1. Unconventional Oil (Oil Shales, Oil Sands and Extra-heavy Oil)
- Market Analysis, Industry Developments and Forecasts to 2020
Report Details:
Published:December 2012
No. of Pages: 126
Price: Single User License – US$3995
Unconventional Oil (Oil Shales, Oil Sands and Extra-heavy Oil) - Market Analysis, Industry
Developments and Forecasts to 2020
Summary
“Unconventional Oil (Oil Shales, Oil Sands and Extra-heavy Oil) - Market Analysis, Industry
Developments and Forecasts to 2020” is the latest report from GlobalData, the industry analysis
specialist, and analyzes the developments in the unconventional oil sector globally. The report
provides an overview of the unconventional oil market by key resource types, including Canada’s
oil sands, North America’s oil shales and Venezuela’s extra-heavy crude oil. It also analyses some
of the major drivers and challenges for the unconventional oil industry. The report also provides
historic and projected production of unconventional oil through to 2020, the mergers and
acquisitions in major unconventional oil markets (Canada’s oil sands industry, Venezuela’s extra-
heavy oil sector and North America’s oil shales market) and the competitive landscape in the
unconventional oil industry.
The report is compiled using data and information sourced from proprietary databases, primary
and secondary research, and in-house analysis by GlobalData’s team of industry experts.
Scope
This report provides an analysis of the unconventional oil industry (oil shales, oil sands, and extra-
heavy crude oil). The report primarily focuses on -
- Drivers and challenges in the unconventional oil industry and production forecasts to 2020
- The oil sands industry in Canada, including production forecasts until 2020
- The extra-heavy crude oil industry in Venezuela
- The major and emerging liquids-rich shale plays in North America
- Financial deal (mergers, acquisitions and asset transactions) activities in major unconventional
oil markets

2. Reasons to buy
This report will enhance your decision-making capabilities. It will allow you to -
- Identify some of the key drivers and challenges of the unconventional oil market
- To know the current global production of unconventional oil and the production estimates to 2020
- Develop insights about the historic production of oil sands, extra heavy crude oil and oil shale
and forecasts until 2020
- Gain insights into the financial deal (mergers, acquisitions and asset transactions) activity in the
unconventional oils industry in recent years
- Understand the key companies involved in the unconventional oil industry
Get your copy of this report @
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market-analysis-industry-developments-and-forecasts-to-2020.html
Major points covered in Table of Contents of this report include
1 Table of Contents
1 Table of Contents 4
1.1 List of Tables 6
1.2 List of Figures 8
2 Introduction 10
2.1 Overview 10
2.2 GlobalData Report Guidance 11
3 Unconventional Oil - Overview 12
3.1 Unconventional Oil Account for about 3.2% of Global Oil Production 14
3.2 Unconventional Oil Production is Expected to Surpass 2,100 MMbbl by 2020 16
3.3 Unconventional Oil - Key Drivers and Challenges 17
3.3.1 The Alberta Province Holds more than 97% Oil Sands Deposits in Canada 17
3.3.2 The Green River Formation in the US has one of the Largest Concentrations of Oil Shale
Deposits in the World 18
3.3.3 Sustained High Crude Oil Prices Encouraging Development of Unconventional Oil
Resources 20
3.3.4 Pressure on Foreign Operators to Give PdVSA Compulsory Stake may Discourage them
