify the man and reflect his
innovative wholeness. And lastly,
(5) Man is characterized by the capacity for abstraction and
imagery, language and thought sensation and emotion.
(1.1) Structural Components
(1.1) Structural Component (continued)
(1.1.2) Concepts
The following are the major concepts and metaparadigm of
Martha Rogers’ nursing theory:
A- Human-unitary human beings
A person is defined as an indivisible, pan-dimensional energy
field identified by a pattern, and manifesting characteristics
specific to the whole, and that can’t be predicted from
knowledge of the parts. A person is also a unified whole, having
its own distinct characteristics that can’t be viewed by looking
at, describing, or summarizing the parts.
(1.1) Structural Component (continued)
(1.1.2) Concepts
B-Health
Rogers defines health as an expression of the life process.

3. It is the characteristics and behavior coming from the mutual,
simultaneous interaction of the human and environmental fields,
and health and illness are part of the same continuum.
The multiple events occurring during the life process show the
extent to which a person is achieving his or her maximum health
potential.
The events vary in their expressions from greatest health to
those conditions that are incompatible with the maintaining life
process.
(1.1) Structural Component (continued)
(1.1.2) Concepts
C-Nursing
It is the study of unitary, irreducible, indivisible human and
environmental fields: people and their world. Rogers claims that
nursing exists to serve people, and the safe practice of nursing
depends on the nature and amount of scientific nursing
knowledge the nurse brings to his or her practice
(1.1) Structural Component (continued)
(1.1.2) Concepts
D-Scope of Nursing
Nursing aims to assist people in achieving their maximum
health potential. Maintenance and promotion of health,
prevention of disease, nursing diagnosis, intervention, and
rehabilitation encompass the scope of nursing’s goals.
Nursing is concerned with people-all people-well and sick, rich
and poor, young and old. The arenas of nursing’s services
extend into all areas where there are people: at home, at school,
at work, at play; in hospital, nursing home, and clinic; on this
planet and now moving into outer space.

4. (1.1) Structural Component (continued)
(1.1.2) Concepts
E- Environmental Field
“An irreducible, indivisible, pandimensional energy field
identified by pattern and integral with the human field.”
F- Energy Field
The energy field is the fundamental unit of both the living and
the non-living.
It provides a way to view people and the environment as
irreducible wholes.
The energy fields continuously vary in intensity, density, and
extent.
(1.1) Structural Component (continued)
(1.1.3) Propositions
Unitary human beings/environments are dynamic fields of
energy.
A positive human/environment energy field decreases anxiety
and tension in patients.
A nurse who identifies patterns of human/environment energy
fields will provide individualized care.
(1.2) Functional Components
A- Focus
The theory views nursing as both a science and an art as it
provides a way to view the unitary human being, who is integral
with the universe.
The unitary human being and his or her environment are one.
Nursing focuses on people and the manifestations that emerge
from the mutual human-environmental field process

5. (1.2) Functional Components (continued)
B- Client
Rogers gave much emphasis on how a nurse should view the
patient, she developed principles which emphasize that a nurse
should view the client as a whole.
Her statements, in general, made us believe that a person and
his or her environment are integral to each other.
That is, a patient can’t be separated from his or her environment
when addressing health and treatment.
Her conceptual framework has greatly influenced all aspects of
nursing by offering an alternative to traditional approaches of
nursing
(1.2) Functional Components (continued)
C- Nursing
Rogers’ theory defined Nursing as “an art and science that is
humanistic and humanitarian ,It is directed toward the unitary
human and is concerned with the nature and direction of human
development.
The theory views nursing as both a science and an art as it
provides a way to view the unitary human being, who is integral
with the universe. The unitary human being and his or her
environment are one.
Nursing focuses on people and the manifestations that emerge
from the mutual human-environmental field process.
(1.2) Functional Components (continued)
D- Health
The UFPP research method can also be used to create a unitary
conceptualization and understanding of an unlimited number of
human experiences relevant to understanding health and well-

6. being within a unitary perspective. New concepts that describe
unitary phenomena may also be developed through research
using this method.
(1.2) Functional Components (continued)
E- Nurse-patient interactions
The mind plays a role in Rogers’s nursing model, and it seems
to be part of what she sees as being the driving force to do good
work in the field.
Every nurse must reconcile within themselves why they do their
work and why it is important to continue.
Rogers’s offers that humans are more complex than the parts
nurses interact with when endeavoring to cure or mend them.
Therefore, nurses’ efforts are amplified when they endeavor to
help save a life since that life is more valuable than the body
that the nurse helped save. In this way, a nurse can find strong
motivation to do this work to the best degree possible.
(1.2) Functional Components (continued)
F- Environment
The belief of the coexistence of the human and the environment
has greatly influenced the process of change toward better
health.
In short, a patient can’t be separated from his or her
environment when addressing health and treatment.
This view lead this theory which allowed nursing to be
considered one of the scientific disciplines.
(1.2) Functional Components (continued)
G- Nursing problems
Rogers’s model is useful for addressing the issue of nursing
burnout. Nursing staff burnout is one of the main obstacles to

