Today we all are facing the biggest problem that is scarcity of drinking water as the level of water is continually decreasing. In many countries people die because of contaminated water as they do not have any water resources that contain pure water. The first question comes in mind when we talk about water management is how can we manage water. For this we need some well-planned strategies like if we know the places where heavy rainfall occur, then we can put extra efforts there in order to save water for future use.

1. Control of water pollution
Presented by Rekha
4th semester
26 February 2015
BBAU Lucknow.

2. WASTEWATER

5. NEED FOR WATER MANAGEMENT
 Today we all are facing the biggest problem that is scarcity of drinking water as the level
of water is continually decreasing.
 In many countries people die because of contaminated water as they do not have any
water resources that contain pure water.
 The first question comes in mind when we talk about water management is how can we
manage water. For this we need some well-planned strategies like if we know the places
where heavy rainfall occur, then we can put extra efforts there in order to save water for
future use.
 Thousands of gallons of water can be saved if we keep our drainage system proper.
 Many non-profit organizations are coming forward and they approach people for the
noble cause of saving water.
 They educate people that how they can manage and save water in their homes. A lot of
water gets wasted due to leakage in water pipes. If we check all pipes and connections
timely, then we can avoid leakage problems.

6. Bringing Awareness
Measure 1 is bringing awareness among people. So people must be against of dumping
wastes and sewage in to fresh water. They must force the government to go for an
alternate way like treating the sewage before dumping. And people who dump wastes
must be penalised.
Leakages from Drainage Pipe Lines
Leakages from drainage pipe lines must be avoided. If this enters fresh water it causes
water pollution. So leakages must be avoided by repairing immediately.
Industrial Wastes
Industrial wastes are the main cause of water pollution. They often dump all these
wastes in to near by lakes or rivers. So government must pass strict orders not to dump
wastes in to rivers. They must be provided with other options like treatment of that
wastes before dumping.

7. DON’T Use too much Pesticides
Farmers must take care and see that they don't use too much pesticides.
This will prevent runoffs of the material into nearby water sources.
Avoid Paint and Petroleum to Sinks
Do not throw paints or petroleum products in to your toilets or sinks. Since
paints and petroleum products cannot be treated they should not be
dumped to sewage water as it results in long lasting effects
Avoid Oil Spills in Oceans
Oil spills in ocean are one of the major contributors of water pollution.
So ships must transport oil only when weather conditions are good.
During storms ships must not be allowed to transport oil which might
result in shipwrecks and eventually oil spills.

8. GANGA ACTION PLAN
The Ganga Action Plan or GAP was a program launched by Rajiv Gandhi in
1986 in order to reduce the pollution load on the river.
Human waste- domestic usage like bathing, laundry and public defecation
Industrial waste-dumping untreated waste into it.
Religious events -During festival seasons, people bathe in the Ganges to
cleanse themselves from their sins.. A Hindu belief is that dropping the ashes
of cremated bodies (at Varanasi) in the Ganges would give Moksha
(liberation) to the jiva (soul).

10. Characteristics Designated best use
A B C D E
Dissolved Oxygen (DO)mg/l, min 6 5 4 4 -
Biochemical Oxygen demand (BOD)mg/l, max 2 3 3 - -
Total coliform organisms MPN/100ml, max 50 500 5,000 - -
pH value 6.5-8.5 6.5-8.5 6.0-9.0 6.5-8.5 6.0-8.5
Colour, Hazen units, max. 10 300 300 - -
Odour Un-objectionable - -
Taste Tasteless - - - -
Total dissolved solids, mg/l, max. 500 - 1,500 - 2,100
Total hardness (as CaCO3), mg/l, max. 200 - - - -
Calcium hardness (as CaCO3), mg/l, max. 200 - - - -
Magnesium hardness (as CaCO3), mg/l, max. 200 - - - -
Copper (as Cu), mg/l, max. 1.5 - 1.5 - -
Iron (as Fe), mg/l, max. 0.3 - 0.5 - -
Manganese (as Mn), mg/l, max. 0.5 - - - -
Cholorides (as Cu), mg/l, max. 250 - 600 - 600
Sulphates (as SO4), mg/l, max. 400 - 400 - 1,000
Nitrates (as NO3), mg/l, max. 20 - 50 - -
Fluorides (as F), mg/l, max. 1.5 1.5 1.5 - -
Phenolic compounds (as C2H5OH), mg/l, max. 0.002 0.005 0.005 - -
Mercury (as Hg), mg/l, max. 0.001 - - - -
Cadmium (as Cd), mg/l, max. 0.01 - 0.01 - -
Salenium (as Se), mg/l, max. 0.01 - 0.05 - -
Arsenic (as As), mg/l, max. 0.05 0.2 0.2 - -
Cyanide (as Pb), mg/l, max. 0.05 0.05 0.05 - -
Lead (as Pb), mg/l, max. 0.1 - 0.1 - -
Zinc (as Zn), mg/l, max. 15 - 15 - -
Water Quality Standards in India (Source IS 2296:1992)