from Investing in Venezuelan Projects 20
4 Canada’s Oil Sands - a Leading Contributor to Global Unconventional Oil Production 21
4.1 Canada has the Third Largest Proved Oil Reserves in the World 21
4.2 Oil Sands Industry Continues to Attract Foreign Investment due to Favorable Business Climate
in Canada 22
4.3 Oil Sands Industry Continues to Attract Criticism due to High Water Use and Greenhouse Gas
Emissions 23
4.4 Oil Sands in Canada - Historic Production and Major Oil Sands Projects 24

3. 4.4.1 Oil Sands Industry in Canada Produced 581.9 MMbbl of Bitumen and Synthetic Crude in
2011 24
4.4.2 Athabasca Region Recorded the Largest Bitumen Production from Oil Sands in Canada for
2011 24
4.4.3 Mining Accounts for about 52.1% of Bitumen and Synthetic Crude Production from Canada’s
Oil Sands in 2011 25
4.4.4 Heavy Oil Upgraders in the Canadian Oil Sands Industry Recorded a Capacity of 453.1
MMbbl for 2011 26
4.4.5 Syncrude is the Largest Heavy Oil Upgrader Project in Canada as of 2011 27
4.5 Oil Sands in Canada - Production Forecasts 28
4.5.1 Oil Sands Industry in Canada is expected to Produce 3.2 MMbbl/d of Bitumen and Synthetic
Crude by 2020 28
4.5.2 Heavy Oil Upgraders Capacity in the Canadian Oil Sands Industry is Expected to Reach
542.5 MMbbl by 2020 29
4.6 Oil Sands in Canada - Competitive Landscape 30
4.6.1 Suncor Energy had Net Proved and Probable (2P) Bitumen Reserves of 1,164 MMbbl by the
End of 2011 30
4.6.2 Imperial Oil Limited Reported Net Proved Bitumen Reserves of 2,413 MMbbl by the End of
2011 31
4.6.3 Shell Produced 45 MMbbl of Synthetic Crude Oil in 2011 32
4.6.4 Canadian Natural Resources Limited is One of the Major Independent Crude Oil and Natural
Gas Producers in Canada 34
5 Venezuela Extra-heavy Crude Oil Reserves are Key Contributors to Global Proved Oil Reserves
36
5.1 Venezuela is the Second Largest Developer of Oil Sands in the World after Canada 36
5.2 Orinoco Extra-heavy Oil Belt Constitutes about 75% of Venezuela’s Total Proved Oil Reserves
38
5.2.1 Exploration at the Orinoco Oil Belt Started in 1920 38
5.3 Orinoco Extra-heavy and Heavy Oil Belt Blocks 38
5.3.1 Boyaca Block 39
5.3.2 Junin Block 39
5.3.3 Ayacucho Block 40
5.3.4 Carabobo Block 41
5.4 Production Fields in Venezuelan Oriental Basin & Orinoco Oil Belt - Extra-heavy and Heavy
Crude Oil 42
5.4.1 Major Extra-heavy Oil Producing Fields in Orinoco Oil Belt 42
5.5 Heavy Oil Upgraders in Venezuela 45
6 Bakken Shale is Among the Major Oil Shale Plays in the US 46
6.1 Bakken Shale, Operational Overview 47
6.1.1 Bakken Shale, Initial Production Rates 47
6.1.2 Bakken Shale, Well Profile 49
6.1.3 Bakken Shale, Production Trends, 2004-2020 50

4. 6.2 Bakken Shale, Drilling Activity, 2012 56
6.2.1 Bakken Shale, Drilling Activities in North Dakota, 2011 56
6.2.2 Bakken Shale, Drilling Activities in Montana, 2012 58
6.3 Bakken Shale, Competitive Landscape 60
6.3.1 Bakken Shale, Major Companies by Acreage, 2012 60
6.3.2 Bakken Shale, Major Companies By Production, 2011 62
6.4 Bakken Shale, Mergers and Acquisition Activities, 2012 64
7 Eagle Ford Shale has Emerged as a Lucrative Liquid Rich Shale Play in the US 67
7.1 Eagle Ford Shale, Operational Overview 68
7.1.1 Eagle Ford Shale, Well Profile 68
7.1.2 Eagle Ford Shale, Initial Production Rates 69
7.1.3 Eagle Ford Shale, Production Trends, 2008-April 2012 70
7.1.4 Eagle Ford Shale, Drilling Activity by Company, 2010-April 2012 73
7.2 Eagle Ford Shale, Competitive Landscape 74
7.2.1 Eagle Ford Shale, Companies by Acreage, 2012 74
