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Chapter 19.2
AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS
Vocabulary
 Salinity – the amount of salt dissolved in water
 Wetland – aquatic ecosystems that have a thin
layer of water covering soil that is wet most of the
time
 Estuary – regions along coastlines where streams
or rivers flow into a body of salt water
 Intertidal Zone – the ocean shore between the
lowest low tide and the highest high tide
 Coral Reef– an underwater structure made from
outside skeletons of tiny, soft-bodied animals
called coral
Introduction to Aquatic Ecosystems
 There are four major types of water, or aquatic,
ecosystems
 Freshwater
 Rivers and Streams
 Lakes and Ponds
 Wetland
 Estuary
 Ocean
 Open ocean
 Coastal ocean
 Coral Reefs
Introduction to Aquatic Ecosystems
 Abiotic factors include
 Temperature
 Sunlight
 Dissolved oxygen
 Salinity
 Each has a unique variety of organisms in and out of
the water
 Aquatic species have adaptations that enable them to
use oxygen underwater
 Fish use gills
 Mangrove plants take in oxygen through small pores in their
leaves and roots
Mangroves
Introduction to Aquatic
Ecosystems
 Salinity is another important abiotic factor
 Salinity is the amount of salt dissolved in water
 Water in saltwater ecosystems has high salinity
compared to water in freshwater ecosystems,
which contain little salt (…obviously)
Freshwater: Streams and Rivers
 Streams are usually narrow, shallow, and fast-
flowing
 Rivers are larger, deeper, and flow more slowly
Streams...
 form from underground sources of water, such as
springs or from runoff from rain and melting snow
 have water that is often clear.
 Soil particles are quickly washed downstream
 have high oxygen levels because air mixes into the
water as it splashes over rocks
Rivers...
 form when streams flow together
 have muddy water from the soil that washes into it
from streams or nearby land
 Soil adds nutrients, such as nitrogen, into rivers
 that are slow-moving have higher levels or
nutrients and lower levels of dissolved oxygen
compared to fast-moving water (obviously!)
Biodiversity
 Willows and cottonwood trees are water-loving and
grow along streams and on river banks
 Trout, salmon, crayfish, and many insects are
adapted to fast-moving water
 Snails and catfish are adapted to slow-moving
water.
Human Impact
 Streams and rivers are over-used
for drinking, laundry, bathing, crop
irrigation, and industrial purposes
 Hydroelectric plants use the energy
of flowing water to create electricity.
 Dams stop the water’s flow and
impede anadromous and
catadromous fish species
 Runoff from cities, industries, and
farms is a source of pollution
Freshwater: Ponds and Lakes
 Ponds and lakes contain freshwater that is not flowing
downhill
 Ponds
 Shallow and warm
 Sunlight can reach the bottom
 Lakes
 Larger and deeper
 Sunlight penetrates into the top few feet.
 Deeper water is dark and cold
Biodiversity
 Plants surround ponds and lake shores
 Surface water contains plants, algae, and
microscopic organisms that rely on photosynthesis
 Cattails, reeds, insects, crayfish, frogs, fish and
turtles live in shallow water near shorelines
 Fewer organisms live in deeper, colder water of
lakes where there is little sunlight
 Lake fish include perch, trout, bass, and walleye
Human Impact
 Humans fill in ponds and lakes with sediment to
create land for houses and other structures
 Runoff from farms, gardens, and roads washes
pollutants into ponds and lakes, disrupting food
webs
Wetlands
 Wetlands are aquatic ecosystems that have a thin
layer of water covering soil that is wet most of the
time (not necessarily all the time)
 Wetlands can be freshwater, saltwater, or both
 They are among Earth’s most fertile ecosystems
Wetlands
 Freshwater wetlands form at the edges of lakes
and ponds and in low areas on land
 Saltwater wetlands form along ocean coasts
 High nutrient levels
 High biodiversity
 Wetlands trap sediment and purify water
 Plants and microscope organisms filter out
pollution and waste materials
Biodiversity
 Water-tolerate plants include grasses and cattails
 Few trees live in saltwater wetlands
 Willows, cottonwoods, and swamp oaks are trees
found in freshwater wetlands
 Insects are abundant
 Dragonflies, and butterflies
 More than one-third of North American bird species,
including ducks, geese, herons, loons, warblers, and
egrets, use wetlands for nesting and feeding
 Alligators, frogs, turtles, and beavers depends on
wetlands for food and breaking grounds.