11. Parameter
World Health
Organization
European Union United States China
Arsenic 10μg/l 10 μg/l 10μg/l 50μg/l
Antimony ns 5.0 μg/l 6.0 μg/l “
Boron 2.4mg/l 1.0 mg/L “ “
Cadmium 3 μg/l 5 μg/l 5 μg/l 5 μg/l
Chromium 50μg/l 50 μg/l 0.1 mg/L 50 μg/l (Cr6)
Copper “ 2.0 mg/l TT 1 mg/l
Cyanide “ 50 μg/l 0.2 mg/L 50 μg/l
Fluoride 1.5 mg/l 1.5 mg/l 4 mg/l 1 mg/l
Lead “ 10 μg/l 15 μg/l 10 μg/l
Mercury 6 μg/l 1 μg/l 2 μg/l 0.05 μg/l
Nickel “ 20 μg/l “ “
Nitrate 50 mg/l 50 mg/l 10 mg/L (as N) 10 mg/L (as N)
Nitrite “ 0.50 mg/l 1 mg/L (as N) “
Pesticides
(individual)
“ 0.10 μg/ l “ “
Pesticides — Total “ 0.50 μg/l “ “
Selenium 40 μg/l 10 μg/l 50 μg/l 10 μg/l

12. MEASUREMENT OF WATER
POLLUTION.

13. Quantitative Water Quality Tests
 Fecal Coliform/Coliform
 Biochemical Oxygen Demand
(BOD)
 Chemical Oxygen Demand
(COD)
 Temperature
 Turbidity/Total Suspended
Solids (TSS)
 Heavy metals, (e.g., lead,
mercury, cadmium)
 Carbon dioxide
 Nitrite
 Salinity
 Ammonia








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Macro or micronutrients (e.g., K,
S, Mo)
Chlorine
Iron
Selenium
Hardness
Sulfate and Sulfite
Methane
Conductivity/Total Dissolved
Solids (TDS)
Alkalinity/Acid Neutralizing
Capacity (ANC) Color Odor
Synthetic organics (e.g.,
pesticides, PCBs)

14. pH
 Measures hydrogen ion
concentration
 Negative log of hydrogen ion
concentration
 Ranges from 0 to 14 std. units
 pH
 7 neutral
 0 - 7 acidic
 7 - 14 alkaline
Thanks to Phil Brown

15. Solubility of Specific Ions Based on Water pH
Toxic metals less available in water at pH 6 to 8.
pH - Scientists measure pH to determine the
concentration of hydrogen in the water. Most waters
range from 6.5 to 8.5. Changes in pH can affect how
chemicals dissolve in the water and whether organisms
are affected by them. High acidity can be deadly to fish
and other aquatic organisms.
Low pH - corrosion, metallic taste
High pH – bitter/soda taste, depositsa decrease in pH
(below 6) may increase the amount of mercury soluble in
water. An increase in pH (above 8.5) enhances the
conversion of nontoxic ammonia (ammonium ion) to a
toxic form of ammonia (un-ionized ammonia).

16. CONDUCTIVITY
 Measures electric
conductivity (EC) of water
 Higher value means water
is a better electrical
conductor
 Increases when more salt
(e.g., sodium chloride) is
dissolved in water
 Indirect measure of salinity
 Units are μmhos/cm at 25o
C or μSiemens/cm
Thanks to Phil Brown

17. SALINITY
 Classification of Ground Water
 Composition Based on Total Dissolved
Solids Content Salts in Sea Water
Type of Water Dissolved salt content (mg/l)
Fresh water < 1,000 mg/l
Brackish water 1,000 - 3,000 mg/l
Moderatly saline
water
3,000 - 10,000 mg/l
Highly saline water 10,000 - 35,000 mg/l
Sea water > 35,000 mg/l

18. TURBIDITY
 Turbidity is a measure of the amount of total
suspended solid (TSS) particles in the water. Algae,
suspended sediment, and organic matter particles
can cloud the water making it more turbid.
 Suspended particles diffuse sunlight and absorb
heat. This can increase temperature and reduce light
available for algal photosynthesis.
 If the turbidity is caused by suspended sediment, it
can be an indicator of erosion, either natural or
man-made. Suspended sediments can clog the gills
of fish. Once the sediment settles, it can foul gravel
beds and smother fish eggs and benthic insects. The
sediment can also carry pathogens, pollutants and
nutrients
 The units of turbidity from a calibrated
nephelometer are called Nephelometric Turbidity
Units (NTU).