7.2.2 Eagle Ford Shale, Major Companies by Production, 2012 75
7.2.3 Eagle Ford Shale, Mergers and Acquisition Activity in the Play, 2008-2012 79
8 Granite Wash Play Overview 80
8.1 Granite Wash Play, Operational Overview 82
8.1.1 Granite Wash, Initial Production Rates 82
8.1.2 Granite Wash Play, Well Profile 83
8.2 Granite Wash Play, Production Trends, 2004-2011 84
8.2.1 Texas, Historical Production, 2004-2011 84
8.2.2 Granite Wash Play, Historic and Forecast Production, 2004-2020 85
8.3 Granite Wash Play, Drilling Activity, 2010-2011 87
8.3.1 Granite Wash Play, Permits Issued, 2011 87
8.3.2 Granite Wash Play, Drilling Activity by County, 2011 87
8.4 Granite Wash Play, Competitive Landscape 89
8.4.1 Granite Wash, Major Companies by Acreage 89
8.4.2 Granite Wash, Major Companies by Production 90
8.5 Granite Wash Play, Mergers and Acquisition Activity in the Play, 2007-2012 93
9 Niobrara Shale Play is Gaining Attention of Oil and Gas Exploration and Production Companies
95
9.1 Niobrara Shale, Operational Overview 96
9.1.1 Niobrara Shale, Initial Production Rates 96
9.1.2 Niobrara Shale, Well Profile 97
9.1.3 Niobrara Shale, Production Trends, 2007-2020 98
9.2 Niobrara Shale, Drilling Activity, 2011-2012 102
9.2.1 Niobrara Shale, Major Drilling Activities in Colorado, 2011-2012 102
9.3 Niobrara Shale, Competitive Landscape 108
9.3.1 Niobrara Shale, Major Companies by Acreage, 2012 108
9.3.2 Niobrara Shale, Major Companies by Production, 2011 110

5. 9.4 Niobrara Shale, Mergers and Acquisition Activity in the Play, 2008-2012 112
10 Other Emerging Oil Shale Plays in North America 114
10.1 Barnett Combo Play 114
10.2 Cana Woodford Shale 115
10.3 Tuscaloosa Marine Shale 117
10.4 The Green River Basin Oil Shale Field 119
10.5 Wolfcamp Shale Formation 120
11 Appendix 121
11.1 Market Definition 121
11.2 Abbreviations 121
11.3 Sources 122
11.4 Methodology 124
11.4.1 Coverage 124
11.4.2 Secondary Research 125
11.4.3 Primary Research 125
11.4.4 Expert Panel Validation 125
11.5 Contact Us 125
11.6 Disclaimer 126
1.1 List of Tables
Table 1: Oil Sands Industry, Canada, Bitumen and Synthetic Production from Oil Sands in
Athabasca, Cold Lake and Peace River Areas, MMbbl, 2006-2011 24
Table 2: Oil Sands Industry, Canada, Heavy Oil Upgraders Capacity, MMbbl, 2006-2011 26
Table 3: Oil Sands Industry, Canada, Details of Top Five Oil Sands Projects, bbl/d, 2011 27
Table 4: Oil Sands Industry, Canada, Suncor Energy’s Bitumen and Synthetic Crude Oil (SCO)
Reserves (Gross and Net), MMbbl, 2011 30
Table 5: Oil Sands Industry, Canada, Shell’s Synthetic Crude Oil and Bitumen Production, Mbbl/d,
2009-2011 32
Table 6: Oil Sands Industry, Canada, Canadian Natural Resources Limited’s Gross Crude Oil and
Bitumen Reserves in North America, MMbbl, 2011 34
Table 7: Oil Sands Industry, Canada, Canadian Natural Resources Limited’s Capacity Targets and
Scheduled Start Dates for In Situ Projects, bbl/d, 2012 35
Table 8: Extra-heavy Oil Industry, Venezuela, Details of Some of the Major Partnerships for the
Development of the Orinoco Oil Belt, 2010-April 2012 37
Table 9: Extra-heavy Crude Oil Industry, Venezuela, Extra-heavy and Heavy Crude Oil Exploration
Fields in Boyaca Block, 2012 39
Table 10: Extra-heavy Crude Oil Industry, Venezuela, Oricono Heavy Oil Belt, Extra-heavy and
Heavy Crude Oil Exploration Blocks in Junin Block, 2012 39
Table 11: Extra-heavy Crude Oil Industry, Venezuela, Orinoco Heavy Oil Belt, Extra-heavy and
Heavy Crude Oil Exploration Assets in Ayacucho Block, 2012 40
Table 12: Extra-heavy and Heavy Crude Oil Exploration, Exploration Assets in Venezuelan