Cattails and Reeds
Human Impact
 In the past, many people considered wetlands as
unimportant environments. Water was drained
away to build homes and roads and to raise crops.
 Today, many wetlands are being preserved and
drained wetlands are being restored
Estuaries
 Estuaries are regions along coastlines where
streams or rivers flow into a body of salt water
 Most estuaries form along coastlines, where
freshwater in rivers meets salt water in oceans.
 They have varying degrees of salinity
Estuaries
 Salinity depends on rainfall, the amount of freshwater
flowing from land, and the amount of saltwater pushed
in by tides
 Estuaries help protect coastal land from flooding and
erosion.
 Like wetlands, estuaries purify water and filter out
pollution
 Nutrient levels and biodiversity are high
Biodiversity
 Plants that grow in salt water include mangroves,
pickleweeds, and seagrasses
 Animals include worms and snails
 They also have oysters, shrimp, crabs, and clams
(yummmm)
 Striped bass, salmon, flounder, and many other ocean
fish lay their eggs in estuaries
 Many species of birds depend on estuaries for
breeding, nesting, and feeding
Human Impact
 Large portions of estuaries have been filled with
soil to make land for roads and buildings
 Destruction of estuaries reduces habitat for estuary
species and exposes the coastline to flooding and
storm damage
Ocean: Open Oceans
 Most of Earth’s surface is covered by ocean water
with high salinity
 Oceans have many different types of ecosystems
 The open ocean extends from the steep edges of
continental shelves to the deepest parts of the
ocean
 The amount of light depends on the depth
Ocean: Open Oceans
 Photosynthesis can take place only in the
uppermost, or sunlit, zone.
 Very little sunlight reaches the twilight zone.
 None reaches the deepest water, known as the
dark zone. (no way!)
 Decaying matter and nutrients float down from the
sunlit zone, through the twilight and dark zones, to
the seafloor
Biodiversity
 The sunlit zone is home to microscopic algae and
other producers. They form the base of the food
chain
 Jellies, tuna, mackerel, and dolphins also live here.
 Many species of fish stay in the twilight zone during
the day and swim to the sunlit zone at night to feed.
Biodiversity
 Sea cucumbers, brittle stars, and other bottom-
dwelling organisms feed on decaying matter that
drifts down from above
 Many organisms in the dark zone live near cracks
in the seafloor where lava erupts and new seafloor
forms
Human Impact
 Over fishing
 Trash discarded from ocean vessels or washed
into oceans from land is a source of pollution.
