1. Ionizing radiation : Historical
perspective and its use in
cancer patient
Dr.Ritam Joarder

2. Wave theory of light
Particle theory of light
Aristotle
Democrates
Descartes
Robert Hooke
Huygens
Fresnel
Thomas Young
Newton
Qu a n t u m
t he or y of
Plank
l i ght
Maxwell
Einstein

3. Faraday
William
Crookes
Eugene
Geissler

4. Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen: Discovery of X-ray
( November 8 ,1895 )

5. 1896 : Controversial claims of Emil Grubbe
“First, that I was the
first person exposed
to x-rays who
received sufficient
cumulative effects to
develop x-ray
dermatitis.
Second, that I was
the first person to
apply x-rays to
pathologic lesions on
living human subjects
for therapeutic
purposes.”
Treated a woman with breast cancer in 1896

6. 1896 : Victor Despeignes
Treated a case of
gastric carcinoma
with 80 sessions
lasting between 15
and 30 min daily

7. 1896 : Therapeutic use of X-rays
1903 : Authored first textbook of radiotherapy
A five yr old girl with
pigmented hairy
naevus all over her
back treated and
cured , then lived
upto 75 yrs.
Leopold Freund

8. Di s c o v e r y o f
Ra d i o a
The Nobel Prize in Physics
1903.......awarded to
Antoine Henri Becquerel
"in recognition of the
extraordinary services he
has rendered by his
discovery of spontaneous
radioactivity"

9. 1897 : Discovery of Electrons by
J . J . Thompson
Received
Nobel Prize
in Physics
1906

10. 1898: Discovery of Radium And Polonium
Marie and
Pierre Curie
shared 1903
Nobel prize
in physics
with
Becquerel

11. 1899 : Cure of Skin Cancer
Thor Stenbeck
cured BCC of
Nose with 100
treatments over 9
months in
Stockholm
Tage Sjoegren treated
sq. cell epithelioma
with 50 treatments over
30 months

12. 1899: Discovery of α & β particles ( E. Rutherford )
1900: Proposal of Radioactive Decay & Half life
Received Noble prize
in Chemistry 1908 for
“Disintegration
theory “ of elements

13. 1900 : Discovery of γ-rays
Paul Ulrich Villard
discovered gamma radiation
in 1900, while studying
radiation emitted from
radium. Villard's radiation
was named "gamma rays"
by Ernest Rutherford in 1903

14. 1900: Formulation of Quantum theory
Awarded with
Noble prize in
Physics 1918

15. 1903 : Law of the Photo electric effect
Albert Einstein
was awarded
with Noble
prize in Physics
1921

16. 1903: Noble Prize in medicine for
Neils Ryberg Finsen
Used UV rays
to treat Lupus
Vulgaris , which
also used to
treat cancer
later on.

17. 1904 : Fluorescent lamp of Edison
~ Death of Clarence Dally
.. . I started in to make a
number of these lamps,
but I soon found that the xray had affected
poisonously my assistant,
Mr. Daily, so that his hair
came out and his flesh
commenced to ulcerate. I
then concluded it would
not do, and that it would
not be a very popular kind
of light, so I dropped it...

18. 1920s-1930s : Radioactive Quackery
Case of
“Radium
Girls”
1932 : Death of
Eben Beyers

19. Roentgen therapy Vs Radium therapy

20. 1913: Hot Cathode tube ~ W D Coolidge
• Peak voltage of 140 Kv
with 5 mAmp current
• Max. dose at skin with
rapid dose fall-off with
depth inside tissue

21. 1922: Discovery of Compton Scattering
Received Noble Prize
in Physics 1927

22. 1923 : Grenz Ray therapy ( Gustav Bucky )
 < 20kV Voltage
 Filtration of 1.0 mm Al
 Used to treat skin
lesions

23. Contact Therapy Or Chaoul Therapy
 40-50 kV potential
 2mA current
 SSD 2cm or less
 0.5-1.0mm thickness
Al filter
 Rapidly decreasing
depth dose in tissue
Papillon technique for Superficial Rectal Cancer

24. Superficial Therapy
 50 – 150 Kv Voltage
 1- 6mm Al filtration
 1- 8 mm Al HVL
 15- 20 cm SSD
 Operated at 5- 8 mA
current

25. 1930s:Orthovoltage therapy or Deep Therapy
( Sieman’s Stabilapan )




150-500 Kv voltage
10-20 mA current
50 cm SSD
HVL 1-4mm Cu
 Disadvantage :
High skin dose
Increased absorbed dose in bone
Increased Scattering

26. Telecurietherapy ( Radium bomb )
Sluys-Kessler Radium bomb
Failla's Radium bombs
Giaocchino Failla

27. 1920s : Radiation dosimetry
R . Sievert
E.Quimby

28. 1929 : Invention of Cyclotron
Ernest Lawrence
received Noble
prize in Physics
1939

29. 1931 : Van de Graaff Generator (MIT)
40 feet high
Electrostatic device
capable of operating
at 5,000,000 volts
Robert van de Graaff
2 MeV Clinical
Van de Graaff
X-ray machine

30. 1932 : Discovery of Neutron
James
Chadwick
received Noble
prize in Physics
1935

31. 1934 : Artificial Radioactivity
Irène and
Frédéric Joliot
Curie shared
Noble prize in
Chemistry 1935

32. 1938 : Discovery of Co60 isotope
Glenn T Seaborg
shared Noble prize
in Chemistry 1951
with Edwin M
McMillan for
discovery of
transuranium
elements
Glenn T Seaborg

33. 1940 : Betatron ( Donald W Krest )
20 MeV Betatron created by Krest in University of
Ilionis , USA (originally planned by Achen Widroe)