Orinoco Heavy Oil Belt, Carabobo Block, 2012 41

6. Table 13: Extra-heavy Oil Industry, Venezuela, Major Extra-heavy Oil Fields in Oriental Basin,
MMboe, 2012 42
Table 14: Extra-heavy Oil Industry, Venezuela, Hamaca Extra-heavy Oil Field Production, MMbbl,
2006-2011 43
Table 15: Extra-heavy Oil Industry, Venezuela, Petrozuata Extra-heavy Oil Field Production,
MMbbl, 2006-2011 43
Table 16: Extra-heavy Oil Industry, Venezuela, Major Extra-heavy Oil Fields in Oriental Basin,
Bitor Extra-heavy Oil Field, MMbbl, 2006-2011 44
Table 17: Heavy Oil Upgraders Industry, Venezuela, Capacity of Upgraders, bbl/d, 2007-2012 45
Table 18: Bakken Shale, Some of the Recent Wells Drilled and Initial Production Rates by Major
Companies, boed, 2012 48
Table 19: Bakken Shale Wells, Decline Rate (%), North Dakota, 2012* 49
Table 20: Bakken Shale, the US, Historical Crude Oil and Natural Gas Production (MMboe), 2004-
2011 51
Table 21: Bakken Shale, North Dakota, Historical Production (MMboe) and its Share in Total North
Dakota Crude Oil Production (%), 2004-2011 52
Table 22: Bakken Shale, Montana, Historical Crude Oil and Natural Gas Production (MMboe)
2004-2011 53
Table 23: Bakken Shale, the US, Historical and Forecast Production (MMboe), 2004-2020 55
Table 24: Bakken Shale, North Dakota, Number of Producing Wells, 2007-2011* 56
Table 25: Bakken Shale, North Dakota, Number of Gas Producing Wells, 2007-2011* 57
Table 26: Bakken Shale, Montana, Number of Wells Reported by Field, 2007-2012 59
Table 27: Bakken Shale, Major Companies By Acreage, Canada and the US, Net Acres, 2012 60
Table 28: Bakken Shale, Top 15 Companies by Production, North Dakota, MMboe, 2011 63
Table 29: Bakken Shale, the US, Merger and Acquisition Activities, Number of Deals and Deal
Value ($m), 2008-2012* 65
Table 30: Bakken Shale, the US, Major Mergers and Acquisitions by Deal Value ($m), 2012 66
Table 31: Eagle Ford Shale, Average Decline Rates Per Well, 2012* 68
Table 32: Eagle Ford Shale, Average Initial Production Rates of Some Major Companies, 2012 69
Table 33: Historical Production from the Eagle Ford Shale, MMboe, 2008-April 2012 70
Table 34: Eagle Ford Shale, Historic and Forecast Production, MMboe, 2004-2020 72
Table 35: Eagle Ford Shale, Major Companies by Acreage, Net Acres, 2012* 74
Table 36: Eagle Ford Shale, Top 20 Companies by Total Gross Production, Texas, MMboe,
January 2012-April 2012* 76
Table 37: Eagle Ford Shale, Top 20 Companies by Total Gross Production, Texas, MMboe, 2011
78
Table 38: Eagle Ford Shale, Major Deals by Oil and Gas Companies, 2008-2012 79
Table 39: Granite Wash, Key Characteristics, 2012* 81
Table 40: Unconventional Oil Industry, the US, Wells Drilled and Initial Production Rates of
Chaparral Energy in Granite Wash Play, 2010 82
Table 41: Granite Wash Play, Average Decline Rates Per Well, 2011-2012* 83
Table 42: Texas, Historical Production from the Granite Wash Play, MMboe, 2004-2011* 84

7. Table 43: Granite Wash Play, Historic and Forecast Production, MMboe, 2004-2020 86
Table 44: Granite Wash Play, Number of Well Permits Issued by County, Texas, 2009-2011* 88
Table 45: Granite Wash, Major Companies by Acreage, Net Acres, 2012* 89
Table 46: Granite Wash Play, Major Companies by Gross Production, MMboe, 2011* 91
Table 47: Granite Wash Play, M&A Activities, 2007-October 2012* 94
Table 48: Granite Wash Play, Recent Deals, 2007-October 2012* 94
Table 49: Niobrara Shale, Wells Drilled and Initial Production Rates for Anadarko Petroleum
Corporation, November 2011 96
Table 50: Niobrara Shale, Recent Wells Drilled and Initial Production Rates, 2011 96