7. effectively maintaining a culture of safety, which is a set of
“shared values, beliefs, norms, and procedures related to patient
safety among members of an organization.
The more stressed and tires a nurse becomes, the more likely
mistakes are. Burnout is condition that occurs when stress
becomes so bad that it creates a kind of malaise.
Rogers’s approach to nursing frames the work in a new light.
While many nurses have strong motivating factors when
entering the field, seeing the results of what they do as being
greater than the sum of their parts and having a rippling effect
out in the environment can help them remained focused even
during mental fatigue. Furthermore, applying Rogers’s theory to
nurses themselves can help management see the need to allow
nurses to rest.
(1.2) Functional Components (continued)
H- Nursing Therapeutics
Rogers also proposes noninvasive modalities for nursing, such
as therapeutic touch, humor, music, meditation and guided
imagery, and even the use of color.
The interventions of nurses are meant to coordinate the rhythm
between the human and environmental fields, help the patient in
the process of change, and to help patients move toward better
health.
The practice of nursing, according to Rogers, should be focused
on pain management, and supportive psychotherapy for
rehabilitation.

8. THEORY CRITIQUE
- Science of Unitary Human Beings: An Update on Research
Tae Sook Kim, RN; PhD
First Published October 1, 200
Abstract
The purpose of this column is to review the published studies
conducted within Rogers' science of unitary human beings from
2004 to 2007. The findings from a critical review of 24 research
studies (15 quantitative and 9 qualitative) are presented.

9. MY VIEWPOINT
I agree with pervious critique
A theory seems to complex, and the concepts seems to quite
difficult to understand
But efforts are underway to facilitate and simplify the theory
for understanding
REFERENCES
Nursing_theories_and_nursing_practice 2015 p237-260
Theoretical Nursing Development and Progress 2012 p311
Tae Sook Kim; National Library of Medicine.Nursing science
quarterly Vol. 21, Iss. 4, (October 2008): 294-299
Rogers, M. E. (1989). An Introduction to the Theoretical Basis
of Nursing. Philadelphia: F. A. Davis
ORAL PRESENTATION OF THEORY AND THEORY
CRITIQUE
No.
Content
Remark
1
Brief Background of the theorist
√
2
Sociopolitical contest during the time theory was formulated

10. √
3
Structural Components - Assumptions
√
4
Structural Components - Concepts
√
5
Structural Components - Propositions
√
6
Functional Components - Focus
√
7
Functional Components - Client
√
8
Functional Components - Nursing
√
9
Functional Components - Nurse-Patient Interactions
√
10
Functional Components - Environment
√
11
Functional Components - Nursing Problems
√
12
Functional Components - Nursing Therapeutics
√
13
Rel bet S and F - Clarity
√
14
Rel bet S and F - Consistency

11. 15
Rel bet S and F - Simplicity/Complexity
√
16
Rel bet S and F - Tautology/Teleology
17
Diagram of theory - Visual and Graphic Presentation
18
Diagram of theory - Logical Representation
19
Diagram of theory - Clarity
20
Circle of Contagiousness - Graphical origin, Geo spread
21
Circle of Contagiousness - Influence of theorist vs. theory
22
Usefulness - Practice
23
Usefulness - Research
24
Usefulness - Education
25
Usefulness - Administration
26
Ext. Com - Personal Values

12. 27
Ext. Com - Theorist Implicit/Explicit Values
28
Ext. Com - Congruence with other Professional Values
29
Ext. Com - Complementarity
30
Ext. Com - Esoterism
31
Ext. Com - Competition
32
Ext. Com - Congruence with Social Values - Beliefs
33
Ext. Com - Congruence with Social Values - Values
34
Ext. Com - Congruence with Social Values - Customs
35
Ext. Com - Social Significance
36
Objectives
37
Summary
38
References

13. √
COMMENTS AND SUGGESTIONS:
(1) Kindly attempt to include inputs on items without a check
mark.
(2) If you like, you may use at least 2 critique articles to
enhance your presentation