34. 1945 : Development of Synchrotron
Originally the principle had been published by Vladimir
Veksler
Edwin Mattison McMillan
later shared Noble Prize in
Chemistry In 1951 with Glenn
Seaborg for discovery in
chemistry of transuranium
elements

35. The Most Shameful day for Mankind
On Monday, August 6,
1945, at 8:15 AM, the
Atomic Bomb “ Little
Boy" was dropped on
Hiroshima by an
American B-29
bomber, the Enola
Gay directly killing
an estimated 80,000
people

36. 1951 : Cobalt Bomb ( H.E.Johns)
First Cobalt 60 machine
in Saskatoon ,Canada

37. 1953: First Linear Accelerator
1956: First pt treated with LINAC
Henry Kaplan
Gordon Issac,2yr old pt
of B/l Retinoblastoma

38. 1958 : Computerized treatment planning introduced
:J. Laughlin, T. D. Sterling,
K. C. Tsien, R. Wood
1962 : Electronic portal imaging introduced: S.
Benner
1965: Conformal radiation therapy with multileaf
collimation introduced : S. Takahashi
1968: Gamma Knife introduced :Leksell
1969: First commercial treatment planning
systems :R. Bentley, J. Cox, W. Powers

39. 1968 : Computer-assisted Tomography
Shared
Noble Prize
in Medicine
1979
Allan M Cormack Godfrey N. Hounsfield

40. 1973 : Zeugmatography
Shared Noble
prize in
Medicine 2003
for their
discovery
Paul C. Lauterbur
Sir Peter Mansfield

41. 1979 : Concepts of BEV, DVH,
Digital reconstructed radiographs
DVHs were introduced
by Michael Goitein and
Verhey in 1979 in a
publication by Shipley
et al

42. Brief History of Brachytherapy

43. 1920s : Radium Surface therapy
Radium surface
brachytherapy
treatment of skin
cancer at the
Institut Curie, Paris,
1922

44. 1920s : Use of needle implants
Interstitial implantation
of radon seeds for a
carcinoma
of the rectum, 1929, at
the London Hospital

45. 1910-24 : Stockholm technique
Dr.Gosta Forssell : Started
radium treatment in Ca Cervix
in 1912
James Heyman :
Published “Stockholm
method in
radiotherapy of
uterine cencer “ in
1924
„Intensive, intermittent and intracavitary radium treatment method‟.

46. 1934 : Manchester Dosage System
Ralston Paterson And
Herbert M Parker
developed Manchester
Dosage system for
surface applicators of
radium in 1934
Later revised by Margaret C Tod and W J Meredith
as Dosage System for Cancer of the Cervix in 1938

47. 1978 : Paris System
B Pierquin ; A Deutreix
et al published Paris
system for Interstitial
brachytherapy in 1978

48. 1904 : Earliest intracavitary applicator
Used by Wickham
and Degrais in
Paris from 1904.

49. Early Concepts of Radiobiology

50. 1906 : Law of Bergonie And Tribondeau
cells tend to be
radiosensitive
if they have
•High division rate
• Long dividing
future
•Unspecialized
phenotype
Jean A Bergonie
L M Tribondeau

51. 1911 : Concept of
fractionation
Sterilization of
ram's testis without
excessive skin
reactions using
fractionated
radiation ( Claude
Regaud )

52. 1934 : Time –dose factor concept
Henri Coutard showed
that both skin and
mucosal reactions
depended on the dose,
the treatment time
and the no. of
treatment sessions.

53. 1967 : Concept of Dose –volume Relationship
Hypothesized that in
addition to time-dose
factor , irradiation
damage to normal
tissue also depends
upon the volume
irradiated.
Francois Baclesse

54. Realizing the importance of oxygen
Louis Harold Gray and RH Thomlinson
established the relation of chronic
hypoxia and Radiosensitivity (1955)
The ability to quantitate cell killing.
1956, the cell-survival assay was
developed by Theodore T Puck and
Philip I Marcus

55. 1963 : Variation of Radiosensitivity through the
cell cycle
: Toyozo Terasima and LJ Tolmach
1966 : Potentially lethal damage repair
: LJ Tolmach
1969 : Concept of Accelerated repopulation
: Hermens & Barendsen

56. 1972 : Concept of Apoptosis
Kerr et al recognized
apoptotic cell death in
the response of
radiosensitive tissues to
ionizing radiation.
John F Kerr
1973 : Time course of
proliferation in normal
tissue following
irradiation
Julie Denekamp

57. 1975 : Concept of 4 Rs of Radiobiology
Withers also quantified stem-cell
numbers and survival of normal
cells .
H Rodney Withers
1982 : Concept of
Biologically effective
dose
G W Barendsen

58. Advances in Radiotherapy
1900 to 1950

59. Advances in Radiotherapy
1950 to Present

60. " Martyr‟s Memorial "
On the memorial for “x-ray martyrs” in the garden of
St. George‟s Hospital, Hamburg, Germany, were 169
names inscribed in 1936; in 1959 their number had
increased to 359

61. This Effort Is Dedicated
TO THE RONTGENOLOGISTS AND RADIOLOGISTS OF
ALL NATIONS,
DOCTORS, PHYSICISTS, CHEMISTS, TECHNICAL WORKERS,
LABORATORY WORKERS AND HOSPITAL SISTERS
WHO GAVE THEIR LIVES IN THE STRUGGLE AGAINST THE
DISEASES OF MANKIND.
THEY WERE HEROIC LEADERS IN THE DEVELOPMENT
OF THE SUCCESSFUL AND SAFE USE OF X RAYS AND
RADIUM IN MEDICINE.
IMMORTAL IS THE GLORY OF THE WORK OF THE DEAD.