Ocean: Coastal Oceans
 Coastal oceans include several types of
ecosystems, including continental shelves and
intertidal zones
 The intertidal zone is the ocean shore between the
lowest low tide and the highest high tide
 Sunlight reaches the bottom of shallow coastal
oceans
 Nutrients washed in from rivers and streams
contribute to high biodiversity
Biodiversity
 It is home to mussels, fish, crabs, sea stars,
dolphins, and whales
 Intertidal species have adaptations for surviving
exposure to air during low tides and to heavy
waves during high tides
Human Impact
 Oil spills and other pollution harm coastal
organisms
Ocean: Coral Reefs
 A coral reef is an underwater structure made from
outside skeletons of tiny, soft-bodied animals
called coral
 High biodiversity
 Form in shallow tropical oceans
 Protect coastlines from storm damage and erosion
Biodiversity
 Coral reefs provide food and shelter for many
animals, including parrotfish, groupers, angelfish,
eels, shrimp, crabs, scallops, clams, worms, and
snails
Human Impact
 Pollution, overfishing, and harvesting of coral
threaten coral reefs

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Chapter 19.2: Aquatic Ecossytems

  • 2. Vocabulary  Salinity – the amount of salt dissolved in water  Wetland – aquatic ecosystems that have a thin layer of water covering soil that is wet most of the time  Estuary – regions along coastlines where streams or rivers flow into a body of salt water  Intertidal Zone – the ocean shore between the lowest low tide and the highest high tide  Coral Reef– an underwater structure made from outside skeletons of tiny, soft-bodied animals called coral
  • 3. Introduction to Aquatic Ecosystems  There are four major types of water, or aquatic, ecosystems  Freshwater  Rivers and Streams  Lakes and Ponds  Wetland  Estuary  Ocean  Open ocean  Coastal ocean  Coral Reefs
  • 4. Introduction to Aquatic Ecosystems  Abiotic factors include  Temperature  Sunlight  Dissolved oxygen  Salinity  Each has a unique variety of organisms in and out of the water  Aquatic species have adaptations that enable them to use oxygen underwater  Fish use gills  Mangrove plants take in oxygen through small pores in their leaves and roots
  • 6. Introduction to Aquatic Ecosystems  Salinity is another important abiotic factor  Salinity is the amount of salt dissolved in water  Water in saltwater ecosystems has high salinity compared to water in freshwater ecosystems, which contain little salt (…obviously)
  • 7. Freshwater: Streams and Rivers  Streams are usually narrow, shallow, and fast- flowing  Rivers are larger, deeper, and flow more slowly
  • 8. Streams...  form from underground sources of water, such as springs or from runoff from rain and melting snow  have water that is often clear.  Soil particles are quickly washed downstream  have high oxygen levels because air mixes into the water as it splashes over rocks
  • 9. Rivers...  form when streams flow together  have muddy water from the soil that washes into it from streams or nearby land  Soil adds nutrients, such as nitrogen, into rivers  that are slow-moving have higher levels or nutrients and lower levels of dissolved oxygen compared to fast-moving water (obviously!)
  • 10. Biodiversity  Willows and cottonwood trees are water-loving and grow along streams and on river banks  Trout, salmon, crayfish, and many insects are adapted to fast-moving water  Snails and catfish are adapted to slow-moving water.
  • 11. Human Impact  Streams and rivers are over-used for drinking, laundry, bathing, crop irrigation, and industrial purposes  Hydroelectric plants use the energy of flowing water to create electricity.  Dams stop the water’s flow and impede anadromous and catadromous fish species  Runoff from cities, industries, and farms is a source of pollution
  • 12. Freshwater: Ponds and Lakes  Ponds and lakes contain freshwater that is not flowing downhill  Ponds  Shallow and warm  Sunlight can reach the bottom  Lakes  Larger and deeper  Sunlight penetrates into the top few feet.  Deeper water is dark and cold
  • 13. Biodiversity  Plants surround ponds and lake shores  Surface water contains plants, algae, and microscopic organisms that rely on photosynthesis  Cattails, reeds, insects, crayfish, frogs, fish and turtles live in shallow water near shorelines  Fewer organisms live in deeper, colder water of lakes where there is little sunlight  Lake fish include perch, trout, bass, and walleye
  • 14. Human Impact  Humans fill in ponds and lakes with sediment to create land for houses and other structures  Runoff from farms, gardens, and roads washes pollutants into ponds and lakes, disrupting food webs
  • 15. Wetlands  Wetlands are aquatic ecosystems that have a thin layer of water covering soil that is wet most of the time (not necessarily all the time)  Wetlands can be freshwater, saltwater, or both  They are among Earth’s most fertile ecosystems
  • 16. Wetlands  Freshwater wetlands form at the edges of lakes and ponds and in low areas on land  Saltwater wetlands form along ocean coasts  High nutrient levels  High biodiversity  Wetlands trap sediment and purify water  Plants and microscope organisms filter out pollution and waste materials
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  • 18. Biodiversity  Water-tolerate plants include grasses and cattails  Few trees live in saltwater wetlands  Willows, cottonwoods, and swamp oaks are trees found in freshwater wetlands  Insects are abundant  Dragonflies, and butterflies  More than one-third of North American bird species, including ducks, geese, herons, loons, warblers, and egrets, use wetlands for nesting and feeding  Alligators, frogs, turtles, and beavers depends on wetlands for food and breaking grounds.