Table 51: Niobrara Shale, The US, Historical Crude Oil and Natural Gas Gross Production,
MMboe, 2007-2011* 98
Table 52: Colorado, Historical Gross Production from the Niobrara Shale (MMboe), 2007-2011* 99
Table 53: Wyoming, Historical Gross Production from the Niobrara Shale (MMboe), 2007-2011*
100
Table 54: Niobrara Shale, Expected Gross Production, MMboe, 2007-2020 101
Table 55: Niobrara Shale, Colorado, Number of Well Permits, November-December 2010,
January-December 2011, and January 1- February 17, 2012 102
Table 56: Niobrara Shale, Colorado, Total Number of Well Permits by Companies, January 2012-
September 18, 2012* 103
Table 57: Niobrara Shale, Colorado, Total Number of Well Permits by Companies, 2011* 105
Table 58: Niobrara Shale, Wyoming, Number of Horizontal Well Permits by Company, 2012* 107
Table 59: Niobrara Shale, Top Companies by Acreage, Net Acres, 2012* 109
Table 60: Colorado, Niobrara Shale, Major Companies by Production, MMboe, 2011 111
Table 61: Niobrara Shale, Major Merger and Acquisitions, 2012* 112
1.2 List of Figures
Figure 1: Unconventional Oil Industry, Global, Geographic Distribution of Unconventional Oil
Resources, 2012 12
Figure 2: Oil Industry, Global, Share of Extra-heavy Oil and Oil Sands in Proved Oil Reserves, %,
2012 13
Figure 3: Oil Industry, Global, Share of Oil Sands, Extra-heavy Oil and Shale Oil in Total Oil
Production, %, 2011 14
Figure 4: Oil Industry, Global, Share of Oil Sands, Extra-heavy Oil and Shale Oil in Total
Unconventional Oil Production, %, 2011 15
Figure 5: Oil Industry, Global, Estimated Production of Unconventional Oil, MMbbl, 2011, 2015
and 2020 16
Figure 6: Oil Sands Industry, Canada, Location of Oil Sands Deposits, 2012 17
Figure 7: Oil Shale Industry, Global, Distribution of Oil Shale Deposits in Select Countries, 2012 18
Figure 8: Oil Shale Industry, The US, Locations of the Major Oil Shale Deposits, 2011 19
Figure 9: Unconventional Oil Industry, The US, Locations of the Shale Plays, 2011 20
Figure 10: Oil Sands Industry, Canada, Composition of Oil Sands, 2012 21
Figure 11: Oil and Gas Industry, Canada, Foreign Direct Investments in the Canadian Energy

8. Sector, CAD$m, 2005-2011* 22
Figure 12: Oil and Gas Industry, Canada, Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Sector, 2010 23
Figure 13: Oil Sands Industry, Canada, Production of Bitumen and Synthetic Crude, MMbbl, 2006-
2011 24
Figure 14: Oil Sands Industry, Canada, Bitumen and Synthetic Crude Production from Oil Sands in
Canada by Recovery Method, MMbbl, 2006-2011 25
Figure 15: Oil Sands Industry, Canada, Expected Production of Bitumen and Synthetic Crude,
MMbbl, 2011-2020 28
Figure 16: Oil Sands Industry, Canada, Expected Heavy Oil Upgraders Capacity, MMbbl, 2011-
2020 29
Figure 17: Oil Sands Industry, Canada, Imperial Oil’s Synthetic Oil and Bitumen Net Proved
Reserves, MMbbl, 2007-2011 31
Figure 18: Oil Sands Industry, Canada, Shell’s Oil Sands Operations, 2011 33
Figure 19: Unconventional Oil Industry, Venezuela, Location of Orinoco Oil Belt, 2010 36
Figure 20: Extra-heavy Crude Oil Industry, Venezuela, Extra-heavy Crude Oil Blocks, Orinoco
Heavy Crude Oil Belt, 2012 38
Figure 21: Extra-heavy Crude Oil Industry, Venezuela, Extra-heavy Crude Oil Production, MMbbl,
2007-2011 42
Figure 22: Bakken Shale, Operational Map and the Shale’s Formation, 2012 46
Figure 23: Bakken Shale Formation, Stratigraphy, 2012* 47
Figure 24: Bakken Shale Wells, Well Profile, 2012 49
Figure 25: Bakken Shale, the US, Historical Crude Oil and Natural Gas Production (MMboe),