19. TURBIDITY
 Measured in Nephelometric Turbidity Units (NTU)
 Estimates light scattering by suspended particles
 Photocell set at 90o to the direction of light beam to estimate scattered rather than absorbed
light
 Good correlation with concentration of particles in water.
Thanks to Phil Brown

20. Temperature
 If the temperature gets too hot or too cold for some organisms, they
die. Temperature also can affect the chemistry of the water. For
example, warm water holds less oxygen than cold water. A healthy
cluster of trees and vegetation next to a stream or river helps keep
temperatures cool for trout and other fish.
 Temperatures can increase the solubility and thus toxicity of certain
compounds. These elements include heavy metals such as cadmium,
zinc and lead as well as compounds like ammonia .
 Water temperature can not only increase the solubility of toxic
compounds, but it can also influence an organism’s tolerance limit .
 Mortality rates for zinc are significantly higher at temperatures
above 25°C than at temperatures below 20°C . This occurs because
tissue permeability, metabolic rate and oxygen consumption all
increase with increased water temperature.
 In one study on labeo bata fish, the 24 hour 50% lethal
concentration (LC50) at 15°C was 540 mg/L, while at 30°C, the
LC50 dropped to 210 mg/L .

21. Dissolved Oxygen
 Amount of gaseous oxygen
(O2) dissolved in water
 Oxygen gets into water by
diffusion from the
surrounding air, by aeration,
and through photosynthesis
 DO range from 0-18 mg/l
 Need 5-6 mg/l to support a
diverse population
 DO < 2 mg/l – Hypoxia
 The Winkler test is used to
determine the concentration
of dissolved oxygen in
water samples
Thanks to Phil Brown
CBOD=Carbonaceous biochemical oxygen demand
NBOD = Nitrogenous biochemical oxygen demand

22. Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)
 Measures oxygen required for biological oxidation of
biodegrable compounds.
 BOD: oxygen uptake by microorganism during aerobic
growth in ww sample
 Standard BOD: 5 day incubation @ 20°C
 Samples require a series of dilutions to achieve suitable
oxygen consumption
 Pure water BOD = 1 ppm
 Polluted water BOD = 5 ppm or above

23. WHO Standard COD value=10mg/l

24. Differences between BOD and COD measurements.
Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)
Measure the amount of food (or organic
carbons) that bacteria can oxidize.
Measures the content of all chemicals
present in the water that are capable of
being oxidized by the oxidizing agent.
Slow : five days required for BOD studies. Faster : takes just two hours to
complete.
Can only be use to test water from
wastewater treatment plants that do not
contain toxic industrial wastes.
*industrial wastewater that is rich in
cyanides or heavy metal ions is toxic to
the bacteria.
Can be use to test water from industrial
and domestic waste water.

25. Toxicity
 Toxic Substances - Scientists also test for many harmful (toxic) things like metal, pesticides, and
oil. For example, scientists are finding mercury in certain types of fish, especially in lakes and
estuaries. Mercury comes from mining, natural sources and air harmful substances are a
problem in a stream, lake or bay.
 Nutrients - The two major nutrients scientists measure are nitrogen and phosphorus. The
presence of too many nutrients can hurt aquatic organisms by causing lots of algae to grow in
the water. Nutrients can also affect pH, water clarity and temperature, and cause water to smell
and look bad.
 Algae blooms
 DO changes, fish kills
 Shift of trophic status toward eutrophication.
 Drinking water impairment (direct and indirect)
 Aesthetics (color, clarity, smell)
 Uptake and release of toxics

26. Fecal coliform and total coliform
 Increased levels of fecal coliforms (fecal bacteria) provide a warning of failure
in water treatment, a break in the integrity of the distribution system, or
possible contamination with pathogens.
 The assay is intended to be an indicator of fecal contamination, or more
specifically E. coli which is an indicator microorganism for other pathogens
that may be present in feces.
EPA acceptable Levels is 0 colonies.
Total coliform bacteria, fecal coliform bacteria, and E. coli are all considered
indicators of water contaminated with fecal matter. Contaminated water may
contain other pathogens (micro-organisms that cause illness) that are more difficult
to test for. Therefore these indicator bacteria are useful in giving us a measure of
contamination levels

27. Indicator species Amphibians
 Include frogs, toads,
salamanders, newts, and
gymnophiona, and are cold-
blooded animals that
metamorphose from a juvenile,
water-breathing form to an
adult, air-breathing form.
 Are indicator species of
ecological conditions relating
to global warming, air
pollution chemicals, stormwater
runoff, and newly extant
diseases (e.g. fungus).

29. Control of water pollution act
Safe Water Drinking Act 1974
 Established maximum contaminate levels
 Regulated volatile organic compounds
 Required lead-free plumbing
Well-head protection
Clean water act 1972
 Restore and maintain the chemical, physical, and biological
integrity of the nations water.
 provide enforcement mechanisms (e.g. civil actions/criminal
penalties) to ensure.
 Reduce polluted runoff from urban areas and animal feeding
operations.

30. Water Pollution Control Policy:
Domestic Dimension [U.S.]
 Water Pollution Control Act, 1956
 (i) Federal financial support for construction of waste treatment plants
 focused on a control strategy based on subsidizing construction of waste
treatment plants as a particular control activity.
 Municipalities would receive grant of upto 55% for construction of waste
treatment plants.
 (ii) Enforcement conference mechanism
 sought to effect direct federal regulation of waste discharges
 Federal authority could call for a conference of interstate water pollution
problem.