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  • 22. Human Impact  In the past, many people considered wetlands as unimportant environments. Water was drained away to build homes and roads and to raise crops.  Today, many wetlands are being preserved and drained wetlands are being restored
  • 23. Estuaries  Estuaries are regions along coastlines where streams or rivers flow into a body of salt water  Most estuaries form along coastlines, where freshwater in rivers meets salt water in oceans.  They have varying degrees of salinity
  • 24. Estuaries  Salinity depends on rainfall, the amount of freshwater flowing from land, and the amount of saltwater pushed in by tides  Estuaries help protect coastal land from flooding and erosion.  Like wetlands, estuaries purify water and filter out pollution  Nutrient levels and biodiversity are high
  • 25. Biodiversity  Plants that grow in salt water include mangroves, pickleweeds, and seagrasses  Animals include worms and snails  They also have oysters, shrimp, crabs, and clams (yummmm)  Striped bass, salmon, flounder, and many other ocean fish lay their eggs in estuaries  Many species of birds depend on estuaries for breeding, nesting, and feeding
  • 26. Human Impact  Large portions of estuaries have been filled with soil to make land for roads and buildings  Destruction of estuaries reduces habitat for estuary species and exposes the coastline to flooding and storm damage
  • 27. Ocean: Open Oceans  Most of Earth’s surface is covered by ocean water with high salinity  Oceans have many different types of ecosystems  The open ocean extends from the steep edges of continental shelves to the deepest parts of the ocean  The amount of light depends on the depth
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  • 30. Ocean: Open Oceans  Photosynthesis can take place only in the uppermost, or sunlit, zone.  Very little sunlight reaches the twilight zone.  None reaches the deepest water, known as the dark zone. (no way!)  Decaying matter and nutrients float down from the sunlit zone, through the twilight and dark zones, to the seafloor
  • 31. Biodiversity  The sunlit zone is home to microscopic algae and other producers. They form the base of the food chain  Jellies, tuna, mackerel, and dolphins also live here.  Many species of fish stay in the twilight zone during the day and swim to the sunlit zone at night to feed.
  • 32. Biodiversity  Sea cucumbers, brittle stars, and other bottom- dwelling organisms feed on decaying matter that drifts down from above  Many organisms in the dark zone live near cracks in the seafloor where lava erupts and new seafloor forms
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  • 34. Human Impact  Over fishing  Trash discarded from ocean vessels or washed into oceans from land is a source of pollution.
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  • 36. Ocean: Coastal Oceans  Coastal oceans include several types of ecosystems, including continental shelves and intertidal zones  The intertidal zone is the ocean shore between the lowest low tide and the highest high tide  Sunlight reaches the bottom of shallow coastal oceans  Nutrients washed in from rivers and streams contribute to high biodiversity
  • 37. Biodiversity  It is home to mussels, fish, crabs, sea stars, dolphins, and whales  Intertidal species have adaptations for surviving exposure to air during low tides and to heavy waves during high tides
  • 38. Human Impact  Oil spills and other pollution harm coastal organisms
  • 39. Ocean: Coral Reefs  A coral reef is an underwater structure made from outside skeletons of tiny, soft-bodied animals called coral  High biodiversity  Form in shallow tropical oceans  Protect coastlines from storm damage and erosion
  • 40. Biodiversity  Coral reefs provide food and shelter for many animals, including parrotfish, groupers, angelfish, eels, shrimp, crabs, scallops, clams, worms, and snails
  • 41. Human Impact  Pollution, overfishing, and harvesting of coral threaten coral reefs