2004-2011* 50
Figure 26: Bakken Shale, North Dakota, Historical Crude Oil and Natural Gas Production
(MMboe), 2004-2011* 52
Figure 27: Bakken Shale, Montana, Historical Crude Oil and Natural Gas Production (Mmboe),
2004-2011* 53
Figure 28: Bakken Shale, the US, Historical and Forecast Production (Mmboe), 2004-2020 54
Figure 29: Bakken Shale, North Dakota, Number of Oil Producing Wells, 2007-2011* 56
Figure 30: Bakken Shale, North Dakota, Number of Gas Producing Wells, 2007-2011* 57
Figure 31: Bakken Shale, Montana, Number of Wells Reported by Field, 2007-2012 58
Figure 32: Bakken Shale, North Dakota, Top 15 Companies by Production (MMboe), 2011 62
Figure 33: Bakken Shale, the US, Merger and Acquisition Activities, Number of Deals and Deal
Value ($m), 2008-2012** 64
Figure 34: Eagle Ford Shale, Location, The US, 2012 67
Figure 35: Eagle Ford Shale, Well Profile, 2012* 68
Figure 36: Eagle Ford Shale, Historical Production, MMboe, 2008-April 2012 70
Figure 37: Eagle Ford Shale, Historic and Forecast Production, MMboe, 2004-2020 71
Figure 38: Eagle Ford Shale, Number of Drilling Permits for Selected Operators, Texas, January
2012-April 2012 73
Figure 39: Eagle Ford Shale, Top 20 Companies by Gross Production, Texas, MMboe, January
2012-April 2012* 75

9. Figure 40: Eagle Ford Shale, Top 20 Companies by Production, MMboe, 2011 77
Figure 41: Unconventional Oil Industry, US, Granite Wash Play, Location Map, 2012 80
Figure 42: Granite Wash Formation, Stratigraphy,ft, 2012 81
Figure 43: Granite Wash, Well Profile, 2011 83
Figure 44: Texas, Granite Wash Play, Historical Production, MMboe, 2004-2011* 84
Figure 45: Granite Wash Play, Historic and Forecast Production, MMboe, 2004-2020 85
Figure 46: Granite Wash Play, Number of Well Permits by County, Texas, 2009-2011* 88
Figure 47: Granite Wash, Major Companies by Acreage, Net Acres, 2012* 89
Figure 48: Granite Wash Play, Top 10 Companies by Gross Production, MMboe, 2011* 90
Figure 49: Granite Wash Play, Merger and Acquisition Activity, 2007-December 2011 93
Figure 50: Niobrara Shale Formation, Northeastern Colorado, Stratigraphy, 2012* 95
Figure 51: Niobrara Shale, Well Profile, 2012* 97
Figure 52: Niobrara Shale, The US, Historical Crude Oil and Gas Gross Production, MMboe,
2007-2011* 98
Figure 53: Colorado, Historical Gross Production from the Niobrara Shale, MMboe, 2007-2011* 99
Figure 54: Wyoming, Historical Gross Production from the Niobrara Shale, MMboe, 2007-2011*
100
Figure 55: Niobrara Shale, Expected Gross Production, MMboe, 2007-2020 101
Figure 56: Niobrara Shale, Colorado, Number of Well Permits, November-December 2010,
January-December 2011, and January 1-February 17, 2012* 102
Figure 57: Niobrara Shale, Colorado, Total Number of Well Permits by Companies, January 2012-
September 18, 2012* 103
Figure 58: Niobrara Shale, Colorado, Total Number of Well Permits by Companies, 2011* 104
Figure 59: Niobrara Shale, Wyoming, Major Companies by Horizontal Well Permits, 2012 106
Figure 60: Niobrara Shale, Top Companies by Acreage, Net Acres, 2012* 108
Figure 61: Colorado, Niobrara Shale, Major Companies by Gross Production, MMboe, 2011 110
Figure 62: Barnett Shale Combo Play Overview, Texas, 2012 114
Figure 63: Cana-Woodford Shale, Location Map 115
Figure 64: Oklahoma Woodford Play, Oil, Gas and Condensate Presence 116
Figure 65: Tuscaloosa Marine Shale, The US, Location Map, 2012 117
Figure 66: The Green River Oil Shale, Location Map 119
Figure 67: Wolfcamp Shale, The US, Location Map, 2012 120
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